“Time and a Half’s
die American Way”
A HISTORY OF THE EXCLUSION
OF WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS
FROM OVERTIME REGULATION,
1868-2004
Marc Linder
Fanpìhuà Press
Iowa City
2004
Copyright © by Marc Linder 2004
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Cover illustration: Bernard Seaman, “You’re Turning Blue...”
Justice 39(4):4:l-2 (Feb. 15, 1957). The cartoons by Bernard
Seaman, “Good to the Last Drop!” and “Well, I Still Have My
Nice White Collar!” reprinted at pages 2 and 384 first appeared
in The Ledger 1(4):7 (Apr. 15, 1935) and The Ledger 1(5):3
(May 15, 1935), respectively. Reprinted by permission of Helen Seaman.
Suggested Library of Congress Cataloging
Linder, Marc, 1946—
“Time and a h alf s the American way”:
A History of the exclusion of white-collar workers
from overtime regulation, 1868-2004/by Marc Linder,
xlvii, 1342 p.; 23 cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-9719594-1-2
1. Overtime—United States. 2. Hours of Labor—laws and legislation—
United States—history. 3. White collar workers. 4. United States. Fair
Labor Standards Act of 1938
HD5111.U5L56 2004
331.2572— dc21
Library of Congress Control Number: 2004097418
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Omitted are all newspaper and unsigned magazine articles.
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1316
Index
Accountants, 188, 766-67, 780
Ackerman, Carl, 633-36
Act to Expedite National Defense, 1066
Act to Expedite Naval Shipbuilding, 631
Actors, 160-61, 171-72
Adams, John, 164-67
Adamson Act, 129-31, 140
Addison, Francis, 612
Administrative assistants, 775, 894
Administrative employees, 44-56, 22526, 237, 242, 262-66, 280, 302, 306,
309,
312-13, 334-35, 397, 426, 42833, 449, 454, 487, 496, 544-46, 548,
554-55, 558-61, 562-64, 572, 57980, 583, 584-86, 589-96, 602-608,
611-14, 616, 622, 625-29, 638-39,
640-44, 653, 677-89, 700, 703, 77680, 791, 891-95, 924, 952, 958-59,
975-77, 1153-54, 1157, 1246; and
“dichotomy” between administration
and production, 892-93, 959
Administrative Procedure Act, 833
Administrators, 52, 54-55
Advisory Panel on Federal Salary Sys­
tems, 1118
Agriculture: exclusion of from FLSA,
399-403
Air Traffic Control Association, 1130
Air traffic controllers, 1126-31
Alaska, 91
Alberta, 1221
Alexander, Magnus, 666
Alien Contract Labor Immigration
Laws, 159-94
Allen, William, 272, 273-74, 278, 303
Alliance for Labor Action , 800-802
Alpine, John, 149
Aluminum Administrative Workers
Union, Local 20661, AFL, 430-31
Aluminum Industry Code, 317-18
Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel
1317
and Tin Workers, 304
Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 276,
296, 563, 588
American Association of Schools and
Departments of Journalism, 636, 759
American Bankers Association, 330,
432, 609-20, 661,767-68
American Communications Association,
645, 709
American Farm Bureau Federation, 462
American Federation of Full Fashioned
Hosiery Workers, 291
American Federation of Government
Employees (AFGE), 1050-51, 1063,
1080, 1083, 1087, 1100, 1115,
1120, 1122, 1124, 1126, 1129,
1131, 1134, 1141, 1143, 1151,
1153,
1155, 1167
American Federation of Labor (AFL),
116-26, 137, 140, 143, 149, 227-28,
259, 294, 301, 309, 311, 331, 335,
342, 344, 397, 411-12, 457, 472,
576-77, 704-705, 737, 761, 774,
867, 907, 1043, 1076, 1078,
American Federation of Labor-Congress
of Industrial Organizations (AFLCIO), xiv-xvi, xxxiii, 4-5, 48, 800,
807, 822, 831, 1133, 1140-43;
opposition of to revision of overtime
regulations in 2003-2004, 866-68,
878, 901, 902, 904-906, 913, 925,
930, 938, 946, 950, 953, 963, 973,
975, 977, 979, 991, 992, 994, 995;
self-contradictory position of on
overtime pay, 906-908
American Federation of Musicians, 191
American Federation of Radio Artists,
780
American Federation of Technical En­
gineers, 1124
American Health Care Association, 952
Index
American Institute of Accountants, 76667, 780
American Institute of Architects, 780
American Library Association, 780
American Management Association
(AMA), xxx, 217, 414
American Newspaper Guild (ANG),
327-29, 417-18, 432, 434, 458, 470,
477, 478, 490, 515-16, 520, 577,
646-48, 709, 710-12, 758, 763-64,
766, 780
American Newspaper Publishers Asso­
ciation (ANPA), 320, 321, 324, 326,
417,434, 519-20, 636-37, 714, 75859, 764, 780, 922
American Paper and Pulp Association,
597
American Retail Federation (ARF), 515,
541, 546-47
American Window Glass Workers’ As­
sociation, 190
Amory, Robert, 274-75
Anderson, Paul, 325
Andrews, Elmer, 220, 385,417-21,429,
434, 440, 444-47, 449, 454-56, 458,
464-65, 467, 469-72, 477-78, 492,
* 689,704
Andrews, Robert, 5, 843-45, 903
Angly, Edward, 323
Architects, 203, 672, 780
Are the Workers o f America Opposed to
an Eight-Hour Law?, 121
Arkansas: women’s hours law, 218-21,
665
Artistic professional employees, 371,
487-88, 624, 691-93,712-13
Assistant buyers, 547-52, 792
Assistant managers, 792, 820, 851-52,
956-57, 978
Assistants to executives, 682, 894
Associated Farmers of California, 480
Associated Industries of Massachusetts,
243
Associated Industries of Minneapolis,
743
Associated Industries of Missouri, 565
Association for the Improving the Con­
dition of the Poor, 671
Association of General Merchandise
Chains, 822
Association of Stock Exchange Firms,
619
Athletic trainers, 959-60
Auer v. Robbins, 966
Australia, 354
Automobile industry, 237-40
Automobile Manufacturing Industry
Code, 298-302
Avery, Sewell, 559
Bahr, Henry, 591-93
Ball, Joseph, 759-60, 764-67, 773-74
Ball, Reuben, 416
Ballenger, Cass, 840, 848, 852, 854
Ballew, J. H , 543-45, 581-83, 592, 610,
615,619, 621-23,763
Bankhead, William, 477, 478-79, 488
Bankruptcy statutes, 204-205
Banks, 330-34, 608-20, 767
Banks, Nathaniel, 1004
Bard, Ralph, 1070
Barden, Graham, 466-69, 471-72, 476,
477,
478, 479, 481, 484, 489-501,
513,630, 686, 983
Barker, Leavitt, 742-43
Barnard, Chester, 429
Barnes, George, 355-58
Baruch, Ismar, 1111-12
Bates, J. T , 1027
Batty, William, 276
Beall, John, 1149
Beck, James, 195-96
Becker, Craig, 977
Bell, W. B , 307, 308
Benedict, Jane, 667
Bennett, Jean, 110
Bentley, Charles, 99
Berger, Victor, 1035
1318
Index
Bernstein, Leo, 555-56, 561, 562
Berrali, Joel, 331, 335-36, 339
Biden, Joseph, 932-34
Bingaman, Jeff, 934
Bird, Ronald, 940, 970-71, 981
Bison, Henry, J r, 800
Black, Hugo, xxiv, 228-29,233-36, 243,
249-50, 277, 312, 389, 392-93, 397,
401, 405-406, 411, 640, 683, 853,
923
Blair, Henry, 167-69, 176, 185, 195-98
Blakely, David, 174
Block, William, 759
Bodle, George, 648-52
Bollens, Leo, 726, 761-62
“Bona fide,” 395-97, 567-68
Bone, Homer, 241, 242
Bookkeepers, Accountants, and Stenog­
raphers Union, Local 12646, AFL,
293, 337-38, 346-47, 527, 723-24
Bourne, Jonathan, 1039
Bowers, Glenn, xxxv
Boyce, Charles, 596
Braverman, Harry, xl-xli
Bremer, Alexander, 191
Brennan, Peter, 1143-44
Brewer, David, 182
Bribosia, Joseph, 374
Bristow, Joseph, 1039-40
British Columbia, 1221-23
Brodhead, J. M , 1015
Brooklyn Savings Bank v. O ’Neil, 916
Brouillet, A. W , 96
Brown, Donaldson, 300
Brown, H , 617
Brown, Henry, 161, 183
Bryan, Nathan, 1041
Bundesarbeitsgericht, 1247
Bureau of National Affairs (BNA), 420,
945
Burger, Warren, 59
Burger King Corp., 820, 821, 851, 97880
Burlak, Ann, 290
Burleson, Albert, 1042-43
Bums, James, 1100
Burton, Phillip, 1145
Bush, George H. W , 827
Bush, George H. W. administration,
822,1170
Bush, George W , 874, 935
Bush, George W. administration, xxiii,
3, 18, 714, 812-13, 873, 876, 93738, 973, 995-96, 1053
Business Week, xxxiii
Butler, Thomas, 136
Byrd, Harry, 1090
Cadres, 1232-34
California, 91-109
California State Federation of Labor, 92,
94, 102, 109, 116, 117, 123
Calvin, William, 335
Campbell, Ben, 996
Campbell, James, 1115
Canada, 1221-28
Canfield, Robert, 597-600
Cantwell, Edward, 1038
Carey, W. Gibson, J r, 480
Carlson, Frank, 1114
Carter, Jimmy, xv
Carter administration, 817, 820, 931
Case, Francis, 500
Catledge, Turner, 461
Cement Industry Code, 309-11
Chamber of Commerce of the United
States, 29, 73, 229, 402-403, 411,
460, 472, 480, 482, 484, 500, 715,
737, 755, 762, 798-99, 821, 838,
852, 874, 901, 916, 929, 936, 940,
945, 1107
Chandler, E. Lawrence, 735-36
Chao, Elaine, 833, 874-75, 880, 906,
939, 945-46, 969, 970, 973, 990
Chapin, Roy, 237, 238-39
Chefs, 964-65, 993
Chemical Manufacturing Code, 306-309
Chemists, 672, 794
1319
Index
Cheney, Roy, 394-95, 402, 426
Cheme, Leo, 518
Chicago Association of Commerce and
Industry, 777
Chile, 368, 370
Chinese contract labor, 160-61
Ching, Cyrus, 424
Chrysler Corp., 36, 238, 733
Church of the Holy Trinity, 177
Church o f the Holy Trinity v. United
States, 179-85, 187, 188-89, 192
Civil Works Administration, 674
Clapper, Raymond, 463
Clark, Bennett, 240
Clark, Champ, 135
Clark, Nicholas, 839-41, 855
Clark, Walter, 146-49, 151
Classification Act of 1923, 631, 683,
686, 1049, 1094, 1106, 1108
Clear, Albert, 619-20
Clerical Administrative and Fiscal Ser­
vice (CAF), 602-603, 686-87, 1049,
1058, 1066, 1106
Clerical workers, 260, 261, 266, 268,
280, 282, 283, 287, 288, 293, 296,
306, 310, 313, 315, 317-18, 337,
. 343, 430, 436, 452-53, 485-86, 58386,
591-93, 648, 658, 672, 687-88,
1041
Clerks, 672, 1000
Cleveland, Grover, 194, 199
Cleveland employers, 746-47
Clinton, Bill, xv, 834
Clinton, Hillary, 4, 937
Clinton administration, 830-31, 834,
869-74, 881-82, 960
Clothing Manufacturers Association
(CMA), 588-91
Coat and Suit Industry Code, 281-90
Cochrane, Hall, 595-96
Code du Travail, 1233
Codes of fair competition, 254-347,
397, 398, 403, 428, 756; exclusion
of administrative employees from,
1320
262-66; number of with exclusions
of white-collar workers, 260-61
Cohen, Benjamin, 390, 392
Cohn, Sidney, 645
Coil, Maggie, 838-39
Cole, Cornelius, 1006, 1007
Coleman, Gail, 963
Coleman, James, 878
Coley, H. J., 1063-64
Collier, Harold, 794
Commercial and Financial Chronicle,
108
Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 50910
Committee for Industrial Organization
(CIO), 410, 434, 440
Commonwealth Club of California, 95
Communications Workers of America,
54,778
Communist Party of Germany, 1241
Communist Party USA, 456, 528, 566,
727
Computer occupations, 782, 804-806,
823-30,912, 993
Concurrent duties, 956
Confédération Française de l’Encadrement-Confédération Générale des
Cadres (CFE-CGC), 1234-35
Confederation of British Industry, 125455
Confidential employees, 369-70, 37174, 377-79
Congress, 24, 26-27, 43, 52-53, 55-56,
128-29, 132-37, 160-72, 175-76,
185-86, 191-200, 224-53, 345, 38587, 392-403, 438-504, 632, 677,
686-87, 733-51, 759-68, 773, 78890, 794-95, 812, 823-30, 834-48,
852-55, 926-41, 969-96, 999-1000,
1002-10, 1014-16, 1018-20, 102327,
1032-45, 1047, 1053-1138,
1143-52, 1170-72, 1180-82
Congress of Industrial Organizations
(CIO), 457,458,472, 476,481, 578-
Index
80, 629, 705, 714, 726-27, 737, 867
Congressional Joint Commission on Re­
classification of Salaries, 52, 1047
Congressional Review Act, 928, 941
Connecticut Manufacturers Association,
595
Connery, Lawrence, 701-702
Connery, William, 224, 229-31, 242,
248-50, 392-93, 406
Conness, John, 1003, 1006
Connole, Anthony, 800
Constantine, Earl, 291-92
Cook, Walter, 293
Cooperative Food Distributors of Amer­
ica, 542
Copelof, Maxwell, 285-86
Corcoran, Thomas, 390, 392
Corey, Lewis, 669
Coming Glass Works, 774
Corporate insolvency statutes, 205-207
Corset and Brassiere Industry Code,
197-98
Cotiguala, Jac, 904, 905
Cotton Textile Code, 270-80
Cotton-Textile Institute, 402
Council of Europe, 1235
Council of European Professional and
Managerial Staff, 1202, 1231
Council of National Wholesale Associa­
tions (CNWA), 515, 517, 522, 54142, 548
Council on Wage and Price Stability
(COWPS), 810-12, 818
Cowdrick, Edward, 425, 715-16
Cox, Archibald, 760
Cox, Edward Eugene, 448, 449, 459,
462-63, 468, 472, 473, 475, 476,
488, 491,501,544,582, 623
Cox, Samuel, 185, 1018
Coyle, Hugh, 173-74
Craig, David, 547
Crain, William, 1024-26
Creative-artistic employees, 549
Crisis o f the Middle Class, 669
Crisp, R. G , 1095
Croll, June, 276
Cummings, Amos, 1032-33
Curran, Joseph, 702, 705
Current Population Survey (CPS), 17-18
Czechoslovakia, 370, 1228
Dahlberg, Earle, 457-58
Daily Newspaper Publishing Business
Code, 318-30
Darrow, George, 517
Daschle, Tom, 944
Däubler, Wolfgang, 1247
Davis, George, 402-403
Davis, James C , 1117
Davis, James J , 671
Davis, Thomas, 1176-77, 1180-82
Davison, K. C , 311
de Bruin, Walter, 754
Denmark, 369,
Dent, John, 789, 794, 1133-34, 113637, 1143-45, 1149
Departments of Labor, Health and Hu­
man Services, and Education, and
Related Agencies Appropriations
Act, 2004, 926-28
Departments of Labor, Health and Hu­
man Services, and Education and
Related Agencies Appropriations
Act, 2005, 995
Dependent Pension Act of 1890, 194201
Design Supervisor’s Association, 1096
Devine, David, 1161, 1166
Dewey, Thomas, 751
Dill, Clarence, 234, 235
Dingell, John, 1101
Dirigenti, 1249
Domestic workers, 834
Dominick, Peter, 1146-47, 1149
Donovan, Raymond, 820
Donovan v. Burger King Corp., 852
Douglas, Paul, 669-70
Downey, Sheridan, 1094, 1097
1321
Index
Dreiband, Eric, 878
Drew, Walter, 146
Dubinsky, David, 282, 283-84, 286, 289
Duerenberger, David, 823-24
Duncan, James, 120
Duties test, 433, 612, 639, 681, 709,
718, 762, 767, 773, 782, 867, 87071, 878, 882, 885-98, 890, 948-49,
956-65
Dyson, Dave, 1223-25
Engels, Friedrich, xli
Engineering News-Record, 710
Engineers, 45-47, 82-83, 189, 246, 51112, 570-71, 672-73, 710, 733-36,
780, 794
Equal Pay Act, 803-804
Erlenbom, John, 1135-36, 1144-45
Eubanks, Sam, 758, 763-66
Eurocadres, 1202-1203, 1231
European Commission, 1229-31, 1255
European Committee of Social Rights,
1235
European Confederation of Executives
and Managerial Staff/Confédération
Européenne des Cadres, 1231
European Social Charter, 1235-36
European Union, 1229-31, 1254
Evarts, William, 185, 1008
Executive employees, 44, 55-56, 22526, 252, 269, 428-33, 558-61, 57980,
611-12, 659-65, 755-57, 774-75,
782, 887-90, 923, 956-58, 1156; in
retail and service industries, 788-93
Executive secretaries, 682-83
“Exempt(ion)”, xxi-xxvi, 695
Easley, Ralph, 530
Eastman, Michael, 945
Eccles, Marriner, 1108
Echaveste, Maria, 28, 85, 833, 870,
871-72
Economic Policy Institute (EPI), 4, 90813,
927, 944, 978, 989, 992-93
Edgerton, John, 523
Edison Electric Institute, 640
Edmunds, George, 1003
Edwards, Alba, 675, 1000-1001
Eight-hour day: actual, 126-51; basic,
126-51; for laborers and mechanics
of federal government, 132-33,
1044-45
Eight-hour law of 1868, 1002-1016
Eisenbrey, Ross, 944, 958, 968, 978-80,
989-90, 992-93
Electrical Manufacturing Code, 302-303
Elisburg, Donald, 818
Ellender, Allen, 763
Emergency Committee for Preserving
the Fair Labor Standards Act, 467
Emergency Relief and Construction Act,
225-26
Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of
1935, 226
Emery, James, 230-31, 403
Employers and Workmen Act, 1875,
xxxiv
Employment Policy Foundation (EPF),
940
Engels, Albert, 533-34
Factory Management and Maintenance,
725
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), xiii,
13-17, 31, 33, 131-32, 193, 731,
750-51, 769, 788-90, 973, 974,
1053, 1057, 1060, 1067, 1072,
1073, 1075, 1081, 1082, 1083,
1086-87, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1093,
1096, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101,
1102, 1107, 1113, 1120, 1176,
1180, 1189, 1192-95, 1201, 1203,
1204-1208, 1246, 1248; abortive
amendments of in 1939-40,438-504;
application of to federal employees,
1132-72; legislative history of, 385437; “suffer or permit to work” stan­
dard under, 1153
Fair Labor Standards Act Reform Coali-
1322
Index
tion, 918, 924
Faircloth, Lauch, 961
Family Time Flexibility Act, 908
Farmers’ and Fruit Growers’ Federation,
104, 107
Farmers’ Protective League, 102
Farmworkers, xiii, 26
Farquhar, John, 199
Fawell, Harris, 842-43, 846
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA),
1127
Federal Emergency Relief Administra­
tion (FERA), 673-74
Federal Employees Pay Act of 1945
(FEPA), 1103-1104, 1106, 1107,
1108, 1110, 1112, 1114, 1115,
1117-18, 1120, 1176
Federal Employees Pay Comparability
Act of 1990 (FEPCA), 1170-71
Federal Insurance Contribution Act, 834
Federal Managers Association (FMA),
1180-82
Federal Salary Reform Act of 1962,
1119, 1121, 1122
Federalist Society, 27-28, 85, 877
Federation of Architects, Engineers,
Chemists and Technicians (FAECT),
305, 306, 310, 434-35, 458, 511,
527, 565-66, 569-70, 581, 629-33,
644, 658, 667, 669, 709, 714, 727,
729,
1052, 1064, 1078-79, 1088
Federation of Westinghouse Indepen­
dent Salaried Unions, 726
Feinstein, Barbara, 934
Fessenden, William, 1007
Field, Stephen, 182
Finland, 369
First National Bank of Chicago, 613-14,
617
Fisher, Charles, 1054-59, 1068, 107576, 1082, 1086-87
Fitzgerald, John, 1032-33
Fleeson, Doris, 321-23
Fleming, Philip, 427, 440-42, 488, 489,
491, 495, 503, 506, 507-508, 510,
515-16, 518, 519, 520, 522, 524,
539, 689, 698-707, 709-11, 717
Flemming, Arthur, 1073, 1081, 1082,
1086, 1087-88, 1094-95, 1097-99
Flexible Employment Compensation
and Scheduling Coalition, 838
Foran, Martin, 162-63
Forbes Watson, John, 370
Ford, Henry, 149-51, 727
Ford Motor Co., 727-28
Foremen, 203-204, 757
Fortney, David, 971, 978
Forty-Hour Week Convention (1935),
375-79
Fox, R. B., 549-52
France, 369, 1231-36
Frankfurter, Felix, 138, 551
Fraser, John, 19, 782, 831, 959, 961,
963
Fraser, Samuel, 400-402
Fremon, Richard, 1140
Frist, Bill, 942
Fritsch, Conrad, 816-17
Functions o f the Executive, 429
Funeral directors and embalmers, 96063,991,993
Furuseth, Andrew, 123
Gall, John, 447, 448
Gallagher, Andrew, 120
Gallagher, Monica, 963
Garbo, Greta, 623
Gamer, John Nance, 473-74, 476
Gearhart, Bertrand, 1102
General Aniline Employees’ Organiza­
tion, 449-50
General Electric Corp., 244, 430, 51112, 754
General Federation of Commercial and
Office Employees, 371
General Motors Corp., 244, 245, 300,
623,667, 768, 1105
General Schedule, 1106
1323
Index
George, Walter, 1086
Germany, 369, 1236-48
Germer, Jacob, 120
Geyer, Lee, 499
Gill, Corrington, 673
Gitlow, Benjamin, 566
Glenn, Annabel, 331-32
Goldfinger, Nat, 807
Gompers, Samuel, 116-25, 135-36, 149,
175, 181,355, 1036, 1037
Goodling, William, 829
Goodyear Tire and Rubber C o, 754,
774
Gorman, Francis, 278, 294-95
Grandfield, Charles, 1039-40
Grant, Ulysses, 1009-10, 1014
Green, Robert, 945
Green, William, 227-28, 276, 301, 302,
303,
314-17, 397, 412, 1070, 1082
Gregg, Judd, 909, 932, 969, 982-88,
994,996
Gregory, Charles, 389-91
Griggs, John, 189-90
Griner, John, 1120, 1122, 1124, 1126,
1134, 1141, 1143
Guild of New York Newspaper Men and
- Women, 321, 326-27
Gwinn, Ralph, 733-35
Hagen, Harold, 1117
Hall, Ernest, 291-92
Hall, S. O , 584-86
Hallsworth, Joseph, 372
Hamilton, Lee, 1128
Hampton, Robert, 1146-47
Hand, Augustus, 34
Hand, Learned, 205
Hangen, H. C , 548-49
Hanson, Elisha, 321, 417-18, 434, 63640, 646
Harding, Warren, 52
Harkin, Tom, 928, 929, 931-32, 934,
936-37, 942, 943-44, 973-77, 982,
985-88, 991,993-96
1324
Harriman, Henry, 229
Harrington, John, 561-65
Harrington, Vincent, 499
Harrison, Benjamin, 194
Harrison, Marvin, 324
Hart, Philip, 804
Hartley, Fred, 444, 738, 757
Harvard Business Review, 82
Harvard Business School, 66, 82
Haslam, Reuben, 755-58, 766
Hatch, Orrin, 826-27, 982
Haywood, Alan, 727
Haywood, Dorothy, 56-57, 61-63, 67,
68,
74, 75, 76, 78,81,680
Healey, Arthur, 497, 500, 501
Hearst Corp., 637
Heating, Piping and Air-Conditioning
Contractors National Association,
755
Heaton, E. B , 587
Hecke, G. H , 96-98, 107
Heiser, Karen, 1180
Henderson, David, 1145-46
Henderson, Leon, 528
Herman, Alexis, 844
Herter, Christian, 1098
Hewitt, Fred, 294
High-salaried employees, 449-54, 699,
704, 738, 773, 838-42, 978
Hill, James, 1130
Hillman, Sidney, 276, 291, 296, 500,
588, 590
Hillquit, Morris, 116-17, 281, 342
Hinshaw, John, 733-35
Ho King, In re, 160, 178
Hoar, Ebenezer, 1009
Hoar, George, 186, 198
Hodgson, James, 1133, 1136
Hoffman, Clare, 498-99, 1060-61
Hoover, Herbert, 223, 225
Hosiery Industry Code, 291-94
Hours-averaging, 244-45, 259, 261,
270, 280, 281, 294-96, 299-300,
304, 305, 306, 309-11, 330-31, 333-
Index
36, 338-40, 342, 347, 355, 357, 379,
451, 475, 483, 498-99, 500-501,
552, 554, 585-86, 611, 619-20, 622,
767 n.210, 1032, 1041, 1229, 1230
n.49
Hours of Work (Commerce and Offices)
Convention (1930), 363-75
Hours of Work (Industry) Convention
(1919), 349-63, 1241
Howard, Earl, 283-86, 297
Hromadka, Wolfgang, 1238-39, 1242
Hudson Motor Car C o, 237
Hughes, Charles Evans, 130
Hushing, W. C , 474, 1077
Hutchings, Paul, 745-46
Hyman, Louis, 282
1100
International Harvester C o, 424
International Labor Conference, 350-51,
355, 364-65, 366, 367, 374, 375-79
International Labor Office, xxxi, 362,
364-65, 366, 371, 373, 375-80
International Labor Organization (ILO),
348, 375-77, 379-82
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’
Union (ILGWU), 279, 281-84, 286,
288-89, 297, 341, 342, 545, 572,
573, 575, 606, 607, 755, 778
International Molders’ Union, 146
International Typographical Union, 100
Investment Bankers Code, 337-38
Iron and Steel Industry Code, 303-304
Isserman, Abraham, 418, 515-16, 520
Italy, 1248-50
IBM Corp., 847-48
Ilg, Conrad, 360, 372
Illinois Manufacturers Association, 56265, 573
Immigration and Nationality Act of
1952, 193
Indiana Manufacturers Association,
594-96, 662, 686
Ingalls, John, 196
Initiative process, 91-115
Inside sales workers, 842-48
Institute of American Poultry Industries,
587
Insull, Samuel, 640
International Alliance of Theatrical
Stage Employees, 653
International Apple Association, 400
International Association of Machinists
(IAM), 118, 294, 1079-80
International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers (IBEW), 303, 641, 643-44,
396-97
International Brotherhood of Teamsters,
800
International Federation of Technical
Engineers, Architects, and Drafts­
men’s Union, 569, 644, 724, 1080,
Jackson, Henry, 1097-1101
Jackson, Louis, 796-98
Jackson, Robert, 393-94
James, Darwin, 1026
J. C. Penney, C o, 548-50
Job, The, 683
Job Evaluation and Pay Review Task
Force, 1132, 1138-43
Job Evaluation Policy Act of 1970, 1132
Johnson, Albert, 53
Johnson, Andrew, 1008
Johnson, Hiram, 100, 1062, 1063
Johnson, Hugh, 257, 268-69, 270, 273,
275, 303, 309, 319, 326, 332, 333,
334, 336, 340
Johnson, Lyndon, 1119
Johnson, W. D , 474
Johnston, Joseph, 1040
Johnston, Olin, 1108
Joint Commission on Postal Salaries,
1043-44
Jones, Willard, 613-14
Jouhaux, Léon, 358
Journal o f Business, 616
Journalists. See Newspaper reporters
1325
Index
Jumpstart Our Business Strength
(JOBS) Act, 942, 973, 988, 995, 996
Kantor, Harry, 785-87, 884, 953-54
Kantor Report, 883-84, 920
Kaplan, David, 309
Kaufman, Alan, 905
Keaveney, Charles, 302
Kelday, George, 424
Kennedy, Edward, 4, 823, 824, 826-27,
926,984-85
Kennedy, John F., 1119
Kerry, John, 823, 824, 825, 828, 986,
994
Kilberg, William, 28, 835, 837-40, 85253,918
King, Peter, 926, 928
Kingery, W. H., 112-13
Kingsley, O. W., 92, 94
Kirk, Harry, 224-25
Klamon, Joseph, 553-56, 583-84
Klein, Arthur, 1090
Klein, Felix, 186
Knights of Labor, 161, 171, 1018
Knox, Frank, 1070
Knox, S., 134-35
Knudsen, William, 507-508
Koczak, Stephen, 1129-30
Kohl, Herbert, 985
Konkle, Alexander, 594
Kops, Waldemar, 297-98
Kovner, Joseph, 578-79
Kramer, Charles, 487-88
Krock, Arthur, 460, 471
Kushnick, William, 1076
Labor Advisory Board (LAB), 276, 295,
305-306, 308, 312, 313-14, 318,
325,
328, 331, 332, 335-36, 338,
342, 344, 345
Labor unions: white-collar membership
of, 718-30, 867-69
Lacombe, Emile, 188
La Follette, Robert, 129
1326
LaGuardia, Fiorello, 224
Landis, Gerald, 735
Lapham, Elbridge, 170
Law, Steven, 937-38
Lawyers, 82, 196, 198, 1172-76
Lazo, Hector, 543
Learned professional employees, 549
Lederer, David, 1140
Lederer, Emil, xxxi
Leffingwell, William, xxviii
Leitende Angestellte, 1236-48
Lenroot, Katharine, 395-96
Letter carriers: as white- or blue-collar
workers, 1000, 1021-23, 1026,
1030, 1035-36; Civil Service exams
for, 1021-23; eight-hour law for,
999, 1027-45; number of, 1017
Letter-Carriers’ National Association,
1027
Levin, Carl, 934
Lewis, George, 1068
Lewis, John L., 410, 457, 473-74, 476,
494,
630, 705, 714, 1064
Lewis, Sinclair, 683
Librarians, 780
Lieberman, Elias, 279, 283, 297-98
Lien laws, 202-204
Lipnic, Victoria, 939
Lippmann, Walter, 129
Lischinsky, Solomon, 563-65, 590-91,
596, 605
Little Wagner Act, 213
Lonergan, Augustine, 241
Long, Huey, 240-42
Lonnquist, Judith, 804
Lorber, Lawrence, 929-30
Los Angeles Times, 101-105
Loud, Eugene, 1032, 1042
LPA, HR Policy Association, 72-73, 87,
837, 838, 853-55,914-16, 940
Lucas, Wingate, 736
Lum, B. O., 703, 705
Lummus Co., 571
Lundquist, Clarence, 791-93
Index
Luxemburg, 368
Lyons, Kenneth, 1130
760, 780-81,783
McConnell, Samuel, 738-39
McCormack, John, 501
McCutchen, Tammy, xxiii, 27-28, 87678, 880, 900, 902, 905, 927, 929,
938, 941, 945, 969, 970, 975-80,
990, 992
McDonald’s Corp., 833
McGillivary, Gregory 904
McKeough, Raymond, 498
McKinley, E. I., 219
McMahon, Thomas, 276, 290
McMahon, W. H , 744
McMillan, Edward, 421
McNulty, George, 533
McReynolds, William, 1073
Mead, James, 1081, 1085, 1086
Mealy, John, 797
Means-testing, 578-79, 704
Meany, George, 1133
Mechanization, 720-24
Men’s Clothing Industry Code, 196
Merchants and Manufacturers Associa­
tion, 101-103
Merrill, Lewis, 493, 565-69, 661, 708,
722-24
Metropolitan Life Insurance C o, 21314,
346 n.445
Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association,
588, 642-43
Miller, George, 906, 926, 927, 932, 970,
988
Miller, George P , 1099
Miller, John, 449
Miller, William, 1014
Mills, C. Wright, xxxiii, 66, 676, 868
Minimum Wage Study Commission, 15,
81-82,812-18, 840, 881
Minnesota employers, 483
Minton, Sherman, 460
Mitchell, Homer, 623-29, 648, 650-54
Modern Industry, 415
Monroney, Mike, 1125
Montgomery Ward & C o, 558-61
Maas, Melvin, 1068, 1070-71
Macauley, Alvan, 238
MacDonald, J. Randall, 847-48
Machinery and Allied Products Code,
311-12
Machinery and Allied Products Institute,
593-94
MacKinnon, George, 739-44
Macy, John, Jr., 1124
Macy, V. Everit, 151
Mahon, George, 1089-90
Maldon, John, 304
Managerial employees, 252, 269, 36970, 372-73, 377-79; unionization of
in Europe, 1202-1203
Manasco, Carter, 1087
Manderscheid, Marie, 558-61
Manitoba, 1223-25
Manual labor, xxxiv-xl, 183-84, 187-88,
189-90, 196-201, 218, 719-20, 95051, 1000, 1008, 1020, 1041
Manual o f Newspaper Job Classifica­
tions, 712-13
Mapes, Clarel, 588, 642-43
Marathon Paper Mills, 597
Marjoribanks, D. S , 357, 358
Martin, Alfred, 1010-13
Martin, Frank, 636
Marx, Karl, 341
Mason, Lucy, 277, 280-81
Mason, Walter, 761
Massachusetts, 221
Matkov, Salzman, 877
Matter, Henry, 545-46
Maximum workday, 248 n.132, 277,
352, 357, 358
Maxwell, Alexander, 640-42
Mayer, Louis B , 662
McAdoo, William, 139-40, 1019
McCann, Irving, 745-49
McComb, William, 737, 747-49, 752,
1327
Index
Monthly Labor Review, xxvii, 1001
Moran, Robert, 803, 804
Morgan, John, 168-69
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, 916
Morrill, Edmund, 199-200
Morrill, Justin, 1007, 1016
Morrison, James, 1120, 1123
Mortgage loan officers, 991, 993
Morton, Oliver, 1006
Motion picture industry, 488, 623-29,
648-55
Motion Picture Producers and Distribu­
tors of America (MPPDA), 623,
648, 650
Mullen, James, 98, 99
Murchison, Claudius, 402
Murkowski, Lisa, 986
Murphy, Austin, 827-29
Murphy, Betty, 806-808
Murray, Donald, 1096
Murray, Philip, 726, 1064, 1070-71
Musical Mutual Protective Union, 186,
190-91
Musicians, 172-76, 186, 190-93
731,
737, 755-57, 766, 768, 774,
776, 778, 807, 838, 874, 887, 914,
924, 936, 958, 971
National Association of Mortgage Bro­
kers, 991
National Association of Retail Grocers,
800
National Automobile Chamber of Com­
merce, 245,300
National Commission on the Public Serice, 1179
National Confederation of Employers’
Organizations, 370
National Conference on Labor Legisla­
tion, 219-20, 456
National Consumers’ League, 277
National Council of Chain Restaurants,
878
National Door Manufacturers Associa­
tion, 584-86
National Emergency Relief Act of 1932,
225
National Employment Law Project, 956
National Employment Lawyers Associa­
tion, 887, 952
National Federation of Federal Employ­
ees (NFFE), 1047, 1075, 1085,
1088,
1096, 1109, 1115, 1124, 1168
National Federation of Independent
Businesses, 838, 936
National Federation of Post Office
Clerks (NFPOC), 1034, 1036, 1038
National Federation of Postal Employ­
ees, 1043
National Federation of Salaried Unions,
761,778
National Funeral Directors Association,
991
National Grocers Association, 953
National Industrial Conference, 354 n.
29
National Industrial Conference Board
(NICB), 45, 141-43, 339, 509, 666,
730, 868-69, 1110
National Advisory Committee for Aero' nautics, 1067
National Archives, 538, 753
National Association of Broadcasters,
780
National Association of Chain Drug
Stores, 955
National Association of Convenience
Stores (NACS), 878-79, 920-22, 965
National Association of Government
Employees, 1130
National Association of Hosiery Manu­
facturers, 416
National Association of Letter Carriers,
1029, 1032, 1038, 1043
National Association of Manufacturers,
74-75, 141, 230, 231, 243, 385,403,
447-48, 472, 480, 481, 484, 601608, 639, 679, 685, 692, 705-706,
1328
Index
282
Nelson, Eleanor, 1077, 1078
Nelson, Otto, 1034-39
Netherlands, 1251-52
New Republic, xxxi
New York Herald Tribune, 443
New York Newspaper Guild, 527
New York State: corporate insolvency
laws, 205-207; Labor Law, 156-57,
209-10, 213-14; legislature, xxxv,
156; State Labor Relations Board,
213-14; tax laws, 694-96; wage pay­
ment laws, 207-12
New York Times, xxxvi-xxxvii, 113,
126, 131-32, 140-41, 172-73, 174,
191, 314-15, 320, 411, 430, 442-43,
469, 489, 505-506, 508-509, 1008,
1024
Newfoundland, 1225-26
Newspaper Association of America
(NAA), 922-24, 965
Newspaper reporters, 318-30, 393-94,
478,
634-40, 647, 692-93, 711-14,
896-98, 965
Nixon, Richard, 742, 1148-51
Nixon administration, 1133, 1135
Non-exempt work, 556-59, 565, 702,
706-707, 754, 776, 788, 792-93,
851,889, 956-57, 990
Norris, George, 128
North American Van Lines, 56, 61-63,
74, 75,81,86
North Carolina, 218, 221
North-West Paper Company, 596
Norton, Mary, 412, 449, 454-59, 46163, 465, 467, 469, 470, 472, 474,
476, 477, 480-81, 484, 489, 492,
495,
496, 501, 502, 503, 583, 630,
686, 689
Nova Scotia, 1226
Noyes, H., 599
Nursery school teachers, 972, 993
Nurses, 322-23, 972
National Industrial Recovery Act
(NIRA), 243, 247, 255-66, 376,
1093
National Industrial Recovery Board,
292, 328-29
National Institute of Dry Cleaning, 800
National Labor Relations Act (NLRA),
635, 731,762
National Labor Relations Board
(NLRB), 430-31, 465, 476, 732-33,
1069
National Labor Standards Act, 391
National Lumber Manufacturers Asso­
ciation, 591
National Maritime Union, 702
National Mass Retailing Institute, 822
National Office Management Associa­
tion, 1110
National Organization for Women, 804
National Recovery Administration
(NRA), 262, 264, 265, 266, 282,
288, 293, 300, 308, 310-11, 317,
318,
328, 334, 338, 343, 347, 410
National Restaurant Association, 936,
945, 964
National Retail Federation, 68, 919-20,
936, 957
National Society of Professional Engi­
neers, 780
National Textile Act, 252-53
National Textile Workers Union, 276,
290
National Treasury Employees Union,
1166
National Union of Distributive and Al­
lied Workers, 372
National War Labor Board (NWLB),
144-51
National Wholesale Grocers Associa­
tion, 542, 667
National Woman’s Party, 277
Nation’s Business, 715
Naval appropriation bill (1917), 133-38
Needle Trade Workers Industrial Union,
1329
Index
Obey, David, xv, 926, 932, 935, 938,
993-95
Occupational Outlook Handbook, 51
Office Employees International Union,
xxxix, 668, 725, 745, 774, 868
Office Management, 79
Office of Economic Stabilization, 510
Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), 942, 1174
Office workers, 260, 261, 268, 270,
271, 271, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279,
280, 281, 282, 289, 297, 305, 306,
310, 315, 317-18, 337, 339, 343,
347, 389, 394-95, 416, 482, 509,
511,648
Official Register o f the United States,
52-53
Ohio, 221
O’Leary, John, 311
Oliver, Philip, 1138-43
Olson, Kenneth, 636-37
O’Neill, John, 164-68
Ontario, 1226-27
Oregon, 109-11
Oswald, Rudy, 800, 1142
Otis, Harrison Gray, 101
Outside sales workers, 29 n.18, 842, 664
n.31
Overtime: annual, 352
Overtime Compensation Protection Act
o f 2003, 926
Overtime premium, 442; fictitious 360day basis of for federal employees,
1058, 1066, 1068, 1073, 1078,
1081,
1082, 1084, 1085, 1089,
1090, 1097
Overtime regulation: coverage of, 44243,
492-93, 658; employer opposi­
tion to, 505; purposes of in FLSA,
404-13; transformation of into wage
increase, 1053
Owen, William, 174, 186
Owens, Chris, 904-906, 930
Owens, Joseph, 556-58
1330
Owens, Major, 844-46, 848
Oxford Paper Company, 599
Packard, Vance, 78, 79
Packard Motor Car C o, 238
Padgett, Lemuel, 133-36
Padway, Joseph, 627-28
Paper and Pulp Industry Code, 304-306
Parker, Andrew, 324
Pasche, Victor, 417, 432, 577, 646-48,
711
Pastore, John, 1109, 1111-12, 1118
Pastors, 178-85
Patterson, Robert, 1070
Pay-docking, 898-900 See also Salary
deductions
Pearson, Henry, 1018, 1027-28
Pelosi, Nancy, 944
Pelton, 654
Pendleton Act, 1020, 1021
Pennsylvania, 222
Pepper, Claude, 724, 763
Perkins, Frances, 53, 219, 243-44, 248,
257, 304, 385, 389-91, 396, 405,
409, 477, 505-506, 509, 662, 709,
1092
Personal and clerical assistants, 240-42,
250,310
Personnel, 414
Personnel Classification Board, 53, 686,
1049-50
Petri, Thomas, 841
Pharmacists, 955
Philadelphia Navy Yard, 1058, 1088,
1096
Physicians, 83
Pike, Frederick, 1004
Pittsburgh Plate Glass C o, 556-58, 772,
774
Platt, Ronald, 821
Plumb, Preston, 170, 176
Pocket Guide to the Fair Labor Stan­
dards Act, 81
Poole, Rufus, 436-37
Index
Portal-to-Portal Act, 731
Posner, Richard, 69
Postal clerks, 1017 n.88, 1022, 1034,
1036, 1043
Pratt, Foster, 724, 1100
President’s Reemployment Agreement,
266-70,319, 320, 321,322
President’s Special Panel on Federal
Salaries, 1119
Pressman, Lee, 418, 434
Primary duty, 852, 889-91, 957
Prince Edward Island, 1227
Prinz, Alexander, 283, 286
Professional employees, 44, 55-56, 8284,
231, 268, 319-20, 318-30, 371,
393-94, 422, 433-37, 493, 569-71,
587, 614-15, 622, 625, 628, 630-32,
634-37, 647, 649, 652, 689-98, 700701, 732-36, 770, 780, 804-806,
895-98, 959-65, 1154, 1246
Professional and Scientific Service,
1049
Progressive Party, 769
Proposed Convention Concerning the
Reduction of Hours of Work in In­
dustry, 363
Proposed Draft Convention Concerning
the Reduction of Hours of Work in
Commerce and Offices, 363
Quebec, 1227
Quie, Albert, 1135-36, 1149
Radio broadcasters, 780
Radzely, Howard, 928, 929, 987-88
Ragon, Heartsill, 224-25
Railroad workers, 126-31
Railway mail clerks, 1025-26
Rainey, Henry, 224-25
Ralph, Joseph, 138
Ramel, Herbert, 762, 763
Ramspeck, Robert, 230-31, 444, 472,
475, 476, 484, 489, 497, 499, 501,
1072, 1076, 1089-90, 1109, 1111
1331
Randolph, Jennings, 1085
Rankin, Jeannette, 138-40
Raskin, A. H , 868
Rauh, Joseph, 532-34
Rayburn, Sam, 473, 478-79
Rayon and Silk Dyeing and Printing
Industry Code, 294-95
Reagan, Ronald, 820, 821
Reagan administration, 931, 1158-72
Real Estate Brokerage Industry Code,
338-40
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
(RFC), 223-24, 226
Reduction of Hours of Work (Public
Works) Convention, 379
Reduction of Hours of Work (Textiles)
Convention, 363
Reed, David, 234-36
Régula, Ralph, 927, 936
Reich, Robert, 85
Reilly, Gerard, 396, 409-10, 1062-63
Reilly, Thomas, 1039
Reno, Janet, 1173-74
Report o f the Minimum Wage Study
Commission, 81-82
Republican Party, 200, 751, 769
Retail industries, 788-93
Reynolds, John, 201
Richberg, Donald, 319, 346
Rieve, Emil, 291
Robinson, Alfred, 989
Robinson, S. Wame, 813
Roeder, Kathy, 901
Rogers, Lindsay, 291-92, 325
Roosevelt, Franklin D , xv, 226, 244,
255-57, 270-72, 280, 289, 317, 318,
319, 326, 327, 337, 338, 340, 344,
389-90,412-13, 455, 459, 468, 469,
471, 494, 503, 505, 530, 689, 702,
709, 721, 1062, 1070, 1073, 108385,
1093-94, 1191
Roosevelt, James, 788-89
Roosevelt, Theodore, 131, 190, 1038
Rosemund, C. L , 644, 1080-81
Index
Rosenberg, Julius, 566
Rowe, R. H., 552-53
R. R. Donnelly & Sons, 595
Rubber Tire Manufacturing Code, 31417
Sargent, Noel, 448, 603, 605, 606
Saskatchewan, 1227-28
Sayre, Morris, 768
Scharrenberg, Paul, 116, 117, 119
Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United
States, 376
Scherer, Marcel, 565-66, 569-71, 667
Scherer, Paul, 569
Schloss, Clara, 796
Schneiderman, Rose, 281, 285-86, 29798, 331,332
Scholte, H. J., 374
Schroeder, Jack, 743
Schwellenbach, Lewis, 737
Screen Directors Guild, 652
Screen Office Employees Guild, 648
Screen Set Designers, 650
Screen Writers Guild, 648
Scientific Management, xxviii
Seventy-Sixth Congress, 444-504
Seyfarth Shaw, 923
Sherman, John, 164, 1005-1006, 1008
Shipping clerks, 288-89
Shishkin, Boris, 317, 576-77, 667
Shorter hours: purposes of, 1044-45
Shulman, Allison, 878-79
Siam, 352
Sifton, Paul, 422, 432
Sloan, Alfred, 237, 244-47, 312, 507508, 640
Sloan, George, 273, 278
Smethurst, Raymond, 601-606, 766
Smit, Jr., G. J. A., 371,373
Smith, Hoke, 1041
Smith, Howard, 465, 476, 1069-70
Smith, Karen, 971-73
Smith, William, 652-53
Smith, Wint, 735, 746
Social Security Act, 403
Socialist Party, 91, 92, 94, 102, 112-13,
115-25
Society of Designing Engineers, 733
South Carolina, 222
Southern Pine Industry Committee, 586
Sabath, Adolph, 468, 479
St. Paul Committee on Industrial Rela­
tions, 743-44
Salaried employee, 365-68
Salary basis, 835, 898-99, 965-67, 977
Salary deductions, 965-67: for discipli­
nary reasons, 716-17; for partial-day
absences, 835-36, 898-99; for per­
sonal reasons, 783-84; for state and
local government employees, 835
Salary-level test, 433, 438-39, 445-47,
454-56, 459, 466-68, 470, 475, 483,
553-57, 560, 562, 565, 573-74, 57778, 583-84, 588, 589-90, 611, 623,
645, 660-65, 685-89, 737, 744-45,
754, 757-74, 780-81, 782, 784-87,
793-94, 803, 806-808, 849, 878-80,
881-85, 916, 920-22, 930, 948,
1073, 1089, 1111, 1113, 1118,
1183-84; for highly paid employees,
, 838-42, 885-87, 901-902, 904-905,
915-17, 919-20, 945, 951-52, 978,
992, 1101; inflation adjustment of,
882-84; periodic adjustment of, 803,
809-10, 955; relationship between
and minimum wage, 811-12,830-31,
856-59, 884-85, 954; and short test,
773-74, 780-81, 791-92, 795-96,
807-808, 819, 881, 1123, 1159-61,
1183; and standard test, 881-83,
952-56, 1183
Salary Stabilization Unit, 510, 512
Sales Incentive Compensation Act, 843
Samsel, Everett, 800
San Francisco Chronicle, 101, 102,
104, 106, 108
San Francisco Labor Council, 94, 95
Sanchez, Linda, 989
1332
Index
Southern States Industrial Council
(SSIC), 419, 421, 457, 515, 522-23,
541, 543-44, 548, 581-86, 610, 615,
617, 618-19, 621-23, 624, 659, 667,
763
Soviet Union, 1066
Special Conference Committee, 34-35,
414-15, 424-25,715
Specter, Arlen, 928, 935-38, 939, 943,
975-77, 979-81,986, 996
Spencer, George, 1016
Springfield Armory, 1087
Staats, Elmer, 1112
Stabilization Act of 1942, 509
Standard Oil Company of Ohio, 755,
778
Starrett, William, 224
State hours laws, 216-23
State and local government employees,
835,912
Steel and Metal Workers Industrial
Union (SMWIU), 304
Stefano, Angelo, 1096
Stein, Harold, 193, 418, 425, 510, 51415,
524-35, 539-40, 542, 544-46,
549, 551, 553, 555-56, 558, 560-62,
564-66, 568, 570, 572-75, 582-83,
586-87, 589-90, 592-93, 597, 599,
600-601, 605, 608, 610, 613, 614,
616, 621-26, 628-30, 635-37, 639,
641, 645, 650, 656-717, 770, 771,
817, 843, 896, 948, 949, 953, 956
Stein Report, 656-717, 781, 798, 801,
816, 894,913
Stengle, Charles, 1050-51, 1063, 1080,
1083
Stephens, Russell, 45-46
Stevens, Ted, 937, 986, 1161
Steward, Luther, 1075, 1085, 1088,
1096, 1115
Stewart, William, 1006
Stock exchange firms, 334-37
Stoetzel, E , 597
Strauss, Eduard, 172
1333
Strauss orchestra, 172-75
Supervisory employees, 226, 252, 36970, 371-72, 377-79, 396-97, 510,
732,
770, 889, 923, 993
Surveyors, 200-201
Sweden, 350-51, 354, 367, 1253-54
Sweeney, John, xv, 908
Swope, Gerard, 244-45
Taft, Robert, Jr., 1137, 1146-47, 1149
Taft-Hartley Act, 724, 730-36, 750,
756-57, 762, 763, 766, 770
Tarsney, Timothy, 1015
Tarver, Malcolm, 499
Tate, Jack, 328-29
Taylor, David, 907
Taylor, J. A , 118-19
Taylorization, 78, 84, 85, 1043
Teachers, 782, 794-95
Team leaders, 894, 949, 980-81, 989,
993
Teamsters Union, 962
Technicians, 806
Tenney, Paul, 796-97
Teper, Lazare, 545, 571-76, 797, 799
Textile Workers Union, 563
Thibeault, Richard, 957-58
Thirty-hours bills, 227-50, 389, 640
Thomas, Albert, 401, 448, 459
Thomas, David, 1127-29
Thomas, Elbert, 458, 703, 1090
Thompson, Richard, 1013
Thyssen, August, 768
Timberlake, Joe, 542
Toulme, M. L , 542, 667
Tracy, E. J , 335
Treaty of Versailles, 349-51, 364
Triangle Waist C o, 156
Tros, Frank, 1252
Truman, Harry, xv, 750
Truman administration, 867
Trumka, Richard, 925
Typographical Union, 765
Index
Udall, Morris, 1120, 1122, 1127, 1128,
1131
Underwear Institute, 394-95, 426
Unemployment, 227, 405-406, 486,
493,
648, 650-52, 669-76
Unemployment Insurance, xxxv, 215-16
Unemployment Insurance Statutory
Committee on Remuneration Limit
for Non-Manual Workers, xxxiv
Union of Aluminum Workers, AFL, 317
United Automobile Workers (UAW),
346, 727-29, 800, 802
United Electrical, Radio and Machine
Workers of America (UE), 346, 737,
752, 754, 763
United Federal Workers of America,
1077,
1096
United Food and Commercial Workers
International Union (UFCW), 839,
901
United Kingdom, 353-54, 367, 1050,
1254-56
United Office and Professional Workers
of America (UOPWA), 213, 435-36,
459, 481, 484, 493, 521, 561, 566,
568, 658, 661, 662, 667, 686, 708709, 721-24, 729, 730
United States, 352, 354, 376
United States v. Martin, 1010-13, 1019,
1033
United States v. Post, 1038
US Bureau of Engraving and Printing,
138-40, 1048
US Bureau of Labor Statistics, xxvii
US Bureau of the Budget, 1073-74,
1086, 1109-10, 1112, 1119, 1121
US Bureau of the Census, 1000
US Civil Service Commission, 583,
1020-23, 1052, 1073, 1081, 109293, 1097, 1108-12, 1115-16, 1119,
1121,
1124, 1132, 1145-47, 114950, 1152-58, 1161, 1191
US Commission on Industrial Rela­
tions, 116, 146
1334
US Court of Claims, 1010-12, 1029-30,
1033
US Department of Justice (DOJ), 117276
US Department of Labor (DOL), 3, 1320, 27-31, 33, 47, 61, 62, 65, 74, 75,
84, 86, 193, 377, 380, 513, 738,
776, 818-23, 827-32, 865, 873-76,
880-902, 913, 947-68, 979, 1000,
1104, 1112-13, 1145, 1161, 1162-65
US Department of the Navy, 1005,
1013, 1054-57, 1063, 1065, 1066,
1067, 1070, 1082, 1095
US Department of Transportation, 1127
US Department of War, 1066, 1067
US General Accounting Office (GAO),
15-16, 19, 68, 831, 848-52, 879,
881,910, 979
US Government Printing Office, 1048,
1079
U.S. Independent Telephone Associa­
tion, 754
US Office of Personnel Management
(OPM), 1158-72, 1177-79
US Post Office: number of employees
of, 1017
US Post Office Department, 1020-21,
1029-32, 1037, 1042
U.S. Rubber C o, 424, 623, 667
US Small Business Administration
Office of Advocacy, 952, 967
U.S. Steel Corp., 430
US Supreme Court, 181-84, 189, 190,
192, 203-204, 310, 329, 376, 635,
916-17, 966, 1010, 1031, 1033
U.S. Wholesale Grocers’ Association,
418,552-53
US Women’s Bureau, 48, 217, 482
United Textile Workers of America, 276
United Wholesale and Warehouse Em­
ployees, 556
Universal eight-hour initiatives, 91-125
Uruguay, 1256-57
Uvalier, Harry, 284-85
Index
Vacations, 623, 667-69, 715
Van Keuren, Alexander, 1058
Vandell, Kathy, 816-17
Vandenberg, Arthur, 232-42, 312, 683
Vela, Xavier, 809
Victory, John, 1067-68
Vilas, William, 1019, 1025
Vinson, Carl, 1054-61, 1067-70
Virginia, 217
Volcker Commission, 1179-80
Vursell, Charles, 1099
Wage and Hour Administrator, xxiii, 74,
398,
399, 426, 427-28, 437, 520,
536, 540, 559, 677-78, 732, 764
Wage and Hour Division, xxxii, 18, 78,
86, 418, 422-23, 425, 427, 432-33,
436, 441, 449-54, 465, 469, 485-87,
494,
513-18, 521, 531-34, 539, 633,
656, 706, 710, 712-14, 716-17, 737,
769, 770, 775-76,812, 865,912
Wage payment laws, 207-12
Wagner, Robert, 263
Walker, Phillip, 587
Walker, Stephen, 178-79
Walsh, David, 240, 1061-62, 1064
Walsh, Frank, 146, 150
Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act,
251-52,389, 505, 1060, 1107
Walter, William, 798-99
War Labor Board, 512, 676
War Overtime Pay Act, 1085, 1091
Warren, Edward Walpole, 177
Washington, George, 430
Washington Post, 139-40, 975
Washington State 111-15
Watson, Morris, 494
Webb, Ulysses, 100
Weinberg, Nathan, 606-608
Weiss, Harry, 540, 568, 576, 748-49,
752, 760, 769-81, 887, 949, 951,
953
Weiss Report, 769-82, 887, 892, 894
West, James, 739-41
1335
Western Federation of Miners, 91
Westinghouse Manufacturing Co., 570,
726
Wheeling Mold and Foundry Co., 145
White, Annie, 28
White, George, 228
White, Leonard, 429
White, Lloyd, 324-25
White Collar, 867
White-collar employees of New York
State: regulation of overtime work
and pay of, 1193-95
White-collar employees of the Federal
Government, 999-1182; application
of the FLSA to, 1132-72; definition
of as administrative employees,
1153-54, 1155, 1157; definition of
as executive employees, 1156; defi­
nition of as professional employees,
1154, 1158; and eligibility of law­
yers for overtime pay, 1172-76; ficti­
tious 360-day basis of overtime pre­
mium for, 1058, 1066, 1068, 1073,
1078, 1081, 1082, 1084, 1085,
1089, 1090, 1097; relationship of
overtime salary ceiling for com­
pared to that under the FLSA, 118384; salary ceiling for overtime for,
1073-91, 1110-18, 1122-26, 112831, 1135, 1153-54, 1159-70, 117681,
1183-87, 1189-90
White-collar employees of the State of
California: regulation of overtime
work and pay of, 1191-93
White-Collar Exemptions in the Modern
Workplace, 852
White-collar industries, 330-40
White-collar overtime regulation in
other countries, 1209-57; Canada,
1221-28; Czechoslovakia, 1228; Eu­
ropean Union, 1229-31; France,
1231-36; Germany, 1236-48; Italy,
1248-50; Luxemburg, 1250-51;
Netherlands, 1251-52; Soviet Union,
Index
1217-18; Spain, 1253; Sweden,
1253-54; United Kingdom, 1254-56;
Uruguay, 1256-57
White-collar overtime regulations: em­
ployers’ initial acquiescence in, 41337; reduction by of number of pro­
tected workers, 699, 704, 780; re­
vision of in 1940, 698-717; revision
of in 1947-48, 769-81; revision of in
2003-2004, 880-996
White-collar overtime regulatory hear­
ings: in 1940, 515, 536-655; in
1947-48, 751-59; in 1969, 796-803;
in 1978, 809-10
White-collar workers, xxvi-xl; con­
vergence of conditions of with those
of blue-collar workers, 32-33, 77-87,
414-15, 486-87, 666-76, 719-24;
exclusions of from NRA codes of
fair competition, 260-66, 270-347;
legal treatment of before the New
Deal, 155-214; legal treatment of
under pre-FLSA federal laws, 22353; legal treatment of under pre-New
Deal state hours laws, 216-23; legal
treatment of under 30-hours bills,
'234-47; legal treatment of under
U.S. state law, 1204-1208; legis­
lative history of exclusion of from
FLSA, 385-437; number of, 6-12;
number of excluded from the FLSA,
13-23, 780, 784-85, 795-96, 812,
831, 848-49, 873-74, 900, 908-10,
967-68, 992-93; proportion of work­
ing and being paid for overtime,
808-809; purposes of exclusion of
from FLSA, 24-43; under Alien
Contract Labor Immigration Laws,
159-94; unemployment among, 3339; and unions, 718-30, 867-69;
volume of overtime worked by, 875
Whiteside, Arthur, 290, 331, 332, 335,
336,337, 338
Wholesale distributive trades, 515, 707
Wholesale Dry Goods Institute, 545
Wickersham, George, 190
Wiggins, Archibald, 609-12, 614-16
Wiley, Alexander, 485-86
Williams, Aubrey, 529
Williams, Clay, 307-308
Williams, Cranston, 758
Williams, Harrison, 1136, 1146, 114750
Williams, Thomas, 101, 102, 106-107
Wilson, Charles E , 662, 768, 1105
Wilson, Henry, 1003, 1007, 1009
Wilson, William, 348
Wilson, Woodrow, 127-31, 137, 144,
148, 1042
Wimberly, Lawson, 643-44
Wirtz, Willard, xiii
Wissel, Rudolf, 1240
Wolman, Leo, 298, 332, 336
Wood, Reuben, 497
Woodruff, Roy, 462
Woodward, Ellen, 529, 531
Woolsey, Lynn, 840, 848
Work in America, 79
Workers Alliance of Greater New York,
528
Worker’s Charter, 1253
Working Time Code, 1241-43
Working Time Directive, 1203, 1229,
1254
Working Time Law (Germany), 1243,
1247-48
Working Time Law (Netherlands), 1251
Work-sharing, 35-36, 404-407, 410,
411, 416, 651, 664-65, 740-41,
1044, 1101
Work-spreading. See work-sharing
Working foremen, 972
Workweek: length of, 407-409
Works Constitution Act, 1243, 1247
Works Progress Administration (WPA),
526-31,673,675
World War I, 126, 132-51
World War II, 132, 504-12; purpose of
1336
Index
overtime pay during, 504-509
Worthington Pump and Machinery
Corp., 145
Wright, Ralph, 1112
Wyzanski, Charles, Jr., 546-47, 551-52
Yarborough, Ralph, 1125
Young, Edgar, 1074-75
Young, Philip, 1115
Younger, Maud, 277
Yukon Territory, 1228
Zeitlin, Morris, 629-33, 669
Zimmer, Verne, 507
Zimmerman, Charles, 341
Zum, Frank, 588-91
1337
Postscript
On November 21, 2004, while the printers were in the process of printing this
book, Lucia Stein Hatch, the daughter of Harold Stein—the person who
contributed more to the text of the white-collar overtime regulations than anyone
else—discovered in her garage in the course of moving to another house a file of
her father’s papers. Although it was too late in the printing process to integrate this
material into Chapters 9-13 and although they are in no way inconsistent with the
analysis in those chapters, the light that two of these documents shed on the mind­
set of government officials in 1940 with respect to the overtime law is so brilliant
that it would have been irresponsible not to insert their text into the book together
with a brief commentary.
The author of the first document, titled “White Collar Workers Under the Fair
Labor Standards Act” and dated January 30, 1940, is unknown, but a faint
handwritten note in the upper right-hand comer indicated that it was addressed “To
Stein.” The accompanying secretarial shorthand notes apparently reappeared as the
following small typed note stapled to the document: “Harold: This is the memo that
[Wage and Hour Division Associate General Counsel Rufus] Poole perverted for
[Wage and Hour Administrator Philip] Fleming to take to the White House. J.R.”
The document is crucially important for: (1) underscoring the intensity of employ­
ers’ across-the-board opposition to any regulation of white-collar workers’ hours
regardless of their salaries; and (2) focusing on the key definition of “administra­
tive” employees, which, if separated from that of “executive” employees by the
WHD, would accommodate employers’ demand for exclusion of white-collar
workers, but which in the author’s view “would seem to be contrary to the intent
of Congress” (although Stein and the WHD nevertheless issued such a definition).
White Collar Workers Under the Fair Labor Standards Act
I. Factors in favor of applying Act to white collar workers.
(a)
Widespread unemployment in the white collar field. It should be noted
that the problem of applying the Fair Labor Standards Act to white
collar workers is purely a maximum hour and overtime problem since
the minimum wage provisions do not have any real application in this
field. White collar workers are largely unorganized. The application
of the law to white collar employees tends to shorten hours, spread
employment and relieve unemployment.
(b)
The Act has been gratefully received by the large number of white collar
workers who have either had their hours shortened or have received
1339
Postscript
overtime compensation. These white collar workers are among the most
vigorous supporters of the Act.
(c)
Congress probably intended the Act to apply to white collar workers.
II. Factors against applying the Act to white collar workers.
(a)
The application of the Act to white collar workers has engendered a
great deal of opposition on the part of employers. This opposition will
not be removed by exempting high salaried white collar workers alone.
(b)
The Wage and Hour Division probably has the power to exempt white
collar employees through a definition of the word “administrative” in
Section 13(a)(1) although this would seem to be contrary to the intent
of Congress.
III. The question to be weighed thus is: Do the advantages of applying the Act to white
collar workers outweigh the irritations against the Act by employers who object to having
the hours of work of their white collar workers regulated? The Wage and Hour Division
feels that the answer is “Yes.”
The second document is a confidential memo that Stein wrote to his boss,
Merle Vincent, the Director of the Hearings Branch of the WHD, on May 17,
1940, under the immediate impression of Nazi Germany’s overrunning of western
Europe and President Roosevelt’s request to Congress the previous day of more
than one billion dollars for rearmament. Stein’s memo also came two weeks after
the defeat of the FLSA amendments in Congress and in the midst of the whitecollar overtime regulation hearings that he held between April and July. Although
Stein nowhere specifically mentioned white-collar workers, he stressed the
enormous pressure that was being exerted to relax the FLSA’s “maximum hours
requirements” (in reality, presumably, by raising the threshold triggering overtime
pay) in general. Fearing an express statutory or de facto administrative abolition
of the hours provision, Stein proposed that Roosevelt request that Congress
drastically revise the Act to authorize the Wage and Hour Administrator “to set
maximum hours for American industry according to the needs of the country.”
The wartime political-economic strains underlying the proposal and the
accompanying discussion strongly suggest that in formulating and recommending
revisions to the white-collar overtime regulations during the following months
Stein himself may have felt constrained to follow his own advice by implementing
what he (incorrectly) regarded as an inevitable relaxation of the FLSA’s overtime
provisions.
1340
Postscript
CONFIDENTIAL
May 17, 1940
Mr. Merle D. Vincent, Director
Hearings Branch
HE;HS;MH
Harold Stein, Assistant Director
Hearings Branch
The Wage and Hour Division and the War
Anyone capable of reading the headlines in the newspapers is aware of the fact that
there already exists a great demand for the relaxation of the maximum hours requirements
imposed by our Act for war industries and related industries. It takes no prophet to foresee
the lightning-like increase of that pressure to the point where it cannot be resisted. I am
informed that at the President’s press conference today, he indicated off the record that he
too is thinking along the same lines.
The requirements of Section 7 can be relaxed by Congress by the simple device of
eliminating that Section from the Act or by eliminating it for a large segment of industry.
This will leave us at the end of the war with an imperfect Act and with a long uphill fight
to restore the maximum hours provisions at a time when they will be particularly
necessary. Alternatively, the maximum hours provisions can be evaded by announcing a
series of administrative interpretations. With the war crisis hanging over us, no court
would think of imposing a more rigid limitation on hours than the one assumed as proper
by the Administrator. As a single example, the Administrator might decide to adopt Mr.
Andrews’ Birmingham Doctrine: in other words, to say that the requirements of the Act
are fulfilled if overtime work is paid for at a rate of not less than 45 cents per hour. This
action would destroy Section 7 permanently for all industries except those in which
persons earn less than 45 cents an hour and even in those for such persons as earn that
princely sum - 45 cents per hour. I for one look upon this solution as a necessarily
permanent abrogation of Section 7.
There is, I think, a way out. Up till last Friday, Wage and Hour legislation for this
session of Congress was dead. The President’s Message yesterday and the break through
in France make it entirely possible to revive amendments to the Law - amendments but not
entirely the same amendments. I suggest that with the present temper of Congress there
should be little difficulty in amending the Act so as to allow longer hours in war industries.
I think further that the President is in a peculiarly good position to ask that this legislation
grant full discretionary power over hours to the Administrator of the Wage and Hour
Division. Personalities count in these matters. How could anyone in Congress ask for
better assurance of complete understanding of the needs of war industries than from the
present Administrator - Philip B. Fleming, Colonel, Corps of Engineers, United States
Army?
1341
Postscript
Discretionary power over maximum hours imposes a work burden upon the Wage and
Hour Division but it means that at the end of the war the Administrator, without recourse
to Congress, will have the power and the duty to cut down working hours at a time when
shorter hours will be a national necessity.
A war crisis means longer hours - it also means higher wages. I do not believe that
any bloc in Congress could effectively object to a wide extension of wage coverage in the
light of the present situation and particularly when coupled with a relaxation of hours.
The moral of the foregoing appears to me obvious. The session probably will last
only about a month longer. Nevertheless, I feel that the President can go to Congress with
a bill which embodies the procedural provisions, the Puerto Rican Exemption and the
agricultural processing wage coverage of the original Norton Bill plus wage coverage for
fish canneries, for intrastate factories that compete with interstate products, etc., provided
that all these desirable provisions are tied on to a drastic revision of Section 7 empowering
the Administrator to set maximum hours for American industry according to the needs of
the country. I feel that the President can go to Congress with such a bill and get it through
without substantial change.
I make no claim to being an expert on legislative matters. As an amateur I have felt
free to speak with complete assurance. This memorandum is submitted to you for
whatever it may be worth, since I know that if any of its suggestions find merit in your
eyes, you will be in a position to pass them on in a form in which they will be of use.1
Finally on the biographical level two other documents from Stein’s papers
were of overriding interest. First, after having read Stein’s white-collar overtime
report, Wage and Hour Administrator Elmer Andrews informed Stein in an
undated handwritten letter: “The job is perfectly swell and I know how hard it must
have been on you.” Second, on October 11, 1941, two weeks after he had resigned
from the WHD, Stein wrote Fleming that on October 9 the latter had informed him
that someone had accused Stein of being a Communist. After consulation with
Secretary of Labor Perkins the matter had been referred to the FBI, which
“cleared” Stein. In response to Perkins’ offer to make a statement for the file,
which was being closed, Stein wrote: “I am not a Communist and I have never
been a Communist either by membership in the party or by direct or indirect
affiliation of any sort. I have in fact been actively opposed to attempts of
Communist groups to gain control of various parts of our American life.”
1Asked at his press conference earlier on May 17 whether there was “[a]ny prospect
of suspending the 40-hour week,” Roosevelt had replied: “I do not know but we probably
need some legislation.” Complete Presidential Press Conferences o f Franklin D.
Roosevelt 15:345 (1972).
1342