PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
MARK TWAIN’S CRITICISM ON
THE ENGLISH NOBLES’ LIFE IN THE 16TH CENTURY IN
THE PRINCE AND THE PAUPER
A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Ria Prasetya
Student Number: 03 1214 104
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2007
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Statement of Work’s Originality
I honestly declare that this thesis which I wrote does not contain the works or part
of the works of other people, except those cited in the quotations and bibliography,
as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, August 13th, 2007
The writer
Ria Prasetya
iv
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
“Is life worth living? This is a question for an
embryo, not a man.”
Samuel Butler (1835-1902)
British writer, painter, and musician
“Life is not a burden that makes us feel that
we have to struggle because of it. But, Life is a
blessing that we have to struggle for it.”
Pras
I dedicated this thesis to everybody who
struggles in search of truth for their life and others.
v
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my Lord Jesus Christ
for His great blessing, His guidance, His protection and His will, all the things that
I need in my life so that I can pass every moment of my life nicely. He has given
me love, strength and spirit through the people surrounds me. He also has given
me strength and spirit so I can finish my thesis. Without His blessing I could
never have finished my thesis.
I would like to express my great gratitude to my lovely parents, my father
Yohanes Gatot Prasetya Kuntjara and my mother Maria Mimin Mujiwiyani, for
their love, attention, trust and understanding, and support to me. I also would like
to thank them for giving me a chance to know the beauty of the world; it means a
lot for me. My special thanks go to my two little brothers, Andre and Fran, who
have made my life more colorful with their presence and love. I also would like to
thank my wonderful friend, Niken, for her love, understanding, patience and spirit,
including the spirit that helps me finish my thesis.
I would like to express my special gratitude to my major-sponsor Henny
Herawati, S. Pd., M. Hum., and my co-sponsor Drs. L. Bambang Hendarto Y., M.
Hum., for their patience, attention and time, guidance, suggestion, corrections and
encouragement that helps me much in finishing my thesis. I also would like to
thank all my lectures in English Education Study Program for the knowledge and
skills of English, and also the lesson of life that they gave to me.
I would like to thank the people that support me much, my closest friends
in Mudika such as mas Haryo for the lesson to be a patience man, Ardian, Wahyu,
vi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Sonny, and Robert for their amazing friendship during my life in Yogyakarta, my
best friends in campus Haryo, Vendi, Febri, Galih, An, and Dudi for their support,
and their help they have given to me during my study, my play-mates Mas Danis,
Mas Dewan, and Anton for the good time in Yogyakarta. I also would like to
thank the late pak Muryono who allowed me to live in this comfortable boarding
house.
Finally, I would like to thank everybody who I cannot mention one by one
for their help in my life in Yogyakarta and for their help in my study and
especially in finishing my thesis. Everything that they gave to me means so much
to me. May all His blessing, His guidance, and His protection be with them.
Pras
vii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
i
PAGES OF APPROVAL
ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
iv
PAGE OF DEDICATION
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
viii
ABSTRACT
xii
ABSTRAK
xiv
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
1
B. Problem Formulation
4
C. Objectives of the Study
4
D. Benefits of the Study
4
E. Definition of the Terms
5
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Theories
7
1. Critical Approaches
7
2. Setting
8
3. Character and Characterization
9
B. Review of England in the 16th Century
11
1. The Society Systems
11
a. The Government
11
viii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
1) King Henry VIII (1491 - 1547)
12
2) King Edward Tudor VI(1537 - 53)
14
3) Queen Mary I (1516 - 1558)
15
b. The Law
16
c. The Society
16
2. The Nobles
18
a. The Clothing
18
b. The Housing
20
c. The Food
20
d. The Life
21
3. The Common People
a. The Clothing
22
b. The Housing
23
c. The Food
23
d. The Life
25
4. Social Values
26
a. Monarchy
26
b. The English Poor Laws
28
C. Theoretical Framework
CHAPTER
22
29
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Subject Matter
31
B. Approach of the Study
31
C. Method of the Study
32
ix
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER
IV. ANALYSIS
A. Tom Canty’s Life and Prince Edward Tudor’s
Life
35
1. Tom Canty’s Life
37
a. In the Offal Court
37
b. In the Palace
43
2. Prince Edward Tudor’s Life
51
a. In the Palace
52
b. Outside the Palace
55
B. Mark Twain’s Criticism on the Nobles’ life in the
16th Century through Prince Edward Tudor and
Tom Canty
64
1. Nobles’ Life Style
65
a. The Clothing
66
b. The Housing
67
c. The Food
68
2. Nobles’ Manner
69
a. Rude
69
b. Arbitrary and Tyrannous
70
c. Greedy and Cunning
73
d. Arrogant
75
3. Nobles’ Cruelty
76
a. Torturing Innocent People
76
b. Violating Humanity
79
x
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4. Nobles’ Ways of Governing
80
a. Ignoring the Common People’s Needs and
Rights
81
b. Interfering the Church
CHAPTER
85
V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
87
B. Suggestions
89
1. Suggestion for Future Researcher (s)
89
2. Suggestion for the Teaching Reading II Using
Literary Work
89
BIBLIOGRAPHY
94
APPENDICES
97
xi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
Prasetya, Ria. (2007) Mark Twain’s Criticism on the English Nobles’ Life in the
16th Century in The Prince and The Pauper. Yogyakarta: Faculty of
Teachers Training and Education, Department of Language and Arts
Education, English Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This thesis deals with Mark Twain’s criticism on the nobles’ life in the 16th
century in Mark Twain’s The Prince and The Pauper. Mark Twain’s The Prince
and The Pauper tells the adventure of the two young boys, Prince Edward Tudor
and Tom Canty, who exchange their position. This novel describes the social life
of the common people in England in the 16th century, and reveals the nobles’ life
in the 16th century.
In this thesis, there are two problems formulated that are going to be
discussed related to the topic of this thesis. First is how Tom Canty’s life and
Prince Edward Tudor's life are described in the novel. Second is how Mark Twain
criticizes the English Nobles’ life through the characters of Tom Canty and Prince
Edward Tudor.
Based on the two problems above, this study uses a library research to find
out data. There are two kinds of sources in order to get the data used in this study;
the primary data is the novel, The Prince and The Pauper, and the secondary data
are from some books related to the theories and the internet. The books used as
the secondary sources are books on theories of literature and books on history of
England. While from the internet, the data are related to the biography of the
writer and the history of England in the 16th century.
The socio-historical approach is used in this study, in order to gain the
information about the society life of England in the 16th century. The theories of
character and characterization are also used in this thesis to reveal the character
traits of Prince Edward Tudor and Tom Canty. The theory of setting is used to
reveal the setting of the story where the two main characters experience in.
Tom Canty and Prince Edward Tudor are two people born on the same day
who are looked alike in physical appearance and they have similar character traits
also. The two main characters who have a contrasting life backgrounds are
experiencing a different life in their adventure, which reveals the English social
life. Mark Twain criticizes the English nobles’ life in the 16th Century in The
Prince and The Pauper through the characters of Tom Canty and Prince Edward
Tudor.
Mark Twain criticizes nobles’ life style, nobles’ manner, nobles’ cruelty
and nobles’ ways of governing. He uses some ways to convey his criticism. First,
Mark Twain conveys his criticism on the nobles’ life through Prince Edward
Tudor. Mark Twain uses four ways in delivering his criticism through Prince
Edward Tudor. He conveys his criticism through Prince Edward’s manner, Prince
Edward’s opinion and speech, Prince Edward’s adventure outside palace and by
describing the Reign of Edward VI. Second, Mark Twain conveys his criticism on
the nobles’ life through Tom Canty. Mark Twain uses three ways in delivering his
criticism through Tom Canty. He conveys his criticism through Tom Canty’s poor
life, Tom Canty’s opinion and speech and Tom Canty’s adventure in the palace.
xii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
In the last part of this thesis, there are two suggestions. The first is the
suggestion for the next researcher(s) who will work on The Prince and The Pauper.
The second is the suggestion for the teaching of Reading II using literary works.
xiii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
Prasetya, Ria. (2007) Mark Twain’s Criticism on the English Nobles’ Life in the
16th Century in The Prince and The Pauper. Yogyakarta: Fakultas
Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni,
Program Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini berhubungan dengan kritikan-kritikan Mark Twain pada
kehidupan para bangsawan Inggris di abad 16 seperti yang tertuang dalam salah
satu novel karya Mark Twain yaitu The Prince and The Pauper. Novel karyanya
ini, The Prince and The Pauper, menceritakan kisah tentang petualangan dua anak
laki-laki, Pangeran Edward Tudor dan Tom Canty, yang bertukar posisi satu sama
lain. Novel ini menggambarkan keadaan kehidupan sosial rakyat jelata di Inggris
pada abad XVI, dan mengungkapkan kehidupan para bangsawan pada abad
tersebut.
Dalam skripsi ini ada dua pertanyaan yang akan menjadi bahan diskusi
berhubungan dengan topic skripsi ini. Pertama mengenai bagaimana kehidupan
Tom Canty dan Pangeran Edward Tudor digambarkan dalam novel. Yang kedua
mengenai bagaimana Mark Twain mengkritik kehidupan para bangsawan Inggris
melalui Tom Canty dan Pangeran Edward Tudor.
Berdasarkan dua pertanyaan tersebut, pembahasan dalam skripsi ini
menggunakan metode studi pustaka dalam pencarian data-data. Terdapat dua
macam sumber yang dipakai untuk mendapatkan data yang dipakai dalam skripsi
ini; sumber utama yaitu novel The Prince and The Pauper, dan sumber penunjang
yaitu dari beberapa buku mengenai teori-teori dan dari internet. Buku-buku yang
digunakan sebagai penunjang merupakan buku-buku mengenai teori-teori
literature dan buku-buku mengenai sejarah Inggris. Sedangkan data-data yang
berasal dari internet berhubungan dengan biografi pengarang dan sejarah Inggris
pada abad 16.
Metode pendekatan sosial dan sejarah digunakan dalam studi ini dengan
tujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai kehidupan sosial Inggris pada abad
16. Teori karakter dan karakterisasi juga digunakan dalam skripsi ini untuk
membantu mengungkap sifat-sifat dari tokoh Pangeran Edward Tudor dan Tom
Canty. Teori seting digunakan untuk mengungkap seting cerita dimana kedua
tokoh utama mengalaminya.
Tom Canty dan Pangeran Edward Tudor adalah dua orang yang lahir di
hari yang sama yang mempunyai keadaan fisik dan juga sifat-sifat yang sangat
mirip. Kedua tokoh utama yang sesungguhnya mempunyai latar belakang
kehidupan yang sangat berbeda mengalami kehidupan satu dengan yang lain
dalam petualangan mereka, yang mengungkapkan kehidupan sosial di Inggris pada
abad XVI. Kedua, Mark Twain mengkritik kehidupan para bangsawan Inggris di
abad 16 seperti yang tertuang dalam The Prince and The Pauper melalui tokoh
Tom Canty dan Pangeran Edward Tudor.
Mark Twain mengkritik para bangsawan antara lain gaya hidup mereka,
sikap maupun tingkah laku mereka, kekejaman mereka, dan pemerintahan dari
para bangsawan. Pertama, dia menggunakan tokoh Pangeran Edward Tudor.
Mark Twain menggunakan empat cara dalam menyampaikan kritikannya melalui
Pangeran Edward Tudor. Dia menyampaikannya melalui tingkah laku, pendapat
xiv
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Pangeran Edward Tudor. Dia menyampaikannya melalui tingkah laku, pendapat
dan perkataan, dan petualangan pangeran Edward Tudor diluar istana, serta dengan
mengungkapkan keadaan pemerintahan dimasa Edward VI. Kedua, Mark Twain
menggunakan tokoh Tom Canty.
Dia menggunakan tiga cara dalam
menyampaikan kritikannya melalui Tom Canty. Dia menyampaikannya melalui
kehidupan miskin Tom Canty, pendapat dan perkataan Tom Canty, dan melalui
petualangan Tom Canty didalam istana.
Pada bagian akhir dari skripsi ini, terdapat dua saran. Saran yang pertama
diperuntukan bagi (para) peniliti selanjutnya yang akan menganalisa novel yang
sama. Saran yang selanjutnya diperuntukan bagi pengajaran Reading II dengan
menggunakan karya sastra.
xv
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter I would like to provide the background information of the
study.
This chapter includes background of the study, problem formulation,
objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of the terms.
A. Background of the Study
Literature with its development already has produced a large number of
literary works. There are so many kinds of literary works, such as poems, short
stories, and longer stories which are usually called novels. The development of
literature cannot be separated from the development of social life. Social life gives
great contribution to the development of literature. That is why most of the
literary works are affected by the social life.
One of the literary works which is affected by social life is Novel. In the
nineteenth century, in some countries where the famous authors could be found,
like in America, England, France, and others, the popular themes of most novels at
that time were about royal families. The themes were influenced by the social
background at that time, which mostly still dominated or had some inheritance of
the life of royal families.
The history of England became one of the most popular themes in the
literary works because the writers were aware of the wealth of the history of
England. England and its history had inspired some writers to write their literary
works. They used the theme because they were interested in criticizing the social
1
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2
life at that time. The stories were about the kings, the princes and the knights who
lived in the palace, and also the life of the common people itself.
In the 16th Century, the English Nobles lived in luxurious surroundings,
had great authority, different from the life of the common people who did not have
the luxury and authority. Therefore, the stories were about the life of the royal
families and the life of the common people. Mostly the writers criticized the life
of the royal families or the nobles’ life, because at that time the nobles often did
the wrong things and lived inappropriately (Carter 61).
The nobles used their authority to fulfil their ambition to have a bigger
territory and authority. They used all possible ways to achieve their goals, for
example by oppressing the poor, slandering the rivals, and others. Therefore, it is
reasonable that there were so many writers who were encouraged to criticize the
nobles’ life. Earl of Warwick (John Dudley) is one of the nobles who lived in the
reign of Edward VI. This nobleman represented the actual behavior of the nobles
in the real life. Warwick attempted to increase his position by persuading Edward
VI to create him as Duke of Northumberland. He also slandered Duke of Somerset
to get higher position as Lord Protector of the Realm and Governor of the King's
Person. Duke of Somerset, Edward’s uncle, was in that position (Black 119).
One of the writers who was interested in the life in England and inspired by
the life in England in the age of kings is Mark Twain. Mark Twain used the theme
to criticize the social life, especially on the nobles’ life in the sixteenth century.
One of his novels, entitled The Prince and the Pauper (1882), tells the life of
English people both the royal families’ life and the common people’s life.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3
The Prince and the Pauper is one of Twain’s most strong thematic novels.
Thematically, Mark Twain was particularly interested in contrasting the life of the
rich with the life of the poor, the life of the nobility with the life of the lower
classes. The title of the novel “The Prince and the Pauper” itself shows a strong
contrasting background of the two major characters, Edward Tudor and Tom
Canty. The first chapter of the novel describes the births of the Prince and the
Pauper:
…, Edward Tudor, Prince of Wales, who lay lapped in silks and satins,
unconscious of this fuss, not knowing that great lords and ladies were
tending him and watching over him-and not caring either. But there was
no talk about the other baby, Tom Canty, lapped in his poor rags, except
among the family of the paupers whom he had just come to trouble with
his presence (2).
Tom Canty and Prince Edward Tudor are the main characters who are used
by Mark Twain to criticize the English nobles. Edward Tudor is a prince, whose
life has been extremely guarded and luxurious, while Tom Canty is a pauper, who
comes from the lowest ranks of society and whose life has been very hard.
The setting of this novel is in England in the 16th century, in the reign of
King Henry VIII. At that time, there was a big gap of the life of the nobles and the
common people. In this novel, Mark Twain really wants to show the gap between
the two major characters. Mark Twain presents the story of the prince and the
pauper alternately. For example after he tells the story of the prince in a chapter or
more then in the next chapter he switches to the story of the pauper and then back
to the story of the prince again and so on. He describes how hard the condition of
England in the novel where the nobles are also taking a part in that hard condition
with their role. Through The Prince and the Pauper Mark Twain wants to deliver
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4
his criticism on the nobles’ life that causes a hard condition in England through the
characters of Tom Canty and Edward Tudor.
B. Problem Formulation
The problem discussed in this study can be formulated in the two questions
stated as follows:
1. How are Tom Canty’s life and Prince Edward Tudor's life described in the
novel?
2. How does Mark Twain criticize the English Nobles’ life through the
characters of Tom Canty and Prince Edward Tudor?
C. Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are to answer the two questions which are
stated in the problem formulation. The first objective is to describe how Tom
Canty’s life and Prince Edward Tudor's life in The Prince and the Pauper are. To
find the answer of this question, the analysis will focus on the two major
characters, Tom Canty and Prince Edward.
The second objective is to reveal how Mark Twain criticizes the English
nobles’ life through the characters of Tom Canty and Prince Edward Tudor. To
find the answer this study will focus on the Tom Canty’s and Prince Edward’s life.
D. Benefits of the Study
This study attempts to find out the meaningful value of life presented in
this novel. This study is expected to be useful for the readers in general to help
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5
them to have a better understanding of the story while reading this novel by
considering the socio-historical background of the story. Therefore it can lead the
readers to a better appreciation on the literary works.
For other readers or researchers who conduct a study on the same novel,
this study can be used as a reference. So, other researchers who will conduct a
literary study can use the result of this study as a consideration in the future works
in literature.
This study is also expected to be useful for the English students. Through
this study, the students may have a better understanding about the story and the
values of life that can be portrayed. This study also can help them in learning the
English culture, so that the students can increase their comprehension about the
English culture.
This study also gives benefits to me as the thesis writer; this study gives me
meaningful values of life and new knowledge of the English culture and its
history. Therefore that new knowledge helps me to have better understanding on
this novel and better appreciation of the literary works.
E. Definition of the Terms
In this part I would like to clarify some important terms, to avoid
misunderstanding. I would like to clarify two terms. The first is criticism and the
second is nobles.
1. Criticism
The first term is criticism. Wikipedia’s critic defines “Criticism in general
terms means democratic judgement over the suitability of a subject for the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
6
intended purposes, as opposed to the authoritarian command, which is
meant as an absolute realization of the authority's will, thus not open for
debate”. In other words, criticism is the activity of informed interpretation
and almost exclusively refers to disagreement. However, in a literary
context the term criticism usually refers to a judgement which attempts to
understand the aesthetic object in depth.
2. Nobles
The second term is Nobles.
Noble means a class of hereditary who
acquired their rank through holding a high state office (Encyclopaedia
Britannica Inc.). In other words, noble means a class of high rank people
who hold a high state they acquired their rank by inheritance since their
birth or by their services to the King or their country.
According to Tregidgo (73), “The government of Britain has for many
centuries been shared by three supreme authorities: the Monarch (i.e. the
King or Queen), the Lords (i.e. the hereditary nobility), and the Common
(i.e. ordinary people)”. In this context, the nobles are the people who are
described by Tregidgo in the first and the second social classes; they are
the Monarch and the Lords.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter I would like to discuss all theories that will be the basis of
analyzing the novel. This chapter covers review of related theories, review on
England in the 16th Century, and theoretical framework.
A. Review of Related Theories
1. Critical Approaches
In exploring certain literary works and having a better appreciation to the
works, Rohrberger and Woods Jr. (6-15) offer five approaches. They are the
formalist approach, the biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical
approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach.
The formalist approach concentrates on the importance to comprehend the
total integrity of the literary object. Esthetic value is the main concern. The critics
try to demonstrate the harmonious involvement of all the parts to the whole by
pointing out how meaning is derived from structure and how matters of technique
determine structure. The biographical approach is used when an appreciation of
the idea and personality of the author is intended to an understanding the literary
work. Therefore, when we are using biographical approach we are expected to
learn as much as possible the life of the author and to apply this knowledge to
understand the writing. The sociocultural-historical approach insist that the only
way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilization as the attitudes and
actions of a specific group of people and point out that literature takes these
7
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
attitudes and actions as its subject matter. The mythopoeic approach is used to
discover certain universally recurrent patterns of human thought, which they
believe that they find some expression insignificant works of art.
The
psychological approach involves effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent
patterns. This approach leads to the exploration of the unconscious area of the
human mind, which led to the conclusion that it was this area that was the
wellspring of man rich imagination, his capacity for creation and the complexity of
his thought, behavior, and that the contents of his region of the mind found
expression in symbolic words, thoughts, and actions.
2. Setting
According to Robert and Jacob (191) setting refers to “the natural and
artificial scenery or environment in which characters in literature live and move”.
In studying the setting of story, according to Robert and Jacobs (191), our first
concern should be to discover all the details that conceivably form a part of setting,
and then to determine how the author has used these details. Robert and Jacobs
propose the six uses of setting: The first concerns setting and credibility, which
lead to realism or verisimilitude to make the action credible. The second concerns
setting and statement, in which the author makes statements much as a painter uses
certain images as ideas in a painting. The third concerns setting and character,
which are designed to help to shape readers’ ideas of characters. The fourth
concerns setting and organization of which the goal is to move a character from
one setting to another. The fifth concerns setting and atmosphere, which are
designed to affect the mood of stories. The last concerns setting and irony, which
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9
present as an element of concurrence, agreement, reinforcement, and strengthening
of character and theme. In other words, the setting may create an environment that
is the opposite of what actually occurs in the story.
Kenney (41) divides setting into two types. The first is neutral setting,
which refers to nothing but the setting itself and it does not influence the
characters and the plot of the story. The second is spiritual setting which has
special characteristics that differ from other settings.
According to Kenney,
spiritual setting includes “the value embodied in or implied by physical setting”.
This kind of setting is not only a physical setting but also its custom, tradition,
faith and value. Therefore in this study the second type of setting is applied
because it includes the custom, tradition that can affect the character.
3. Character and Characterization
Character, according to Abrams (20), means “an imagined person who
inhabits a story and it shows a distinctive type of person”. The second meaning is
“all the mental or behavior traits of a person; the sum of psychological traits”
English (83). While according to Stanton (17), the term of character may refer to
two meanings. The first meaning of character is the individual who appears in the
story. The second meaning of character is the description of attitude, interest,
desires, emotion, and moral principle of individuals.
Henkle (88-100) divides the character into two kinds of characters, the
major and the secondary or minor character, in order to distinguish between those
of prominence in the novel. The major character not only deserves the fullest
attention in the novel, but also it performs the key structural function in the novel,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10
meaning that build the expectation and desires, which in modification shift the
values upon the major character. On the other hand, the minor character performs
more limited functions less complex than the major character, and presents what is
only one side of the experience. The minor character function is as foils to support
the major character.
Van Spruiell and Abend’s Theory of Character states that character
represents “the regularities in one person's behavior as observed by another, a
pattern of related activities”. It thus represents “the singularity or uniqueness of a
person, and hence his predictability”. In another sense character represents “a type
of person, hence the placement of an individual in a group of supposedly like
individuals”. In both senses, character arises in the mind of the observer.
While characterization, according to Baldick (34), is the presentation of
persons in narrative and dramatic works. This may include direct methods like the
attribution of qualities in description or commentary, and indirect (or dramatic)
methods that invite readers to infer qualities from characters’ action, speech or
appearance.
Robert and Jacob (56) have four different ways to convey the information
about the characters in fiction. First is what the characters themselves say and
think. In this method the author expresses the character traits through what she/he
says, whenever she/he speaks, whenever she/he is in conversation with another
character, and whenever she/he gives opinions and ideas. Second is what the
character does. Here, the author gives readers an insight into the character through
the action of the character in the story. The third is what other character says about
the other character. An author may give readers impression of characters by having
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11
the eyes and opinion of another. The last is what the author says about them. In
using this way the author speaks as a storyteller or an observer. The author
describes the characters directly.
B. Review of England in the 16th Century
It is important to review the historical background of The Prince and the
Pauper in analyzing this novel in order to have a better understanding of the novel.
It is related to the socio-historical context of England in the reign of King Henry
VIII in the 16th century. This part contains of the society systems, the nobles, the
common people and the social values.
1. The Society Systems
a. The Government
Chrimes (11) states that the Government of England officially and legally
is His Majesty’s Government (the king and the crown). Therefore, Tregidgo (73)
describes that the government of Britain had for many centuries been shared by
three supreme authorities: the Monarch (i.e. the King or Queen), the Lords (i.e. the
hereditary nobility), and the Common (i.e. ordinary people).
The monarch,
according to the hierarchy, consisted of the king, the queen and the prince. The
title of prince belonged to the king's eldest son, who was called Prince of Wales.
The king's younger sons were called after their names, like Lord Henry or Lord
Edward.
While the Lords, according to the hierarchy, consisted of the dukes, the
marquesses, the earls, the viscounts, and the barons. Their titles were created by
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12
the monarch or come to that honour by being the eldest sons or highest in
succession to their parents. For the eldest son of a duke during his father's life was
an earl, the eldest son of an earl was a baron, or sometimes a viscount. The
monarch got their original donation and condition of the honour for good service
done by the first ancestor.
The nobles have great influence to the government.
According to
Wikipedia’s Nobility, in many countries the nobility dominated great social and
political importance. Therefore it also happened in England, that the English
Government was dominated by the nobles until the twentieth century, with no
exception it also happened in the 16th century. In the 16th century, the nobles not
only have influence in political and social aspects, but also in the religion aspect.
There were a lot of noblemen who tried to influence the government’s policy.
Carrie’s England and Scotland in the Sixteenth Century states about the Duke of
Northumberland’s policy which arranged to move English policy in a more
Protestant direction. In the reign of Edward Tudor VI, John Dudley (Earl of
Warwick) represents the actual behavior of the nobles in the real life. Jeremy
Black in A New History of England states:
The Crucial new figure was John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, who became
Lord President of the Council 1550-1553, and Duke of Northumberland in
1551. A member of Henry VIII’s service nobility, he was representative
of general aristocratic views on economic regulation and social policy, in
being uninterested in either (119).
Duke of Northumberland tried to influence the government policy not only
in political and social aspects, but also in religion aspect.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13
1) King Henry VIII (1491 - 1547)
Henry VIII, the second monarch of the House of Tudor, ruled England
from 1509 until his death. Henry VIII was the second son of Henry VII and
Elizabeth of York. Many significant pieces of legislation were made during Henry
VIII's reign, including the several Acts which separated the Church of England
from the Roman Catholic Church (Morgan 240-7).
Henry and Parliament finally threw off England’s allegiance to Rome in an
unsurpassed burst of revolutionary statute-marking: the Act of Annates
(1532), the Act of Appeals (1533), the Act of Supremacy (1534), the First
Act of Succession (1534), the Treasons Act (1534), and the Act against the
Pope’s Authority (1536). The act of Appeals proclaimed Henry VIII’s new
imperial status—all English jurisdiction, both secular and religious, now
sprang from the king—and abolished the pope’s right to decide English
ecclesiastical cases. The Act of Supremacy declared that the king of
England was supreme head of the Ecclesia Anglicana, or Church of
England—not the pope (Morgan 246-7).
There were a lot of people who disagreed towards the Act of Supremacy,
which established related to the Roman Catholic Church law about his divorce,
and those people were cruelly executed. “The victims of the act, who were in
reality martyrs to Henry’s vindictive egoism, were cruelly executed in the summer
of 1535” (Morgan 247). Henry forced the clergy to admit his position in the
English church.
Henry, however, ordered the clergy to make explicit admission that they
had broken the law and that their gift was offered for a royal pardon of
their offence. They were also told to style the King ‘Protector and
Supreme Head of the English Church and Clergy’. Opinion in convocation
was divide, but eventually a compromise formula was accepted, in which
the clergy acknowledged the king as ‘their singular protector, only and
supreme lord, and, as far as the law of Christ allows, even Supreme Head’
(Lockyer 55).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14
Henry were described as a king who was very autocratic in temper and
high-handed in methods, and were not shy, on occasions, of straining and even
perverting the law in order to get his own objectives (Chrimes 120).
Kent
McCroskey’s English Occupation states that he was a king who is infamous for his
cruelty. Henry, the greatest nobleman in his reign, liked to spend his time for his
own pleasure. “During the first years of his reign, Henry VIII seemed willing to
devote himself to enjoyment, spending freely the hard-won treasure of his father.
He seemed content in those early days to let others govern for him…” (England
and Scotland in the Sixteenth Century).
Wikipedia’s Lady Jane Grey describes that Henry VIII’s policies actually
were also affected by his own noblemen. No wonder, several Protestant nobles
had become wealthy when Henry VIII closed the Catholic monasteries and divided
the Church's assets among his supporters. John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland,
figured prominently among the Protestant nobility.
2) King Edward Tudor VI (1537 - 53)
Edward ruled England at the age of nine from 1547 to 1553. He was the
son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. He was the third monarch of the House of
Tudor and England's first ruler who was Protestant. Edward's council was first led
by his uncle, Edward Seymour, the Duke of Somerset who also served as his ‘Lord
Protector of the Realm and Governor of the King's Person’ (Lockyer 107-20).
Then the Duke of Somerset was sent to prison by John Dudley, the Duke of
Northumberland, who wanted his position.
“Somerset was allowed to retain his
seat in the council, and gathering his old friends around him, plotted to regain his
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15
authority. Northumberland, fearing his influence, caused him to be arrested at the
council board. He was tried, condemned, for treason, and executed” (Carter 61).
Edward VI ruled in a short time, he died on 6 July 1553 at the age of fifteen.
While the Duke of Northumberland wanted to prolong his position and his
influence in the England government. He persuaded the King in the name of God
to take Lady Jane Grey who was also a Protestant as his successor. Therefore,
actually Lady Jane Grey was ordered to marry Northumberland’s fourth son
(Lockyer 120).
3) Queen Mary I (1516 - 1558)
Mary brought to her throne in 1553 in the age of thirty- seven after the
dead of Edward VI. She was the daughter of Henry VIII and his first wife,
Catherine of Aragon. The opening of her reign was marked with the execution of
the Duke of Northumberland, Lady Jane Grey and her husband (Lockyer 121-2).
Morgan (260) states that Mary got the throne of England because of she cheated
by executing Lady Jane Grey.
Mary tried to turn England Church back to Roman Catholic Church. This
effort was carried out by force, and hundreds of people were executed, that is why
she was called ‘The Bloody Mary’.
Between February 1555 and November 1558 just under three hundred men
and women were burnt for heresy. The punishment of death by burning
was appallingly cruel one, but it was not this that shocked
contemporaries—after all, in an age that knew nothing of anaesthetics, a
great deal of pain had to be endured by everybody at one time or another,
and the taste for public executions, bear-baiting and cock-fighting suggests
a callousness that blunted susceptibilities (Lockyer.127).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
16
Many of them who were executed were common people. “The list of
martyrs under Mary includes only nine who were described as gentlemen. Just
over a quarter of those burned were in holy orders; the rest came from the lower
levels of English society, and included weavers, fullers, shearman, tailors, hosiers,
cappers, husbandmen, labourers, brewers and butchers” (Lockyer.127). Some of
the gentlemen were the Protestant Leader. Queen Mary died in 1558 after she
spent long time in coma in her palace of St. James.
b. The Law
Law was tribal custom, or folkright, to which the king was subordinate in
every respect, as any other member of the folk. He might, and on occasion
did, find it necessary to declare, with the express or tacit assent of the ‘wise
man’ of his realm (the witan), what the law was on certain points, and even
to commit such declarations to writing. (Chrimes 73).
In the 16th century, the English Law strongly depended on the King.
According to Carrie’s England and Scotland in the Sixteenth Century, the king
established the royal council and the Parliament. The king also could call his
council and Parliament on special occasions or according to the king's pleasure.
Then, the royal council and the parliament were in charge in determining the
policy in England, including the laws, while it was also strictly depended on the
king or by the king’s permission.
c. The Society
The English monarchy, like other contemporary monarchies, had ruled well
by a strong and capable king. King Henry VII was not only strong and capable,
but he was also a hardworking. Some surviving documents which related to his
initials give a proof that King Henry VII was diligent in overseeing the day-to-day
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
17
business of administration. His chief instrument of government was the royal
council, which had in the fifteenth century been dominated by the nobles and was
consequently ineffective. But the tradition had a little bit broken down after the
end of the reign of Henry VII. The successor, King Henry VIII was a king who
seemed willing to devote himself to enjoyment, and spending the treasure of his
father. “Throughout the first half of his reign he devoted his days to hunting and
his nights to feasting and love, content to leave routine administration and the
formulation of policy to Wolsey” (Lockyer 33).
In his reign, it seemed that Henry VIII let others govern for him while he
wasted his time on pleasure (England and Scotland in the Sixteenth Century).
Henry VIII only showed his desire on adventure, including on military adventure
and he was also willing to be involved in the complicated diplomatic relationships
of the Continental powers which violated the policy
On the other hand, when talking about the common people, it is clearly
understood that they were dominated by the poor. Life of the poor was very hard.
Chrimes (63) states the common people or His Majesty’s subjects possessed no
guarantees of freedom.
The ‘rights of man’ were not guaranteed, nor even
mentioned anywhere in English constitutional law. Therefore, the government in
Tudor England became very concerned about the poor, because there were a lot
more than the rich. Chrimes (64) states “the secret of English liberty rests on the
fact that any subjects is entirely free to do what he likes and to say what he likes,
provided only that he does not thereby break the law as it exists at any time”. His
Majesty’s citizen or the common people had duties as well as rights. It was the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
18
duty of every citizen to contribute in overcoming the disorder, if they were called
to do so by any lawfully constituted authority (Chrimes 66).
The common inhabitant lived in poverty. They were used too little food
and to saving extra bits of food. They had one set of rags that he wears until they
fall apart.
They expected to take care of themselves and to do things for
themselves. They slept quite comfortably on straw, tossed in a pile on the floor.
Tudor statesmen did not have to be told about the problems caused by
agrarian change. Most of them were themselves landowners, and in
London itself, the seat of government, the population was swelling rapidly
as the beggars came to town. The stability of the Tudor state was
threatened by these hunger marchers, and the government tried to stop
them moving. An Act of 1495 ordered that vagabonds were to be sent back
to their native parishes, and in 1501 the Justices of the Peace were made
responsible for seeing that this was carried out (Lockyer 137-138).
The poor were divided into three groups by the government. The first were
called the ‘Impotent’ Poor. These would include the old, the sick, the disabled and
children. The second group was called the Able Bodied Poor. This group would
include the people who could work and wanted to work. Each member was meant
to build a workhouse. The third group was known as Rogues and Vagabonds. This
was a group which is targeted by the government, because this group consisted of
people who could work but preferred to beg or steal (Lockyer 137-8)
2. The Nobles
a. The Clothing
The noblewomen in the 16th century generally wore kind of clothes that
covered them completely. The corset or the top part of the gown was generally
tight fitting with square shoulders. The yoke was usually of a dark color, and there
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
19
was often some type of high collar. There were some ruffles in the women’s
clothes. The collar that extends to the chin and usually would ruffle at the top.
The sleeves were usually full from the shoulder to the elbow and then more tight
from the elbow to the wrist. At the wrist the sleeves would open wide into a large
ruffle. The gown usually contained a v-shaped point at the waistline and then
expanded into a sort of funnel shape reaching the ground.
The shoes which the women wore at the beginning period were not
important because the gown usually reached down to the floor; the shoes often
were almost not seen. They were used to wear some accessories. As for jewelry,
many women in the 16th century wore large pendants or medallion of gold around
their necks. The richer or the higher of the rank also could be seen from the
accessories, as in the used of the earrings. Earrings were not very common except
among the very rich, who would wear pearls for their earrings. Many women in
this period also would choose the small jeweled caps or hat that decorated with
jewels, pearls, or lace (Fashions: Women and Men).
While the noblemen in the 16th century, according to Christmon’s.
Fashions: Women and Men, wore embroidered shirts called jerkins, which had
square shoulders and buttons down the front. The sleeves were often decorated and
not as tight as the sleeves in the women’s clothes. The sleeves would fit all the
way to the wrists. The pants were a little bit shaggy and about three to four inches
higher above the knee. They were also used the stockings in their feet.
The shoes of the men were generally made from fine leather. The shoes
were contained a small leather heel and were often decorated with slashes. The
headgear was either a small flat hat made of velvet or silk or a tall crown hat that
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
20
was covered by fine fabric or feathers. Some of the more distinguished or high
rank men wore small capes with big-edged collars. The men also wore some kind
of short perfumed gloves (Fashions: Women and Men).
b. The Housing
Halsall’s Of The Manner Of Building And Furniture Of Our Houses states
the houses of the nobles usually were made from brick, hard stone and timber.
The ancient houses of the monarch were made by strong timber. The houses
would contain some large rooms which usually were made by either of brick or
hard stone, or both. The office of the nobles was usually a little bit far from their
home or their lodgings. The office and the house of the nobles were likewise
wrought with brick and hard stone, as provision may best be made. It was so
magnificent and stately as the house of a baron often matches in their days with
some honours of the monarch in old time.
There were a lot of furniture in the noblemen's houses. The common
furniture in the nobles’ house were arras, rich hangings of tapestry, silver vessels,
and so much other plate as may furnish various cupboards (Of The Manner Of
Building And Furniture Of Our Houses).
c. The Food
Christmon’s Banquets and Feasts states that food in the 16th century could
be regarded as the center of development of a society. In spite of showing the
prosperity, it also was showing the royalty and peasantry among society.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
21
Halsall’s Of The Food And Diet Of The English describes in the sixteenth
century, the banquets that were eaten by the nobles were so big. Generally they
employed so many servants, even for the oddest job tasks, for example the servants
were asked to get fresh bread and replace it with the old bread that had gotten stale
during the meal. Only the royal and the wealthy family in those days could afford
to have such a feast. Their food also consisted principally of beef, and such meat
as the butcher sold like mutton, veal, lamb, pork etc. In daily they also brought the
bread made of wheat to the table, whereof the first and most excellent is the
manchet, which commonly called white bread.
The beer that was used at noblemen's tables in their fixed and standing
houses commonly a year old, or peradventure of two years' tuning or more; but
this was not general. It was also brewed in March, and therefore called March
beer. Their drink, whose force and continuance was partly touched already, was
made of barley, water, and hops, sodden and mingled together, by the industry of
our brewers in a certain exact proportion. In some places of England there was a
kind of drink made of apples which they called cider or pomage, and there was a
kind of drink that made of pears which they called perry. Both were grounded and
pressed mechanically (Of The Food And Diet Of The English).
d. The Life
The Monarch and the Lords, in this study called as the nobles, lived in
luxury. They used to devote their live for their own pleasure.
They needed as much money as they could lay their hands on, for they
were addicted to conspicuous consumption. They built huge houses for
themselves, spent vast sums of money on entertaining, extravagant clothes,
jewellery, plate and numerous law suits ( Lockyer 142).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
22
They were used to fine foods and magnificent clothing. They were used to
being served on by hundreds of servants. They were used to being guarded and to
giving commands that others obeyed quickly. They were used to sleeping in soft,
comfortable beds. In the 16th century, there were some people who owned large
lands who rent them to other people, called landlords. Mostly the landlords were
the nobles. They had traditionally let the poor took care of their lands, by breeding
some animals or growing some crops.
The nobles were a small group, drawn, in the eighty years between
Elizabeth accession and the civil war, from just over one hundred and fifty
families. They were great landowners but, like the Crown, they had an
example to set, and only those who were desperate for money resorted to
rack-renting and eviction (Lockyer 142).
In the Tudor times, landlords realized that the land could be more
beneficial when they managed it well, while they could get the poor handled it.
They had the authority employed or fired the people who they wanted. Sometimes
they drove away the poor to leave their land. With nothing to do in the
countryside, many poor drifted to towns and cities to look for work.
Also
landlords were moving away from growing crops like corn and turning to sheep
farming as a growing population required more clothes and good money could be
made from breeding sheep. As there were more people than jobs available in the
countryside, this caused more problems for the towns and cities as people went
from the country to the towns looking for work (Poor in Elizabethan England).
3. The Common People
a. The Clothing
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
23
Greenberg’s Men's and Women's Work Clothing: A Portfolio of Image
describes that there were no special clothes for common people. They only had
some pieces of cloth, or even the poor commonly only had a piece of cloth. The
clothes of the common people in England, especially for the poor who were
categorized who could work, depended on what the field they work on and the
season at that time. In January the woman used front fastening gown rose wool
gown over narrow sleeved, red under gown and fur-lined.
The woman who
worked in milking the cow wore an over gown, fitted to the waist, of light red/rose
with a deep v backline, over an under gown of black. The shift sleeves were
visible beneath the short sleeves of the gown, and had drawn blue over sleeves on
to protect her arms. She also wore a linen apron and head wrap.
In December when it was snowing, the woman wore a blue, long-sleeved,
lined over gown over a blue under gown. The footwear protected the feet while
two head wraps and a hat protect the head (Men's and Women's Work Clothing: A
Portfolio of Image).
b. The Housing
Generally, the common people in 16th century usually lived in wooden
houses.
A little stone chimney or funnel stood in the center of the house,
providing cooking facilities and heat during the long winters. The house only had
one room for all activities. One side of the room was used for general-purpose
room where the family worked and ate. On the other side was the room where all
the member of the family slept. While the kitchen was part of the room where the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
24
family worked and ate together along the rear of the house (Microsoft ® Encarta ®
Reference Library 2005).
c. The Food
Halsall’s Of The Food And Diet Of The English states that the poor lived
in a hard life which few looked back upon with contentment and satisfaction in
their face. However they were happy and well fed with any amount of bread and
bacon, and plenty of home-brewed beer. Most of them worked from rising dawn
until sunset and they only ate bread and potatoes with an occasional piece of bacon
and an apple dumpling. Therefore, it was not surprisingly if they often went to bed
hungry.
There were there kinds of bread in England in the sixteenth century. The
first and most excellent was the manchet, which was commonly called white
bread. This was a kind of bread which generally was consumed by the high rank
people. The second was the cheat or wheaten bread. The actual color of this bread
was not white, because it was made from the grey or yellowish wheat. It was
being cleaned and well dressed, that was why this kind of bread was named so.
This kind of bread sometimes was used in the halls of the nobility and gentry only.
The third kind of bread which, of course, had lower quality was called brown
bread, which was appointed for servants, slaves, and the inferior kind of people
(Of The Food And Diet Of The English).
There was one characteristic of the food of the poor family. They had
bread and treacle or molasses for breakfast, and sometimes a little tea made from
used leaves collected from local inn. Therefore, for dinner they were used to have
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
25
potatoes and possibly dumplings. For supper they sometimes just like as what
they have in breakfast, with the occasional addition of an apple pie. Sometimes
they used vegetables as their food when they could not afford the meat. That was
why the idea of vegetables as pauper's food was still very strong at that time.
People of this time did not use the utensils that the noblemen use. They thought
that using their hands to scoop out the food was much more efficient (Food in
England).
d. The Life
The way of life common people depended on the social class that divided
them. The helpless poor included the old, the sick, the disabled and children. The
elderly and the disabled received a sum of money and possibly some food each
week. If they were unable to collect both, it would be delivered to their house. The
poor children were given apprenticeships which were paid by the parish. In this
way, the parish could expect to get benefit from the children when they had grown
up and learned a new skill. Boys were usually apprenticed until they were 24
years old. While the girls could be apprenticed until they were 21 years old, while
they would work with their mistress. People who were considered as the "aged,
poor and impotent persons" were not considered to be a burden as the government
believed that it was not their fault that they were in their position. While, some
parishes gave these people a license to beg (Lockyer 138).
Then, the poor who were included in the Able Bodied Poor usually built a
workhouse. The unemployed worked in these making clothes or anything that
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
26
might benefit the parish. They got paid out of the Poor Rate. They would remain in
the workhouse until they found a ‘normal’ job.
The next kind of classes was the class of people which were usually hunted
by the government. They were Rogues and Vagabonds. They were people who
could work but they preferred to beg or steal. This group worried the government
as they were mostly troublesome. The government prohibited begging, and
considered it as an illegal and anybody who was found begging would be flogged
or lashed until "his back was bloody". If they were found begging outside of their
parish, they would be beaten. Those who were caught continually begging could
be sent to prison and hanged. During the reign of Edward VI, caught vagabonds
could have their tongue branded and kept as slaves for two years
In London, the rich lived in one part of the city while the poor lived
towards the east where modern-day Fleet Street is and towards the City. They had
to separate each other. If a poor person was found in the west of the city, it would
be assumed by those that made the law (the rich) that the poor was against the law
and could be punished. The poor kept themselves living with their own tribe in
London and even they had developed their own form of language. This was known
as canting. This kind of language-form occurred behind the idea that no-one else
could or would know what they were talking about. They meant it as a kind of
self-protection against the law (Poor in Elizabethan England).
4. Social Values
a. Monarchy
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
27
Monarchy is a kind of form of government in which one person has the
hereditary right to rule as the head of state during his or her lifetime; the term is
also applied to the state which is being governed, for example British Monarch.
Chrimes (11) states “Government is officially and legally His Majesty’s
Government (the king and the crown)”. The power of the monarch changes from
absolute authority to very limited authority along changes that happens in the
society; the latter is exemplified in modern-day constitutional monarchies.
Monarchs include such rulers as kings and queens, emperors and empresses, tsars,
and Kaisers (Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2005).
According to Chrimes (12), “…the King is a natural person who possesses
a number of rights and powers (not vested in any other person), some by virtue of
royal prerogative (i.e. by common law relating to the King), some by virtue of Act
of Parliament, and the sum total of these rights and power constitutes the Crown”.
The king established the royal council, and he himself determined the number and
composition.
The king also could call his council on special occasions or
according to the king's pleasure. Parliament, like the council, is also as a tool of
royal government. Parliament also was called at the king's pleasure, and he had
the right to dissolve or adjourn it at any time. Later, the royal council and the
parliament were in charge in determining the policy in England, including the
laws, while it was also strictly depended on the king or by the king’s permission
(England and Scotland in the Sixteenth Century).
In the 16th century, the authority of a king was very wide. Even King
Henry VIII could continue his interference in the religion aspect. Woodward in
his book states about what Henry VIII had done in religion aspect. Henry VIII
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
28
separated the English church from Rome and declared himself as the head of the
English church.
Through the history, it can be seen that many monarchs have wielded
absolute power, sometimes based on their presumed divinity. Then, the power
became centralized in the hands of the sovereigns. At first these rulers were
supported by the growing middle class, or bourgeoisie, in building and
maintaining the monarchs. The supporters, the bourgeoisie, benefited the rulers to
form a strong central government that maintained order and provided a stable
atmosphere, in which later could supports the development of the society,
economic and political of the monarchs.
By the 15th and 16th centuries absolute monarchs, such as King Henry VIII
of England and King Louis XIV of France, ruled the countries of Europe. Abuses
of power, as well as growing dissatisfaction among the bourgeoisie, helped bring
about the end of many absolute monarchies; revolutions in England in the 17th
century and in France in the 18th century were major landmarks in the limitation
of absolute power (Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2005).
b. The English Poor Laws
The English Poor Laws was a system which was set up by the government
of England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The general purpose was to
establish a clear public responsibility for care of the poor. It made every parish
responsible for the poor and unemployed within that parish. The landlord had to
pay taxes to The Justice of the Peace; a kind of organization which made by the
government which one of their duty was to be responsible in collecting the taxes
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
29
(Lockyer 139-40). The tax was called the Poor Rate. It was used to help the poor.
This had two benefits. First, it made the poor felt that something was being done
for them and made them felt less angry about the situation they were in. Secondly,
some good work could be done by the poor within the parish to help the parish
(Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2005).
The Poor Laws made local government the primary administrator of
welfare. In order to keep welfare beneficiaries under the supervision of their
providers, the laws also discouraged the migration of the poor among
administrative regions, or parishes. From their inception, the Poor Laws generated
controversy. Opponents of the laws argued that if the poor received public
assistance, some of them might avoid work, not work hard enough, or not save any
of their earnings (Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2005).
C. Theoretical Framework
In this part I would like to describe the theories and reviews that I will
apply. I use the theory of the critical approaches which can give the knowledge
about some approaches. It helps me to decide the most appropriate approach to
explore the novel. In this case, through the critical approaches I decide to choose
the socio-historical approach, because it can help me get the information of the
social and historical background of the story.
The theory of character and characterization and theory of setting are used
in order to understand and comprehend the novel better. In answering the first
problem in this study, I use the theory of character and characterization. Through
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
30
this theory, I can describe the character of the two main characters in the novel;
they are Prince Edward and Tom Canty.
In analyzing the first problem, I also have to know the setting of the novel,
because the two main characters are experiencing the two different setting in the
novel. Therefore, theory of setting is used to help me to reveal the setting of the
story in the novel
While, the review on England in the 16th Century are used to analyze the
second problem in this study which concern on Mark Twain’s criticism. The
review on England in the 16th Century gives the information on the condition of
England in the 16th Century, including society systems, the nobles, the common
people and the social values. Therefore, this review provides all the information
that I need.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter covers subject matter, approach of the study, and method of
the study. The subject matter contains a brief description of the novel. In the next
part I would like to discuss the approach which is used in this study. In the
method of the study I would like to discuss the steps that I followed starting from
collecting data and resources until using those data and resources to answer the
two questions stated in the problem formulation.
A. Subject Matter
The subject matter of this study is Mark Twain’s The Prince and The
Pauper. This novel was written by Mark Twain in 1881, based on the social life in
England on the 16th century in the Reign of King Henry VIII. The Prince and The
Pauper tells a story of two young boys who are identical in appearance but come
from a different social level, and exchange their position.
The Prince and The Pauper is an American novel, although the setting of
the story is in England in 1547. Mark Twain, the author, is considered to be one of
America’s greatest humorists and writers. The Prince and The Pauper was first
published in 1881. In this study, the writer used the novel which was published by
P F. Collier & Son Company in New York in 1921. The novel consists of 274
pages and is divided into thirty-three chapters.
31
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
32
B. Approach of the Study
In this study, I will analyze Mark Twain’s The Prince and The Pauper
which reveals the social life of England in sixteenth century. The novel tells the
contrasting life of the common people and the life of the higher level, the royal
family life and the nobles’ life. I believe that by this novel Mark Twain would like
to reveal the social life to convey his criticism through the major characters.
It is necessary to analyze the background of the society of the novel. In
order to have a better understanding about the story, including the society of the
story, I will use the socio-historical approach to answer the second question as
stated in the problem formulation part. I use the socio-historical approach to
describe the society and the historical background related to the story. By using
this kind of approach, I can give a description about the socio-historical
background of England in the 16th century, and also the social life at that time in
order to give the insight and the information on the condition at that time. I use
the socio-historical approach because I believe that Mark Twain inserted a
criticism to the England social life in the 16th century through his novel, and also
based on the fact that some references state that Mark Twain was a realist and
humorist writer (Mark Twain Biography). Therefore, he usually wrote the things
he knew about from the firsthand experience and inserted his criticism in it
(Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835-1910)).
C. Method of the Study
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
33
The method which was applied in gathering the data for the analysis in this
study was the library research. There were some steps which were applied in this
analysis.
First, I selected the literary work which would be analyzed in this study.
Therefore, after reading some novels I decided to use Mark Twain’s The Prince
and the Pauper as the primary data in this study. The first impression that I got
when reading this novel was the title. I was interested in the depiction of the two
characters that revealed the strong contrasting life. I studied the novel in order to
gain deeper understanding about the novel and the meaning that I wanted to reveal.
First, I focused on the context. I believe that understanding the context of the
novel would influence the interpretation of the novel.
Second, I kept on further reading for a better understanding on the novel,
including the characters, the setting and some important events in the novel related
to this study. After further reading, I got an implicit meaning from the story of the
novel. Therefore, I could decide the best topic for my study. I decided to take the
topic about criticism of the nobles’ life.
Then the next step, I formulated two problems. The first dealt with the two
main characters, that was to describe the life of the two major characters, Tom
Canty and Prince Edward Tudor.
The second was about how Mark Twain
criticizes the English nobles’ life through the characters of Tom Canty and Prince
Edward Tudor.
In the fourth step, I focused on studying the theory of the critical
approaches to get the appropriate approach for my study. I read A Glossary of
Literary Terms; The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms which
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
34
concerned on the theory of critical approach.. I also read Reading and writing
about literature; An Introduction to Fiction; Fiction: An Introduction to Reading
and Writing; How to Read and Write about Fiction; Reading the Novel: An
Understanding to Techniques of Interpreting Fiction.
Fifth, after studying the theory of critical approaches, I decided to use
Psychological and Socio-Historical Approach in analyzing the novel. I also read
Character and The Novel and some handouts about literature. Then I decided to
use some theories which would help me in digging out the novel including
character theory and setting theory.
In the sixth step, I started to collect some references that can be used to
answer the questions as stated in the problem formulation part related to the study.
In this step, I collected the sources and articles about Mark Twain’s life, works,
and criticism both from books and also from the electronic source or internet. I
also started to find some books related to the History of England in the 16th
century, the English culture and society in the 16th Century.
In the seventh step, I tried to analyze the collected data to answer the two
questions which are stated in the problem formulation. I chose the references that
can support the study.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter is aimed to analyze the two questions which are stated in the
problem formulation. First, I would like to analyze how Tom Canty’s life and
Prince Edward Tudor's life in The Prince and the Pauper are. This part deals with
the life and the character of those two main characters.
Second, I would like to
reveal how Mark Twain criticizes the English nobles’ life through the characters of
Tom Canty and Prince Edward Tudor.
A. Tom Canty’s Life and Prince Edward Tudor’s Life
In this part, the study will analyze the life of the two main characters in this
novel, Tom Canty and Prince Edward Tudor, including how their characters are
described. Therefore, this part divided into two. The first part deals with the Tom
Canty’s life that contains of the life and the characters of Tom Canty both in his
original habitation, in a poor family, and in the palace after he exchanges his
position with the prince. The second part deals with the Prince Edward Tudor’s
life, including his character, and both while in the palace and in his adventure
outside the palace.
In the story Tom Canty and Prince Edward are born on the same day.
“….on a certain autumn day in the second quarter of the sixteenth century, a boy
was born to a poor family of the name of Canty, who did not want him. On the
same day another English child was born to a rich family of the name of Tudor,
who did want him” (1). From this quotation, there is a strong differentiation
35
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
36
between the two characters. Tom Canty is born in the poor family that almost do
not hope him to be born because of their poverty. On the other hand, Edward
Tudor is born in the family that do hope him so much to be born to be acceding to
the throne of England later.
In this novel, Mark Twain describes those two main characters as two
people who looked alike in physical appearance. The similar physical appearance
of the two main characters can be seen after they exchange their clothes. “….the
little Prince of Wales was garlanded with Tom’s fluttering odds and ends, and the
little Prince of Pauperdom was tricked out in the gaudy plumage of royalty. The
two went and stood side by side before a great mirror, and lo, a miracle: there did
not seem to have been any change made!” (17). The similar physical appearance
of the two main characters also can be seen when Prince Edward Tudor says
“….Thou hast the same hair, the same eyes, the same voice and manner, the same
form and stature, the same face and countenance, that I bear. Fared we forth
naked, there is none could say which was you, and which the Prince of Wales”
(17).
In spite of the similarity of the two main characters in this story, there are
also some traits of each main character. Robert and Jacob (56) propose four ways
or methods which are used by the author in expressing the character and the
characterization. The first, the author expresses the character traits through what
the character himself/herself says, whenever he/she speaks, whenever he/she is in
conversation with another, and whenever he/she gives opinions and idea. The
second, the author expresses through what the character does. In this case, the
author gives the readers an insight into the character through the action of the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
37
characters in the story.
The third, the author expresses through what other
character says about the other character. In this method, the information about a
character can be gained through other characters’ opinion. The fourth, the author
describes the characters directly. In this case the author can speak as a storyteller
or an observer.
1. Tom Canty’s Life
In the 16th century, the poor lived in a very hard life that it was very rare
for them to appear with contentment and satisfaction in their face. Their houses
generally were made of wood. Their wooden houses were very simple and only
had a main room or two main rooms (Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library
2005). The way of life common people depended on the social class that divided
them and lived separately with the rich or the nobles (Poor in Elizabethan
England).
Therefore, Greenberg’s Men's and Women's Work Clothing: A
Portfolio of Image states that there were no special clothes that the common people
had except for those who work for the parish.
a. In the Offal Court
In London, the rich lived in one part of the city while the poor lived
towards the east where modern-day Fleet Street is and towards the City. They had
to separate each other. If a poor person was found in the west of the city, it would
be assumed by those that made the law (the rich) that the poor was against the law
and could be punished. The poor kept themselves living with their own tribe in
London and even they had developed their own form of language. This was known
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
38
as canting. This kind of language-form occurred behind the idea that no-one else
could or would know what they were talking about. They meant it as a kind of
self-protection against the law (Poor in Elizabethan England).
Tom Canty lives in a poor neighbourhood in Offal Court, out off Pudding
Lane. Offal Court, a place where Tom Canty was born, is a typical common
people’s neighbourhood in London. “The streets were very narrow, and crooked,
and dirty, especially in the part where Tom Canty lived, which was not far from
London Bridge” (3). There are a lot of poor family in Offal Court, so that the
neighbourhood is very crowded. “It was small, decayed, and rickety, but it was
packed full of wretchedly poor families” (3).
Generally, the common people in 16th century lived in wooden houses. A
little stone chimney or funnel stood in the center of the house, providing cooking
facilities and heat during the long winters (Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference
Library 2005). The houses in Offal Court, generally, are very simple made of
wood and so is the house where the Canty’s family live (3).
There were no special clothes for common people. They only had some
pieces of cloth, or even the poor commonly only had a piece of cloth. The clothes
of the common people in England, especially for the poor who were categorized
who could work, depended on what the field they work on and the season at that
time (Men's and Women's Work Clothing: A Portfolio of Image).
As the common people in general, they also live in poverty. Tom Canty’s
family have limited food and clothes (15), as well as having limited rights.
Chrimes (63-64) states that the rights of the common people were not guaranteed,
not even was mentioned in English constitutional law. Even the common people
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
39
did not owing the guarantees for freedom, they were just free doing what they
liked, and saying what they liked as long as they did not break the law which were
exists at any time. In the novel, in the Offal Court where Tom Canty lives, the
safety is not guaranteed in there.
There are a lot of riots every night.
“Drunkenness, riot, and brawling were the order there, every night and nearly all
night long. Broken heads were as common as hunger in that place” (4). Just like
as other common people, they live under the King’s laws. Often, they have to
have experiences the cruelty of the English laws, hunt down by the law, and of
many types of injustices.
There were three social classes of common people. The first is the
‘Impotent’ Poor who depended on Government support. The second is the Able
Bodied Poor who made clothes or anything that might benefit for the parish. The
third is Rogues and Vagabonds classes who could work but they preferred to beg
or steal (Lockyer 138).
Tom Canty is the only son of a beggar and thief, John Canty. He lives with
his parents, his grandmother and his twin sisters, Nan and Bet. The life of Tom’s
family is very simple. In the 16th century, the common people house only had one
room for all activities. One side of the room was used for general-purpose room
where the family worked and ate. On the other side was the room where all the
member of the family slept (Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2005). The
same condition happens to the Tom Canty’s family. They only can rent a room for
all the family and only have a little number of furniture. “The mother and father
had a sort of bedstead in the corner; but Tom, his grandmother, and his two sisters,
Bet and Nan, were not restricted-they had all the floor to themselves, and might
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
40
sleep where they chose” (3). “There were the remains of blanket or two, and some
bundles of ancient and dirty straw, but these could not rightly be called beds, for
they were not organized…. “(4). They only have no more than a pair of cloth.
They work with that clothes and also sleep with the same clothes.
Halsall’s Of The Food And Diet Of The English describes the life of the
common people was very hard. Most of them worked from rising dawn until
sunset and they only ate bread and potatoes with an occasional piece of bacon and
an apple dumpling. While it was very usual for them to go to bed hungry. Hunger
is also very common in offal court, and so the Tom’s family. Tom’s family have
no special things in their food and they have limited food in their daily life. They
only eat what they just can afford from begging, and eat whenever they have it.
The limited amount of the food makes them treat it as a crucial matter. Sometimes
Tom goes to bed hungry when he is being punished by his father because he does
not get the food as his punishment. Therefore, in the night, his mother who is also
starving will give him a little piece of bread that she keeps from her own. “….in
the night his starving mother would slip to him stealthily with any miserable scrap
or crust she had been able to save for him by going hungry herself…. ” (5).
In the novel, Mark twain describes Tom as a boy who is full of spirit,
especially when he is interested in something. There is a good priest, Father
Andrew, who likes to teach Tom and the other children in the Tom’s
neighbourhood. He is the one who teaches Tom a little Latin, how to read and
write, and tells charming old tales and legends about Kings and Princes and others.
He likes to listen to Father Andrew so much, and then when other children are
afraid of the jeers of their friends if they study with Father Andrew, he does not
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
41
care of it. “….but they were afraid of the jeers of their friends…” (4). He does
not take that mocking as an obstacle to fulfil his desires in studying.
Moreover, he dares to take the risk to fulfil his desires and with his
smartness, he will try to get what he wants and to avoid the punishment. “He only
begged just enough to save himself, for the laws against mendicancy were
stringent, and the penalties heavy…“(5). The second chapter describes that Tom
has to beg, and he will get punishment from his father and grand mother if he can
not get some money. “When he came home empty-handed at night, he knew his
father would curse him and thrash him first, and that when he was done the awful
grandmother would do it all over again and improve on it… “ (5). Tom knows if
he does not make his father satisfied with his begging-result, his father will punish
him with beatings and even his grandmother will do more than his father. That is
why when Tom wants to have other activities, for example listening to Father
Andrew; he has to be as clever as he can to fulfil his desire safely. Unconsciously,
Tom grows to be a smart boy who can adapt with the condition in his
neighbourhood.
In this novel Mark Twain implicitly describes Tom as a special boy
growing in the poor neighbourhood who has great ability to adapt in the situation
surrounds him, even when he has a new neighbourhood, in the palace, which is
very different with his origin neighbourhood, in the Offal Court, a poor
neighbourhood.
His imagination becomes full of princely life, after he learns from Father
Andrew.
By and by, his imagination brings such a strong effect upon him.
Unconsciously, he begins to act like a prince. “His speech and manners became
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
42
curiously ceremonies and courtly, to the vast admiration and amusement of his
intimates “ (6).
Tom Canty is also described as a person who has a great influence to other
people surrounds him. His good-manner leads him to be regarded by other people.
In his society among his friends he becomes a person who is esteemed. “….Tom’s
influence among these young people began to grow now, day by day; and in time
he came to be looked up to by them with assort of wondering awe, as a superior
being” (6). In some cases he becomes the leader, as when he organises a royal
court. “Privately, after a while, Tom organized a royal court! He was the prince;
his special comrades were guards, chamberlains, equerries, lords and ladies in
waiting, and the royal family” (7).
Mark twain also describes Tom Canty as a deep and wise person. He can
do and say wonderful things. Those ‘ability’ leads Tom Canty to be a problemsolver-boy in his society. “He seemed to know so much! and he could do and say
such marvellous things! and withal, he was so deep and wise!” (7). Tom Canty
becomes well-known as a problem solver not only among his friends, but also
among the adults and the olds. “Full-grown people brought their perplexities to
Tom for solution, and were often astonished at the wit and wisdom of his
decisions. In fact, he was become a hero to all who knew him…” (7). Tom Canty
is regarded as a most gifted and extraordinary creature as a result of his charisma
(7). Later, when he becomes a King after Tom exchanged his position with Prince
Edward Tudor, his ability as a problem solver becomes evidence and brings
verification for him as a great person from a slum.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
43
Mark Twain describes Tom Canty as a person who has a high-curiosity and
willpower. This is the character trait that leads him to fulfil his desires that is to
meet the real prince. “….still his desires to look just once upon a real prince, in
flesh, grew upon him, day by day, and week by week, until at last it absorbed all
other desires, and became the one passion of his life” (7). That is why he dares to
go far to find the real prince.
b. In the Palace
One day, unconsciously Tom travels so far when he does his usual activity.
He walks until he meets the King’s palace. He walks to get closer to the palace,
until he is stopped by the gate-guards who drive him away rudely. When Tom
gets the inconvenient treatment from the gate-guards, the Prince sees it, and he
takes pity to Tom.
Then, he invites Tom to come in the palace to get the
compensation of what he has got. As what can be revealed from the character of
Tom Canty, he is a smart boy, even the Prince, the well-educated person,
implicitly confesses it. After a moment conversation, the Prince is attracted of
Tom’s good manner and politeness. “Thou speakest well; thou hast an easy grace
in it. Art learned?” (15). No wonder the Prince also becomes interested to change
his position with Tom Canty. Tom tells his story which implicitly showing his
freedom as a common citizen.
Then, Tom Canty, who is left alone after changing his position with the
Prince, begins to experience the life in the palace. After some time, Tom Canty’s
fear grows. He is afraid of being punished for using the prince’s clothes. “Might
they not hang him at once, and inquire into his case afterward? He had heard that
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
44
the great were prompt about small matters…” (25). The changes that happens to
the “prince”, who is actually Tom Canty, makes the entire people in the palace
think that the prince has gone mad because he does not act like a prince as he
should be. All the people in the palace are busy in thinking why the prince
becomes mad. In the sixteenth century the king had a great authority. The king
could establish the royal council and the parliament, and the English Laws. He
could determine the number and the composition of the royal council and
parliament. Carrie’s England and Scotland in the Sixteenth Century states that
English Laws were established by the king or by the king’s permission. Therefore
when he said or declared something, it became something that had to be strictly
obeyed.
Chrimes (73) states “Law was tribal custom, or folkright, to which the king
was subordinate in every respect, as any other member of the folk. He might, and
on occasion did, find it necessary to declare, with the express or tacit assent of the
‘wise man’ of his realm (the witan), what the law was on certain points, and even
to commit such declarations to writing”.
In the novel, in order to avoid an assumption that the Prince is mad, the
king declares that the overstudy is the cause why the Prince becomes ‘mad’. The
King declares that study hard which has done by the Prince gives himself a lot of
pressures and makes the Prince gets stressed (30).
Once again, Tom Canty proves his ability to adapt in the new
neighbourhood. Slowly, he gets the acknowledgements from his “uncle”, Lord
Hertford, amazingly by Tom’s honest expression in denying that he is the real
prince. “Now were he impostor and called himself prince, look you that would be
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
45
natural; that would be reasonable. But lived ever an impostor yet, who, being
called prince by the king, prince by the court, prince by all, denied his dignity and
pleaded against his exaltation? No! …..this is the true prince… ” (43). The story
shows that Tom Canty is a honest person who is brave to confess his fault even it
contains a high risk.
More and more, Tom’s development as a “prince” is getting better. After
his siesta, Tom Canty continues to experience the life in the palace. This time he
will have a dinner, his first royal dinner. Food in the 16th Century could be
regarded as the center of development of a society to show prosperity. Halsall’s Of
The Food And Diet Of The English describes in the sixteenth century the banquets
that were eaten by the nobles were so big. Generally they employed so many
servants and only the royal and the wealthy family in those days could afford to
have such a feast. In the novel Tom is dressed as a prince as what Prince Edward
usually. Tom, who usually is in rags and has never changed his clothes before,
changes his clothes just for dinner. “He found himself as finely clothed as before,
but everything different, everything changed, from his ruff to his stockings” (44).
Then, he is ready to have his first royal dinner, with everything is set for him in a
luxury and well-furnished. “He was presently conducted with much state to a
spacious and ornate apartment, where a table was already set for one. Its furniture
was all of massy gold, and beautified with designs which well-nigh made it
priceless, since they were the work of Benvenuto” (44).
The service for “prince” Tom Canty does not stop there. The chaplain
greets him with a grace; the Earl of Berkeley fastens a napkin for him; the Taster
to his Highness the Prince of Wales also besides him, always stands by to taste any
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
46
suspicious dish that ordered and to get rid of the risk of the prince being poisoned
(44). Tom Canty is an overt person, while he is eating; he feels something that
disturbs him that his nose is itchy. He chooses to ask rather than just keep his
feeling. “I crave your indulgence; my nose itcheth cruelly. What is the custom
and usage in this emergence? Prithee speed, for ‘tis but a little time that I can bear
it” (46). Tom Canty’s words actually not only show that he is an overt person, but
also he is a person who has willingness to learn something, even it seems a trivial
thing, in order to avoid any mistakes.
Tom Canty makes great development for himself and changing for
England. Just a moment after King Henry VIII is dead, knowing his authority,
Tom exclaims that the law of the king is law of mercy. “Then shall the king’s law
be law of mercy, from this day, and never more be law of blood!” (74). And he
also sets the Duke of Norfolk free. “Up from thy knees and away! To the Tower
and say the king decrees that the Duke of Norfolk shall not die!” (75). Tom Canty,
through his act in this moment, shows that he is a person who is full of mercy and
does not like any violence.
On his next day in the palace, Tom meets Humphrey Marlow. He is
surprised knowing the job of his new friend; Humphrey is the prince’s whipping
boy (105). How strange it is for a boy who comes from a slum to know that when
the prince makes mistakes then Humphrey, the whipping boy, will get the
punishment from the prince’s teacher (107). Tom realizes that when he stops
studying, Humphrey has no more jobs. “My back is my bread, O my gracious
liege! If it go idle, I starve. An thou cease from study, mine office is gone, thou’lt
need no whipping boy. Do not turn me away!” (109). Knowing Humphrey’s
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
47
willingness, Tom wants to help him. There is no other way, except studying again
and accepting Humphrey as his whipping boy, even it breaks his heart. But Tom
has a brilliant idea. He raises Humphrey’s position and makes it permanent. Tom
will study very hard so that Humphrey will get more money.
Discomfort thyself…Thine office shall be permanent in thee and thee line,
forever.” Then he struck the boy a light blow on the shoulder with the flat
of his sword, exclaiming, “Rise sir Humphrey Marlow, Hereditary Grand
Whipping-Boy to the royal house of England!...I will betake my books
again, and study so ill that they must in justice treble thy wage… (109).
Humphrey Marlow truly is a smart boy, from him Tom Canty gets a lot of
information that helps him in “reminding” himself as the “prince”. “…Tom as to
the observances proper to the stately occasion, under the rather thin disguise of
“reminding” him concerning things already known to him; but to his vast
gratification it turned out that Tom needed very little help in this line-he had been
making use of Humphrey in that direction...“ (110).
He often spends his time with Humphrey now. Then Tom becomes more
confident now. His self-confidence becomes greater after he solves a case of a
man and another case of an old and young lady. The man is accused of taking the
life of a person by poisoning. He recognizes the man as a person who saved his
friend, Giles Witt out of the Thames. When he listens to the explanation of the
man about the time he has proven in poisoning a person. Tom knows that the man
is not guilty, because at that time Tom watches this man saved Giles Witt.
Therefore, he releases this man with full of spirit. This makes the people admire
Tom and feel that the king is not mad again. “A low buzz of admiration swept
through the assemblage.
It was not admiration of the decree that had been
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
48
delivered by Tom…-no, the admiration was for the intelligence and spirit which
Tom had displayed” (121).
Tom shows his intelligence and also the spirit that make people think that
he is like his “father”, King Henry VIII. Carrie’s England and Scotland in the
Sixteenth Century describes King Henry is a king who full of spirit who was
interested so much in adventure, including in military adventure. He was also
willing to be involved in the complicated diplomatic relationships of the
Continental powers which violated the policy. In the novel Tom Canty also shows
that he is a merciful and generous person. As soon as he knows that the man is
ordered to be boiled alive, he tells Earl Hertford to omit this kind of punishment.
“I beseech your good lordship that order be taken from this law-oh, let no more
poor creatures be visited with its tortures” (118). This command makes Earl
Hertford amazed of the Prince’s kindness. “The earl’s face showed profound
gratification, for he was a man of merciful and generous impulses-a thing not very
common with his class in that fierce age” (119).
While the old and young lady are accused of wicked thing. In this case
Tom shows his wisdom. He asks the two ladies to make a storm, as what they are
being accused in destroying a church. If she can do it, the “king” Tom will release
them and even makes them rich. But the old lady says that she can not make a
storm, and she tries hard to convince the King that she has no power in it. (125)
Tom considers that the ladies are not guilty. “I think the woman hath said the true.
An my mother were in her place and gifted with the devil’s function, she had not
stayed a moment to call her storms and lay the whole land and ruins, if the saving
of my forfeit life were the price she got! It is argument that other mothers are
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
49
made in like mold” (125). The experience with the convicts makes Tom’s selfconfidence greater.
Tom’s reputation as king is wide-spread to the every corner in English. It
comes to the ears of Miles Hendon. When he looses his little friend, the real king,
he intends to ask some help to the great king. “He remembered what old Andrews
had said about the young king’s goodness and his generous championship of the
wronged and unfortunate” (230). Tom continues his role well, especially with
Humphrey’s help. “He lost his fears; his misgivings faded out and died; his
embarrassments departed; and gave place to an easy and confident bearing. He
worked the whipping-boy mine to ever-increasing profit” (233).
Tom passes his days in the palace very well and comfortably now. “Tom
Canty was sinking to sleep in his rich bed in the palace, guarded by his loyal
vassals, and surrounded by the pomps of royalty, a happy boy…” (236). He
forgets about the true king, Edward Tudor, whereas the coronation day is getting
closer.
But Tom seems to over-enjoy everything that he has as a king now. “And
all these wonders and these marvels are to welcome me-me!” (241). He is very
excited of his condition now.
“The mock king’s cheeks were flushed with
excitement, his eyes were flashing, his senses swam in a delirium of pleasure”
(241). In London the rich and the poor had to separate each other. If a poor person
was found in the west of the city, where the rich lived, they would be was against
the law and could be punished (Poor in Elizabethan England). The boundary
between the nobles and common citizens showed that the nobles did not want to be
touched by the poor. In the novel Tom Canty denies his mother because he already
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
50
feels that he is a nobleman. He feels that he is not the part of his poor family.
Even he realizes it is something that hurts himself later.
The words “I do not know you, woman!” were falling from Tom Canty’s
lips when this piteous thing occurred; but it smote him to the heart to see
her treated so; and as she turned for a last glimpse of him, whilst the crowd
was swallowing her from his sight, she seemed so wounded, so brokenhearted, that a shame fell upon him which consumed his pride to ashes, and
withered his stolen royalty. His grandeurs were stricken valueless; they
seemed to fall away from him like rotten rags (242).
Tom realizes his mistakes because his short-thinking.
He starts not
enjoying his condition now. He regrets his mistakes. Until, the Lord Protector
notices the changes of the king’s mood, and tries to bring the mood back by speaks
to Tom. “O dread sovereign! Shake off these fatal humors; the eyes of the world
are upon thee.” Then he added with sharp annoyance, “Perdition catch that crazy
pauper! ‘twas she that hath disturbed your Highness” (244). But Tom answers it
in a dead voice that she is his mother (244). It makes the Lord Protector thinks
that the king is gone mad again. While through this event, Tom shows that he is a
good-hearted son, as he makes mistakes by his short-thinking and regrets it so.
Tom realizes that the luxury that he has now can not replace his mother who loves
him so much.
Tom shows again that he is not a greedy person, by giving back the throne
to Edward Tudor, the real king, as soon as when Edward appears (250). Even
Tom helps Edward when there is no one who believes that Edward is the real king.
He gives the clue to Edward, who is desperate in convincing the people in
Westminster Abbey, to find the Great Seal, which by it the people will know who
is the real king (256). Although, Tom actually knows where the Great Seal is but
he does not want to a profit from it. He struggles for the king to get his throne
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
51
again. That is why Edward Tudor is glad upon Tom Canty and gives him a royal
position and authority that there is no one higher than him but the King.
And for that he hath been a king, it is meet that other than common
observance shall be his due; wherefore, note this his dress of state, for by it
he shall be known, and none shall copy it; and wheresoever he shall come,
it shall remind the people that he hath been royal, in his time, and none
shall deny him his due reverence or fail to give him salutation. He hath the
throne’s protection, he hath the crown’s support, he shall be known and
called by the honourable title of the King’s Ward (270).
Tom receives the honour from the king also because he has done well when
he is a king, the king does confess it. “I have learned the story of these past few
weeks, and am well pleased with thee. Thou hast governed the realm with right
royal gentleness and mercy” (269).
2. Prince Edward Tudor’s Life
Halsall’s Of The Manner Of Building And Furniture Of Our Houses
describes generally the nobles in the 16th century lived in wealth. Their houses
usually were already made from brick, hard stone and timber that contained some
large rooms. There was also a lot of furniture in the noblemen's houses. The
common furniture in the nobles’ house were arras, rich hangings of tapestry, silver
vessels, and so much other plate as may furnish various cupboards. In the novel
the noblemen not only occupy places where the safety is guaranteed and in
luxurious surroundings, but also own the royal privileges (11). They also have a
lot of fine furniture in their houses (24).
In the 16th century, the nobles’ clothes were made from good stuff. They
were also dressed themselves with accessories. The richer or the higher of the
rank also could be seen from the accessories (Fashions: Women and Men.). In the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
52
novel, Prince Edward Tudor wears fine clothes which are also decorated with good
accessories.
“....clothing was all of lovely silks and satins, shinning with
jewels…fastened with a great sparkling gem. (11).
The foods of the noblemen were various as in their big banquets, while
they were also being well-served by so many servants (Of The Food And Diet Of
The English). The novel also tells the same thing about the nobles and their food.
They have various dishes and are served by so many servants. They employ so
many servants even for the weird job task, such as the taster.
“The
Taster…prepared to taste any suspicious dish upon requirement, and run the risk of
being poisoned” (44). Sometimes they also treat their servants whatever they like,
even to smile (14).
a. In the Palace
Different from Tom Canty, Prince Edward Tudor lives in a rich family, the
richest family in England, because he is the son of King Henry VIII, the King of
England. He is the expected boy to be born to accede the throne of England. He is
the son of King Henry VIII from his third wife, Jane Seymour. He is the younger
brother of Mary and Elisabeth, his step-sisters.
In the 16th Century, the life of the nobles strongly showed their prosperity
compared to the common citizen. The English Nobles lived in luxurious
surroundings, having great authority (Of The Manner Of Building And Furniture
Of Our Houses). In the novel Prince Edward Tudor lives in a neighbourhood
which is in the opposite of the Tom’s neighbourhood. He lives in a well-guarded
palace. There are soldiers in front of every gate. “At each side of the gilded gate
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
53
stood a living statue, that is to say, an erect and stately and motionless man-atarms, clad from head to heel in shinning steel armor” (11). The safety is much
more guaranteed in the place where Prince Edward lives.
Christmon’s Fashions: Women and Men describes the clothes of the nobles
were made from fine stuff. Their shoes, as an example, were generally made from
fine leather. They were used to wear some accessories that also identified the
richer or the higher of the rank of the nobles. In the palace Prince Edward does
not only furnished with finery, but also has a large number of glamorous clothes
and full of accessories. “Within was a comely boy, tanned and brown with sturdy
outdoor sports and exercises, whose clothing was all of lovely silks and satins,
shinning with jewels; at his hip a little jewelled sword and dagger; dainty buskins
on his feet with red heels; on his head a jaunty crimson cap, with drooping plumes
fastened with a great sparkling gem” (11).
Christmon’s Banquets and Feasts describes their food also showed the
prosperity, the royalty and peasantry among society. They also got the finest food.
The bread, as an example, that they ate was the best bread, which called manchet.
The nobles’ banquets were so big and they employed so many servants (Of The
Food And Diet Of The English). In the novel the food also speaks contrasting
things. While Tom Canty is suffering with “his limited food”, Prince Edward,
well-served in his comfortable room in his palace, is eating the food that only
encountered by Tom in books that he reads when he learns to Father Andrew.
“Edward took Tom to a rich apartment in the palace, which he called his cabinet.
By his command a repast was brought such as Tom had never encountered before
except in books” (13).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
54
In the novel, Mark Twain describes Prince Edward as a good-hearted
person, just like as Tom Canty. That is why Edward, Prince of Wales, does not
like to see his father’s subjects being humiliated. The Prince gets angry when he
sees a soldier acts rudely to his subjects. “…the young prince sprang to the gate
with his face flushed, and his eyes flashing with indignation, cried out: “How
dar’st thou use a poor lad like that! How dar’st thou use the king my father’s
meanest subject so! Open the gates, and let him in!” (12). The Prince hates the
violence and considers it as a disgusting thing. “Peace! It was a shameful thing
and a cruel!” (17). The Prince also astonished when he heard that Tom often get
some beatings from his grandmother. “A fierce look acme into the little prince’s
eyes, and he cried out: “What! Beatings?” (14).
The mild-mannered of the Prince not only makes him hate any violence
upon his subjects, but also shows that the Prince also cares about his subjects.
“Thou lokest tired and hungry; thou’st been treated ill. Come with me” (12). The
Prince also cares about the condition of his subjects’ life, he asks Tom Canty about
his life. “…hast thou a pleasant life there?” (15). When Edward hears that Tom’s
twin sisters have no clothes but one that they wear, he sends his servants to give
the clothes to them. “But thy good Nan and thy Bet shall have raiment and lackeys
enow, and that soon, too: my cofferer shall look to it” (15).
He wants to know
whether his subjects also have a good life or not.
Edward Tudor never underestimates other people. Mark Twain delivers
the Prince’s character traits very smoothly, especially this character traits. Mark
Twain describes when the prince has a conversation with Tom Canty, suddenly the
Prince remembers something which is annoying him. “The Lady Elizabeth, my
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
55
sister, is fourteen, and the Lady Jane Grey, my cousin, is of my own age, and
comely and gracious withal; but my sister the Lady Mary, with her gloomy mien
and – Look you: do thy sisters forbid their servants to smile, lest the sin destroy
their souls?” (14). From this quotation, it can be seen that prince Edward does not
like what his sister Lady Mary does that is forbidding her servants even to smile.
He does not agree even he refuses to treat his servants so. He treats them as his
meanest person.
Just like as Tom Canty, the Prince is also a person who is full of curiosity.
When the Prince listens to the story of Tom Canty more and more about the life
and the freedom that Tom Canty has, the Prince becomes more interested. His
curiosity encourages him to get an idea to exchange his position with Tom Canty
and this character will bring him into an adventure that leads him to be a good
King later.
b. Outside the Palace
Edward Tudor’s meeting with a boy who comes from the lowest level of
English society, Tom Canty, makes Edward starts in experiencing the life in the
lower society where he is now involved. By these experiences, he realizes that not
everyone has the same condition as what he already has. He finds out that some
people have to struggle for himself in their life, and for other people besides them.
Prince Edward’s sorrow starts after he leaves the palace. He gets a lot of
mocking from the other people. After he walks some hours, he meets the Christ’s
church, a shelter where his father puts the poor and the forsaken children. “It is
the ancient Grey Friars’ church, which the king my father hath taken from the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
56
monks and given for a home forever for poor and forsaken children, and newnamed it Christ’s church. Right gladly will they serve the son of him who hath
done so generously by them….” (19). Edward feels that his troubles will be over
that he will get some help, but what actually happens is that he gets another
mocking and even such a thing which scratch the throne of England’s honour. The
Prince of Wales is rudely buffeted by plebeian hands, and set upon and torn by
dogs (21). Then he realizes that there is something missing in that place. The
children, who belong to his father’s subjects, have not got their rights as a citizen
yet. Roger Lockyer (33) implies that King Henry VIII was a king who seemed
willing to devote himself to enjoyment, and spend the treasure of his father. In his
reign, it seemed that Henry VIII let his noblemen govern for him while he wasted
his time on pleasure. Prince Edward finds that the children in the orphanage have
not got enough education beside the shelter and the food.
The experience in the Christ’s church gives him an insight of what to do
later when he becomes the king. “When I am king, they shall not have bread and
shelter only, but also teachings out of books; for a full belly is little worth where
the mind is starved, and the heart. I will keep this diligently in my remembrance,
that this day lesson be not lost upon me, and my people suffer thereby; for learning
softeneth the heart and breedeth gentleness and charity” (22). From the story,
Mark Twain shows the character of the Prince which is very gentle. He does not
take the bad experience with anger but with gentleness. This is the kind of
character trait that makes Prince Edward one step forward from his father as king.
Prince Edward journey continues to his meeting with John Canty, Tom’s
father, who recognizes the prince as the “mad” Tom. As usual, John Canty still
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
57
treats “Tom” rudely. He asks the Prince to beg to pay the owner of the house. But
of course, Edward who is born in honour refuses it and he stands to protect his
honour. “Offend me not with thy sordid matters. I tell thee again I am the king’s
son” (60). Then, when Mrs. Canty protects him from the John’s beatings Prince
Edward springs away from Mrs. Canty. It is because he does not want other
people suffers for him. “Thou shalt not suffer for me, madam. Let these swine do
their will upon me alone” (60). Implicitly, Mark Twain describes that Prince
Edward is not only as a person who is full of pity to other people and will not let
others suffer for him, but also as a tough person.
Mark Twain describes how hard the journey of the Prince is. While Tom
Canty exclaims the end of the reign of blood, after the death of the greatest
nobleman in the Kingdom, the real prince mourns for the death of the king, his
father, the king, that even he can not attend. “The tidings struck to a chill to the
heart of the poor little waif, and sent a shudder through his frame. He realized the
greatness of his loss, and was filled with a bitter grief; for the grim tyrant who had
been such a terror to others had always been gentle to him” (76).
From the quotation above, it can be revealed that Prince Edward, who from
now on called King Edward VI, suffers more than just his loss feeling of his father.
Moreover, the people’s delight hurts him more, because in the middle of his
mourning of his father death, they are happy of his father death. “The tears sprung
to his eyes and blurred all objects. For an instant he felt himself the most forlorn,
outcast, and forsaken of God’s creatures…” (76). Once again, Mark Twain shows
not only how big-hearted King Edward Tudor is, but also how objective the
Edward’s point of view is. In his mourning, Edward realizes that his father, as a
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
58
king, has a role as a tyrant for his subjects. That is why the people are happy, not
because of the death of the king, but because the end of the reign of blood.
Therefore, in his mourning he finds some consolation for himself. The
consolation is that he hears the people shout “Long live King Edward the Sixth”
and he realizes that he is king now. “… and this made his eyes kindle, and thrilled
him with pride to his fingers’ ends. “Ah,” he thought, “how grand and strange it
seems-I
AM KING!”
(76). In this case, Mark Twain inserts an ironical fact that
Prince Edward becomes king but not in his throne now, the “higher” place in
England, however he is in the “lower” place in England.
Fortunately, in his hard journey, King Edward meets a person who is very
kind to him. He is Miles Hendon. Miles takes care the King compassionately,
because he considers the King as a person who is weak, non-guarded, and ‘mad’.
“…In his diseased ravings he called himself the Prince of Wales, and bravely doth
he keep up the character. Poor little friendless rat, doubtless his mind has been
disordered with ill usage” (80). But something that makes him give such a pity to
the King actually is that the King is a gentle person, as shown in his sweet and
gentle face, who needs some helps and moreover he has no friend. “….what a
comely, sweet and gentle face he hath, now that sleep hath conjured away its
troubles and griefs. I will teach him, I will cure his malady; yea, I will be his elder
brother, and care for him and watch over him….“ (81).
Therefore, the prince, who is very generous, endues Miles by offering a
reward as his gratitude of Miles’ help. Edward Tudor who becomes king now
knows that Miles’ helps means a lot for him. “Thou didst save me injury and
shame, perchance my life, and so my crown. Such service demanded rich reward.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
59
Name thy desire, and so it be within the compass of my royal power, it is thine”
(87). The prince is not only a generous person, but also a just person. He gets
angry when he listens to the Miles’ story. “Thou hast been shamefully abused!”
said the little king, with a flashing eye. “But, I will right thee-by the cross will I!
The king hath said it” (87). The King does not like to hear any injustices in his
kingdom. That is why he gets very angry hearing the injustices that happens to
Miles, his friend.
Unfortunately, after meeting a good friend in his journey, Edward gets
alone again. It is because of John Canty’s trick that makes the King is being
separated from Miles. Then, Edward Tudor has to face the troubles alone again.
John Canty sends Hugo to bring the Prince to him. Then John Canty and Hugo
join a vagabonds’ gang, and also the King with them. He realizes that there are so
many of his subjects suffer and become the deserted people.
….the motliest company of tattered gutter scum and ruffians, of both sexes,
he had ever read or dreamed of. There were huge, stalwart men, brown
with exposure, long-haired, and clothed in fantastic rags; there were
middle-seized youths, of truculent countenance, and similarly clad; there
were blind mendicants, with patched or bandaged eyes; crippled ones, with
wooden legs and crutches; there was a villain-looking peddler with his
pack; knife-grinder, a tinker, and a barber-surgeon, with the implements of
their trades….there were three sore-faced babies…. (136).
He meets the people that he has only learnt from the books, about the
vagabonds, the ruffians; consist of beggars, thieves, robbers, slaves, deceiver, and
etc. The vagabonds were included in the third class of the poor. The gang consists
of people who feel disappointed with the English laws, and they were usually
hunted by the government they get some injustices in their life. They were people
who could work but they preferred to beg or steal. This group worried the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
60
government as they were mostly troublesome. They are the people who are being
deserted by the society and the law; it is no wonder that they are so rude (Poor in
Elizabethan England).
His understanding of his own subjects comes since he is in the Christ’s
church that what are needed by his subjects is not only bread and shelter, but also
the teaching, so that they can acquire the softness of the heart, gentleness and
charity. He understands truly that in the poverties, his subjects may become rude
and tricky. The King is aware that the English laws also force his subjects to
become ‘wild’. As when he meets a blind man, who actually has two healthy eyes.
“One of the blind men got up, and made ready by casting aside the patches that
sheltered his excellent eyes, and pathetic placard which recited the cause of his
calamity” (136), and a cripple beggar, who actually has strong feet. “Dot-and-goOne disencumbered himself of his timber leg and took his place upon sound and
healthy limbs….” (136).
In this gang he realizes how actually the life of his subjects, and what the
law has done to them. The King is aware of the effect of the English laws to his
subjects. He sees the effects of his father’s laws to the common inhabitants and it
will drag them to the crime. He realizes it when he hears Mr. Yokel’s story (140).
Formerly, Mr. Yokel is a farmer and has a prosperous life. His mother is killed by
the injustices of the English laws. His mother is accused of being a witch. Mr
Yokel himself also experiencing the injustices of the English Laws. He looses his
wife and his children when the law drag him away from his wife and his children.
Then he looses his wealth, is punished; his ears are removed and he is sold as a
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
61
slave. Then now he joins the ruffians’ gang. This is an ironic fact for Edward who
is very gentle.
In the story, Edward Tudor is also described as a person who can learn to
adapt, just like as Tom Canty. Even he is a very humble person. After Edward
escapes from John Canty and the gang, he meets a family which is very kind to
him. They feed him, and they give a place to Edward in their table. Therefore,
Edward, who is touched by the kindness of the family, removes his identity as
King and sits at the family table and eats with them. He does not ask them to stand
while he is eating, as when he is eating in the palace.
….by allowing him to sit at the family table and eat with his betters, on
ostensible terms of equality with them; and the king, on his side, was so
remorseful for having broken his trust, after the family had been so kind to
him, that he forced himself to the family level, instead of requiring the
woman and her children to stand and wait upon him while he occupied
their table in the solitary state due his birth and dignity (161).
He understands if he still keeps telling them who he is, it will make the
family get confused and he does not want to disturb the restful lunch in the family.
It implies how humble Edward is, a prince that willingly removes his identity and
sits in the same table with his common citizen.
The Prince also realizes that his father, King Henry VIII, has done too far
in using his authority including in religion aspect. King Henry VIII separated the
English church from the Rome. The Prince meets a hermit who hopeless of his
life. From this hermit, he knows the effect of his father regulation. There are
many churches that resist the king’s regulation being closed. “Dost know it was he
that turned us into the world houseless and homeless?” (170). That is why, when
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
62
the Prince says that he is Edward, the son of King Henry, the hermit wants to kill
the Prince (164).
Edward’s awareness is getting sharp after he has more experience out of
the palace. His realization that there are so many cruelties and injustices in
English laws becomes surer. Later he himself also experiences the injustices of
the English laws when he is imprisoned for two times. First, he is imprisoned by
Hugo’s trick. He is accused of stealing a pig when Hugo, one of the ruffians, asks
Edward to accompany him (187). Second, when he finds himself and Miles
Hendon are imprisoned by Hugo Hendon, Miles younger brother, who denies
Miles as his real brother (212).
While Edward is in prison with Miles Hendon, Edward meets an old
lawyer. The old lawyer is punished because he has written a pamphlet against the
Lord Chancellor in accusing him of injustice. His ears have been removed as his
punishment, degradation from the bar and had been fined. Then he looses his two
ears and gets punishment again when he repeats his offence. Moreover, he is
branded on both cheeks and remains in prison for life (224). This fact makes the
king pity to that lawyer and understand that he has to do something. “…within the
compass of a month thou shalt be free; and more, the law that have dishonoured
thee, and shamed the English name, shall be swept from the statute-books. The
world is made wrong, kings should go to school to their own laws at times, and so
learn mercy” (224).
Edward becomes a tougher person as he experiencing the life out of his
palace. His awareness of his society also becomes deeper. He realizes what his
subjects needs, and he wants to bring the justices for his subjects back. He
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
63
becomes a merciful person, and when he gets back to his throne as a King he will
obeys his subjects’ needs.
While Tom is getting proper with his role as a king, Edward Tudor still in
his troubles to go back to the palace and competes with the time in order to be able
to get in the palace before the coronation day.
…Edward, the true king, hungry and thirsty, soiled and draggled, worn
with travel, and clothed in rags and shreds-his share of the results of the
riot-was wedged in among a crowd people who were watching with deep
interest certain hurrying gangs of workmen who streamed in and out of
Westminster Abbey, busy as ants; they were making the last preparation
for the royal coronation (236).
Fortunately, he can come in time in the coronation day and he regains back
his throne again. Edward gets his throne again also by Tom’s help. When he is
desperate and prefers to loose his throne because there is no one believes that he is
the real king, Tom helps him to prove himself as a true king.
As soon as he gets back his crown, he does everything that he has learned
through his journey.
Edward Tudor becomes a wiser person as well as in
determining the laws in his kingdom. He makes renewal and recovery to his
subjects and laws. He establishes the justice in his government. Edward Tudor
becomes a merciful person, and a King who obeys his subjects’ needs (271). He
fulfils his promises to Mr. Yokel by helping him to have a new good life. “The
king sought out the farmer who had been branded and sold as a slave, and
reclaimed him fro his evil life with the Ruffler’s gang, and put him in the way of a
comfortable livelihood” (271).
He fulfils his promises to the lawyer in prison and for the woman that he
meets in prison. “He also took that old lawyer out of prison and remitted his fine.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
64
He provided good homes for the daughters of the two Baptist women whom he
saw burned at the stake,…” (272). He also recovers the life of all good people that
he met and punishes the bad people. He also remembers indeed to his friend,
Miles, who has saved and help him so much, by restoring Miles’ honour and
properties.
B. Mark Twain’s Criticism on the Nobles’ life in the 16th Century through
Prince Edward Tudor and Tom Canty
In the novel, Mark Twain reveals so many aspects of the social life of
England. While, the setting of the story is on the 16th century, therefore he focuses
on the social life of England in the 16th century. Mark Twain conveys his criticism
on the nobles’ life through the two main characters, Prince Edward Tudor and
Tom Canty. Mark Twain uses those two characters that come from different or
even contrasting background, Prince Edward Tudor, who comes from the highrank society, and the other character that comes from the low-rank society, Tom
Canty.
In this novel, there are a lot of characters of noblemen that might represent
the actual behaviour in the real life of the nobles in the 16th Century. One of the
nobles in the story is Prince Edward Tudor. He is one of main characters who are
used by Mark Twain to criticize other nobles. Mark Twain uses the character of
Prince Edward Tudor, a character who accustomed to live in the high-rank living
not only in order to reveal the life of the lower-rank society (in spite of using Tom
Canty itself), but also Mark Twain uses Prince Edward as the comparison to other
noblemen who do not have the experience in living in the lower society.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
65
On the other hand, Mark Twain also uses the character of Tom Canty to
convey his criticism. Mark Twain conveys his criticism by using Tom Canty and
his life as a common people to have another point of view in criticizing the nobles’
life. Mark Twain uses Tom Canty to adopt the life of the common people to
criticize the nobles’ life from the common people point of view, who have
different life with the noblemen. The common people, mostly, live in a poor
neighbourhood where the condition is very apprehensive (3). They live in a place
where safety is not guaranteed (4). Their house is very simple and made from
wood; most of them even do not have their own house and just can rent to other
people. They have limited clothes and stuff (4); even they just have one cloth (15),
and limited food (5).
Just like as their limited food, they also have limited
authority, even do not have, and limited rights. They live under the laws, and they
often have to experience the cruelty of the laws, hunt down by the law (140), and
of many types of injustices (224). They often feel disappointed with the English
laws, and they are forced to get into crime as in Mr. Yokel’s story (140)
While in this analysis, this study highlights some points of Mark Twain’s
criticism, including Mark Twain’s ways in criticizing the nobles through the main
characters, both Prince Edward Tudor and Tom Canty. There are four points of
Mark Twain’s criticism as the focus in this analysis; the first is the nobles’ life
style, the second is the nobles’ manner, the third is the nobles’ cruelty and the last
is the nobles’ way of governing.
1. Nobles’ Life Style
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
66
Lockyer (142) states about the life of the noblemen which were very
addicted to extravagance. They concerned on building the house into huge houses,
spending a great deal of money just for entertainment, extravagant clothes,
jewellery, plate, and etc. The life of the noblemen was very different from the life
of the common people which threatened by the poverty. While, Lockyer (138)
also states that there had always been poverty in England, but in the 16th century
the poverty was so strong. While the common people lived in poverty, the nobles
lived in extravagance. Their inappropriate life style implies that the noblemen did
not pay attention to the common people’s life. In the novel, the nobles’ life style is
being criticized, including their way of clothing, their houses, and their food. The
nobles’ way of life is being criticized a lot through the character of Tom Canty.
a. The Clothing
Christmon’s Fashions: Women and Men states that in the 16th century the
noblemen’s clothes were made from fine stuff and they were used to wear some
accessories. Therefore, the richer or the higher of the rank could be seen from the
accessories which usually decorated with jewels, pearls, lace, and etc. In the
novel, Mark Twain implicitly describes that the noblemen are used to wear fine
clothes. He puts the contrasting fact between the noblemen and the common
people, as an example is as he uses the contrasting facts between the character of
Prince Edward Tudor and Tom Canty since they are born (2).
Tom Canty’s adventure when he meets Prince Edward also is used to
reveal the ironical fact between the noblemen and the common people.
Poor little Tom, in his rags, approached, and was moving slowly and
timidly….Within was a comely boy, tanned and brown with sturdy outdoor
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
67
sports and exercises, whose clothing was all of lovely silks and satins,
shinning with jewels; at his hip a little jeweled sword and dagger; dainty
buskins on his feet, with red heels; and on his head a jaunty crimson cap,
with drooping plumes fastened with a great sparkling gem (11-2).
The quotation above describes how the life of the common people is
compared to the life of the noblemen. While the common people are dressed in
their rags, sometimes the only rags, the noblemen are dressed in extravagant
clothes. They are dressed in fine clothes which also made from the fine stuff. Of
course, they have a lot of clothes. The noblemen are also decorated with so many
beautiful accessories.
b. The Housing
Lockyer (142) describes that the nobles concerned about their house and
they built huge houses for themselves. Mark Twain uses Tom Canty’s adventure
to describe the luxury of the nobles’ houses. Tom in his adventure comes into a
rich neighborhood which where the noblemen lives. “…for, though was tolerably
compact row of houses on one side of it, there were only some scattering great
buildings on the other, these being palaces of rich nobles, with ample and beautiful
grounds stretching to the river—grounds that are now closely packed with grim
acres of brick and stone (10).” Different from the common people who live in a
neighborhood where the safety is not guaranteed, the nobles live in houses and
neighborhood where the safety is guaranteed by so many guards (11).
Halsall’s Of The Manner Of Building And Furniture Of Our Houses states
about the houses of the nobles which could be regarded as a provision that may
best be made. The nobles’ houses usually were made from brick, hard stone and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
68
timber, and would contain some large rooms. There were also a lot of furniture in
the noblemen's houses. In the novel, Tom Canty’s adventure is also used to
describe the luxury of the palace.
Tom Canty, left alone in the prince’s cabinet….He turned himself this way
and before the great mirror, admiring his finery; then walked away,
imitating the prince’s high bred carriage, still observing results in the glass.
Next he drew the beautiful sword…Tom played with the jewelled dagger
that hung upon his thigh; he examined the costly and exquisite ornaments
of the room; he tried each of the sumptuous chairs…(24).
After he exchanges position with the Prince, he observes the amazing
ornaments that he has never met.
c. The Food
Lockyer (142) states that the noblemen were very addicted to extravagance
and they disposed to spend their money to fulfil their desire, such as in food. In
the story, when Tom has his first royal dinner as a ‘prince’, he finds the other side
of luxury in the nobles’ life. A nobleman is served well when he is going to have
his food, even he is new finely clothed before he has his food. “Tom resignedly
underwent the ordeal of being dressed for dinner. He found himself as finely
clothed as before, but everything different, everything changed, from his ruff to his
stocking (44).”
While, Halsall’s Of The Food And Diet Of The English states that in the
sixteenth century, the banquets that were eaten by the nobles were so big and they
generally were served by so many servants. Tom is also served by so many
servants before he has so many dishes on his table in his first royal dinner, from
the oddest job such as the Taster (44) to the Hereditary Diaperer who brings a
napkin for him (47). It implies how extravagant the life of the noblemen is who
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
69
like to devote their days for pleasure, while it is just a dinner, how big the feast of
a noble can be. Roger Lockyer (33) states about King Henry VIII that he liked to
devote himself to pleasure that he often spent his days for hunting, and his nights
for feasting.
2. Nobles’ Manner
In the 16th century, there were a lot of noblemen who treat the common
people inappropriately. Just the same with the common people that they were free
to do and say what they like, as far as they did not break the laws which were exist
at that time (Chrimes 64), and so were the noblemen. There were no written or
legalized documents which described how the manner of a nobleman should be.
Mark Twain criticizes a lot about the nobles’ manner. In the novel, Mark Twain
reveals his criticism on the nobles’ bad manner explicitly and implicitly.
a. Rude
Through Prince Edward’s speech, Mark Twain criticizes directly the way
the gates-guards in treating Tom Canty that reflects the typical manner of the
noblemen to the common people. “…the young prince sprang to the gate with his
face flushed, and his eyes flashing with indignation, cried out: “How dar’st thou
use a poor lad like that! How dar’st thou use the king my father’s meanest subject
so! Open the gates, and let him in!” (12). The Prince is angry with the gate-guard
who snatches Tom Canty away, just because Tom unconsciously gets close to the
gate bars (12). The Prince’s speech implies that the gate-guards are responsible
for guarding the palace and they should not act rudely to the common people,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
70
therefore it is implicitly shows that it is very usual that the nobles use that kind of
way in treating the common people.
While implicitly, Mark Twain uses Prince Edward’s manner to criticize the
rudeness of the nobles as reflected by the gates-guards. As the story tells the
character of Prince Edward, a person who is gentle and mild-mannered (12), he is
a person who hates the violence.
Therefore, the Prince also experiences the
rudeness of his own soldier after he exchanges his position with Tom Canty when
he comes out of the palace to start his adventure. “….the soldier fetched him a
sounding box on ear that sent him whirling to the roadway, and said: “Take that,
thou beggar’s spawn for what thou got’st me from his Highness!” (18).
Mark
Twain implicitly wants to use Prince Edward as the comparison to other noblemen.
b. Arbitrary and Tyrannous
Mark Twain criticizes the nobles’ manner that shows tyrannous or arbitrary
deeds to the common people, for example the nobles like to have scapegoat for
their mistakes. They like to have other people suffer for their mistakes. He puts
some examples in the story; one example is about the existence of a whipping boy
in the palace (105). Whipping-boy has a job to take the whips from prince’s
teacher for the mistakes that is made by the prince. Mark Twain uses Prince
Edward to criticize the nobles by describing the character of Prince Edward who
does not like other people suffer for him. “Thou shalt not suffer for me, madam.
Let these swine do their will upon me alone” (60). Through Prince Edward’s
manner, who does not like other people suffer for him, Mark Twain criticizes the
nobles’ character traits that shows that they prefer to have other people suffers by
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
71
their mistakes than themselves who suffers. He would like to show the Prince
Edward’s manner as the comparison for the nobles’ manner which he criticizes.
Mark Twain also criticizes the nobles’ unwise attitude such as in treating
their servants that only seek for their own sake. Mark Twain uses Prince Edward’s
speech to reveals the disagreements of the nobles’ attitude that they usually do
their servants, which is represented by Edward Tudor speech. “….my sister the
Lady Mary, with her gloomy mien and – Look you: do thy sisters forbid their
servants to smile, lest the sin destroy their souls?” (14). This statement implies
that the nobles only seek for their own sake. Even for a trivial thing they will not
allow it, if it is not for their sake.
Through Prince Edward’s opinion, Mark Twain criticizes King Henry VIII,
the greatest noblemen in his reign, who acts as a tyrant that gives such a terror to
his own subjects.
Mark Twain does use the Prince Edward’s opinion that
expresses his confession of the unjust and tyrannical of his father reign, the reign
of King Henry VIII. He expresses his confession by having an opinion about the
tyrannical reign of his father when he is mourning in his father’s death. “The
tidings struck to a chill to the heart of the poor little waif, and sent a shudder
through his frame. He realized the greatness of his loss, and was filled with a
bitter grief; for the grim tyrant who had been such a terror to others had always
been gentle to him” (76). Chrimes (120) states about Henry VIII who were very
autocratic in temper and high-handed in methods, and were not shy, on occasions,
of straining and even perverting the law in order to get his objectives. Mark Twain
criticizes King Henry VIII and considers this greatest nobleman as a tyrant who in
his daily life gives such a terror to the people through the Prince Edward’s opinion.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
72
On the other hand, Mark Twain also inserts his criticism on the tyranny or
the arbitrariness of the nobles by using the other main character, Tom Canty.
Mark Twain describes Tom Canty as a boy who has a high curiosity. While
through Tom‘s high-curiosity, Mark Twain would like to use Tom as the explorer
to reveal the life in the palace. Mark Twain uses Tom as a person who comes
from out of the palace; a non-nobleman, to reveal the nobles’ life. In this case,
Mark Twain reveals the life of the nobles through the common people point of
view, Tom Canty’s point of view. Mark Twain criticizes through Tom’s opinion,
when Tom experiences the life in the palace.
Tom feels frightened of the
exchanging positions between Prince Edward and him. He is afraid of being
accused that he breaks the privacy of the royal family, by wearing the prince’s
cloth, even the Prince wants it, too. “Might they not hang him at once, and inquire
into his case afterward? He had heard that the great were prompt about small
matters…” (25). Mark Twain would like to show the nobles’ attitude that usually
considers the trivial things that disturbs their pleasure. This statement implies that
the nobles only seek for their own sake.
Tom as a common citizen certainly is surprised with the life in the palace
and surprised with the rules in the palace, for example the rule for the servants that
they may not sit in the presence of the prince or the noblemen who have higher
rank than them (34). “Tom was conducted to the principal apartment of a noble
suite, and made to sit down-a thing which he was loath to do, since there were
elderly men and men of high degree about him. He begged them to be seated also,
but they only bowed their thanks or murmured them, and remained standing” (34).
Through this event in the story, Mark Twain would like to shows the nobles’
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
73
treatments to their servants, who can be considered as a non-nobility people; a
common people.
Tom Canty is also surprised as he meets Humphrey Marlow; the prince’s
whipping-boy (105). He is surprised when he knows the whipping-boy’s job that
he has to take the whips from prince’s teacher for the mistakes that is made by the
prince. Through Tom Canty, Mark Twain would like to show the weirdness of the
nobles’ treatment to their servants. He criticizes the nobles’ treatments and ways
in valuing the common people; by making a weird position for their servants such
as whipping-boy. Through Tom Canty, Mark Twain also reveals his criticism on
the character traits of the nobles that shows that they prefer to have other people
suffer because of their mistakes.
c. Greedy and Cunning
Mark Twain criticizes the greediness of the nobles as he uses the Prince
Edward’s adventure as the pauper to reveal his criticism on the nobles in the 16th
century. In the sixteenth century, there were a lot of facts which implies the
cunningness of the nobles.
Jeremy Black (119) states about The Duke of
Northumberland who deposed and sent under arrest the Duke of Somerset who
serves as ‘Lord Protector of the Realm and Governor of the King's Person’ to get
his position, although he does not succeed.
The Crucial new figure was John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, who became
Lord President of the Council 1550-1553, and Duke of Northumberland in
1551. A member of Henry VIII’s service nobility, he was representative
of general aristocratic views on economic regulation and social policy, in
being uninterested in either (119).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
74
Even in the royal family, there were so many unfair competitions to accede
the English crown, for example Mary Tudor, Edward’s half-sister. Morgan (260)
states that Mary Tudor took the Throne of England because of she cheated. She
could take the Throne after she executed Lady Jane Grey. The Prince’s journey
reveals that there are so many stories about wickedness of the nobles. The Prince
hears his friend’s story, Miles Hendon-the son of Sir Richard Hendon (84), about
Miles’ brother namely Hugh Hendon who is very wicked and cunning. “….Hughbut I will crack his crown, an he interfere, the fox-hearted, ill-conditioned animal!”
(82). Hugh Hendon, Miles’ brother, represents the kind of nobleman who has
ambition to raise his territory and authority. Mark Twain puts the character of
Hugh, as a representative of the typical bad noblemen in the 16th Century, as what
Miles describes Hugh in the story. “….Hugh, younger than I, a mean spirit,
covetous, treacherous, vicious, underhanded-a reptile” (85). Hugh is sly person.
He uses sly way to dominate all his family’s properties as his own. “…and he had
a smooth persuasive tongue, with an admirable gift of lying-and these be qualities
which do mightily assist a blind affection to cozen itself” (85). He discards Miles
to take Miles’ girlfriend as his wife.
….Hugh turn these faults to good account-he seeing that out brother
Arthur’s health was but indifferent, and hoping the worst might work him
profit were I swept out of the path…then, this brother did deftly magnify
my faults and make them crimes…and did convince my father by
this….that I was minded to carry off my Edith and marry with her… (86).
As soon as the Prince accompanies Miles comes back to the Hendon Hall,
Hugh denies Miles as his brother and pretends that Miles is dead (200), as he tells
that he receives a letter that says Miles is dead in war. Where, Hugh himself who
writes that letter (204). Hugo writes a letter to cheat Miles Hendon so that the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
75
people consider that Miles have already died; “… thou’st writ the lying letter
thyself, and my stolen bride and goods are its fruit…” (204). He discards his own
brothers and his father to have the properties for himself (201). In the novel, in the
end of the story, it has proven that Hugh steals his brother’s estates and title and he
gets punishment from Edward VI (271). Through the Prince’s journey, Mark
Twain would like to show the nobles’ attitude, such as Hugo Hendon’ attitude.
Therefore Prince Edward himself becomes more realize how his noblemen’s
attitude out of the palace.
d. Arrogant
Mark Twain puts so many example of the nobles’ arrogance and criticizes
on it. In the 16th century, the rich and the poor were livings separately (Poor in
Elizabethan England). It means that at that time the nobles or the rich were to
arrogance in keeping the poor separate from them. He criticizes the noblemen
who do not want to remove their identity and live with the common people. Mark
Twain uses Prince Edward’s manner that shows wisdom and humbleness as a
nobleman, as a satire or criticism to other noblemen who, generally, do not have
that kind of manner. Prince Edward shows his wisdom when he meets the peasants
who receive him kindly (158), “The children’s mother received the king kindly,
and was full of pity; for his forlorn condition and apparently crazed…”.
….by allowing him to sit at the family table and eat with his betters, on
ostensible terms of equality with them; and the king, on his side, was so
remorseful for having broken his trust, after the family had been so kind to
him, that he forced himself to the family level, instead of requiring the
woman and her children to stand and wait upon him while he occupied
their table in the solitary state due his birth and dignity (161).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
76
Edward shows his wisdom through his manner as when he removes his
identity as King and sits at the family table and eats with them, and he does not ask
them to stand while he is eating due to his honour as a King.
Implicitly, Mark
Twain expresses how the honoured-noblemen as should be.
3. Nobles’ Cruelty
In the story, Mark Twain shows so many cruelties of the English laws.
Carrie’s England and Scotland in the Sixteenth Century describes in the 16th
century, the English Laws were absolutely established by the king or by the king’s
permission. Chrimes (73) states “Law was tribal custom, or folkright, to which the
king was subordinate in every respect, as any other member of the folk. He might,
and on occasion did, find it necessary to declare, with the express or tacit assent of
the ‘wise man’ of his realm (the witan), what the law was on certain points, and
even to commit such declarations to writing”.
The novel also tells the same thing: “The king’s will is law” (32), therefore
by showing so many cruelties of the English Laws, Mark Twain implicitly
criticizes the greatest noblemen at that time, that is King Henry VIII. Even for his
cruelties, Kent McCroskey’s English Occupation states about Henry VIII that he
was infamous by his cruelty to the Irish people. Morgan (246-7) implies that there
were a lot of victims due to Henry’s vindictive egoism.
a. Torturing Innocent People
The noblemen often do cruel things to the common people; even it was
caused by trivial matters. The idea about the noblemen sometimes makes the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
77
common people frightened, which is reflected in the Tom Canty’s thought.
“Might they not hang him at once, and inquire into his case afterward? He had
heard that the great were prompt small matters. His fears rose higher and higher;
and trembling he …” (25). The nobles also interfere the religion aspect, as shown
by King Henry VIII. He uses his authority to close many churches that resist to
the king’s regulation (170). Often many peoples are suffers by challenging the
nobles, even if they are right, as in the old lawyer’s story where Prince Edward is
arrested with (224). Morgan (246-7) describes that there were a lot of people who
were executed because they disputed the Act of Supremacy which declared that
the king of England was supreme head of the Ecclesia Anglicana, or Church of
England—not the pope. They were cruelly executed in the summer of 1535.
Mark Twain uses Prince Edward’s adventure to reveal the apprehensive
life of the common people, which is caused by the laws arranged by the nobles
who have the charge in government. The Prince meets a troop of vagabonds (136)
who consists of people who are disappointed to the laws and suffers by the law.
They are people who are hunted down by the law and forced to get into the crime,
as what is experienced by Mr. Yokel (140). Through this journey Mark Twain
would like to show the effects of the laws and the application of the law, which are
arranged by the noblemen to the common people. Many subjects suffer because of
the law and live in fear because of it, as shown in the Mr. Yokel in his last speech
when he tells his story. “….A
SLAVE!-that
SLAVE!
Do ye understand that word! An English
is he that stands before ye. I run from my master, and when I am
found-the heavy curse of heaven fall on the law of the land that hath commanded
it! I shall hang!” (141).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
78
Mark Twain uses Prince Edward to reveals the injustices of the laws when
he himself is sent into the prison (212). He expresses his opinion about the
English Laws, as he meets an old lawyer in prison. “…thou shalt be free; and
more, the law that have dishonoured thee, and shamed the English name, shall be
swept from the statute-books. The world is made wrong, kings should go to
school to their own laws at times, and so learn mercy” (224).
The Prince hears
that the old lawyer is suffered by the law. He is punished and tortured because he
protests the injustices of Lord Chancellor. He looses his two ears and gets marked
on his cheeks. Mark Twain criticizes the nobles through the Prince Edward’s
expression or speech. Prince Edward thinks that the unjust law which do tend to
one side such as to neither the nobles nor the common people, in his monarch
should be omitted. Therefore, Prince Edward Tudor realizes that the law in his
country is not well-established yet. There are still many injustices and the laws
tend to take the nobles’ side.
Mark Twain wants the reader to compare the life of other noblemen to the
life of Prince Edward, who has the experiences of living in the some levels, even
in the lowest level society of English.
Prince Edward, by himself has the
experiences of many cruelties of the English laws and many types of injustices
throughout the land in his “adventure”. Therefore, by using this character, Mark
Twain conveys that those experiences give Prince Edward the lesson how to be a
good king, a good nobleman.
Unconsciously, the Prince Edward’s paradigms about his people, about the
English laws or his father‘s law also have changed after he has the experience in
living in the common inhabitant’s life. Before his adventure he may think that the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
79
English laws can bring his citizen to good life. It does not seem like that anymore
since the Prince meets the Ruffler’s gang, who are consists of some people who
are desperate by the English laws (131); a fact that he only knows by reading the
books.
b. Violating Humanity
Mark Twain uses the character of Tom Canty to reveal the cruelty of the
laws. Tom Canty finds out that there are so many cruel laws as when he meets the
three accused persons, a man, an old lady and a young lady. He realizes that the
law is very cruel because he knows that there still a kind of punishment that breaks
the humanity, such as what the man is going to get. He will be boiled alive (118).
He shows his disagreement of this kind of punishment by omitting this punishment
to avoid any of his subjects suffers by this kind of cruel punishment.
Lockyer (127) states that there were approximately three hundred men and
women were burnt between February 1555 and November 1558 under the reign of
Mary Tudor. They were accused of heresy. While, most of them were the
common citizen of English who came from the low levels of English society
included weavers, fullers, shearman, tailors, hosiers, cappers, husbandmen,
labourers, brewers and butchers. There were only nine people who were described
as gentlemen. While Morgan (246-247) also describes that there were a lot of
people who were cruelly executed in the reign of Henry VIII for resisting the
king’s supremacy.
Mark Twain criticizes King Henry VIII, the greatest noblemen in his reign,
who acts as a tyrant that gives such a terror to his own citizens. Mark Twain does
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
80
use the Prince Edward’s opinion that expresses his confession of the unjust and
tyrannical of his father reign, the reign of King Henry VIII. He expresses his
confession by having an opinion about the tyrannical reign of his father when he
mourns in his father’s death. “The tidings struck to a chill to the heart of the poor
little waif, and sent a shudder through his frame. He realized the greatness of his
loss, and was filled with a bitter grief; for the grim tyrant who had been such a
terror to others had always been gentle to him” (76). Mark Twain criticizes King
Henry VIII and considers this greatest nobleman as a tyrant who gives such a
terror to the people through the Prince Edward’s opinion.
Mark Twain also conveys his criticism through Tom’s opinion and speech,
while Tom Canty as king, after the death of the king, Henry VIII. Tom announces
that from that time the law of the king will be the law of mercy. “Then shall the
king’s law be law of mercy, from this day, and never more be law of blood!” (74).
Mark Twain through Tom Canty’s speech implicitly would like to criticize the
previous reign, the reign of Henry VIII, and regards this reign is a reign which full
of cruelty, that he calls it as a reign of blood.
4. Nobles’ Ways of Governing
Mark Twain conveys his criticism on the reign that ruled in the England in
the 16th Century by explicitly describes the reign of Edward VI. Mark Twain
criticizes the next and the previous reign that have so many lacks in their regime,
those are the reign of Henry VIII and the reign of Mary. In the novel he calls the
reign of Henry VIII, as the tyrannical reign (74) and the reign of Mary, as the reign
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
81
of bloody Mary (105). In the reign of Mary, there are hundreds of Protestant
leaders were executed (Lockyer 127).
Accordign to Chrimes (11), in the sixteenth century the English
Government is officially and legally ruled by His Majesty’s Government (the king
and the crown). Chrimes (12) states “the King is a natural person who possesses a
number of rights and powers (not vested in any other person), some by virtue of
royal prerogative (i.e. by common law relating to the King), some by virtue of Act
of Parliament, and the sum total of these rights and power constitutes the Crown”.
However, in the sixteenth century the English Government was dominated
by the nobles. The nobility dominated the social and political aspects in many
countries; with no exception for the English government. English government was
dominated by the nobility until the twentieth century (Nobility). The nobles not
only have influence in political and social aspects, but also in the religion aspect.
Carrie’s England and Scotland in the Sixteenth Century states about the Duke of
Northumberland’s policy which arranged to move English policy in a more
Protestant direction.
a. Ignoring the Common People’s Needs and Rights
The nobles sometimes ignore the common people’s rights and needs. Mark
Twain criticizes the nobles’ arrogance that they do not pay attention to the
common people’s life. In the 16th century, King Henry VIII can be as an example
for ignoring his citizens that he only preferred to devote himself to enjoyment, and
let others govern for him while he wasted his time on pleasure (England and
Scotland in the Sixteenth Century). Lockyer (33) states that throughout the first
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
82
half of Henry VIII’s reign, he devoted his days to hunting and his nights to
feasting and love, content to leave routine administration and the formulation of
policy to his man. In the novel, King Henry VIII ignores the children in the
Christ’s church.
Mark Twain uses Prince Edward to criticize his own father, King Henry
VIII. He conveys his criticism on the nobles’ life through Prince Edward Tudor’s
opinion and speech. Prince Edward’s speech reveals the criticism on the nobles
about the default of the nobles to the common people. The story tells when
Edward asks Tom Canty where he lives, he answers that he has no idea about
Offal Court, place where Tom lives (13). Mark Twain uses Prince Edward’s
adventure to reveal the life of his common citizen. Before his adventure, the
Prince might think that all of his subjects live in prosperity. But it has changed
since he knew that Tom’s sisters do not have much clothes even they only have
one (15). It shows Mark Twain’s criticism on the nobles’ typical trait that likes to
ignore with their lacks of attention to the common people’s life.
When I am king, they shall not have bread and shelter only, but also
teachings out of books; for a full belly is little worth where the mind is
starved, and the heart. I will keep this diligently in my remembrance, that
this day’s lesson be not lost upon me, and my people suffer thereby; for
learning softeneth the heart and breedeth gentleness and charity (22).
From the quotation above, it can be seen that King Henry VIII ignores the
children in the Christ’s Church and their needs. This default is being criticized by
Mark Twain through Edward’s willingness to give his subjects’ needs.
He not only ignores his subjects’ needs, but also fails in maintaining the
justice of the English Laws. Mark Twain also criticizes the noblemen who ignore
the common people’s rights in the English Laws. The nobles forget that the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
83
common people also have the same rights in the English Laws. Therefore they
also seem to use the law to hunt down and give many types of injustices to the
common people. It causes many people feel disappointed with the English laws,
and they are forced to get into crime as in Mr. Yokel’s story (140). It also makes
the reign of King Henry VIII is considered as the reign of blood, as what expresses
by his own subjects (75) and the king is titled as a tyrant (76).
Mark Twain describes explicitly the reign of Edward VI in the conclusion
part (271) as a satire to those two reigns.
He gives a special touch to the
conclusion part by giving two subtitles, those are justice and retribution. He gives
the justice and retribution first to everyone who relates in his adventure. Edward
gives the title Earl of Kent to Miles Hendon (271) as what he has promised when
Miles takes his lashes: “Kings cannot ennoble thee, thou good, great soul, for One
who is higher than kings hath done that for thee; but a king can confirm thy
nobility to men.” He picked up the scourge from the ground, touched Hendon’s
bleeding shoulders lightly with it, and whispered, “Edward of England dubs thee
earl!” (228). King Edward also gives Mr Yokel, the farmer who is branded and
sold as a slave, a comfortable livelihood and recalls him from the troop of the
vagabond (271). The King also sets the old lawyer free from the prison and
restores his fine.
He does the same thing, which is giving the justice and
retribution, to other people.
Mark Twain describes that even Edward Tudor only rules in a short time,
but his reign inherits and teaches a great story with a lot of goodness of his reign.
“Yes, King Edward VI lived only a few years, poor boy, but he lived them
worthily” (274). He describes the reign of Edward’s reign as a merciful reign
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
84
between the harsh times. “The reign of Edward VI was a singularly merciful one
for those harsh times” (274). It is no wonder that Mark Twain uses the reign of
Edward as one of his ways to criticize the nobles’ life. Mark Twain, by saying
“the harsh times”, implicitly criticizes other reigns, especially the two reigns, the
previous and the next reign. He considers the previous reign, the reign of Henry
VIII, as the tyrannical reign (74). While, Mark Twain considers the next reign, the
reign of Mary, as the reign of bloody Mary (105).
Mark Twain also uses the character of Tom Canty to criticize the default of
the nobles in ignoring their duty as (the member of) the government. He criticizes
it by describing Tom Canty’s poor life. Mark Twain implicitly criticizes the
nobles because the nobles ignore their responsibility to the common people’s life
and rights. The nobles forget that as the king’s subjects the common people also
have the rights to have a good life. They ignore to give attention to the poor
neighbourhoods; one example is in Offal Court, where Tom Canty lives. The
nobles forget to improve the social and economic condition of the common people,
which is very apprehensive (3). Moreover, Mark twain describes that even the
common people do not have a safety and comfortably life. “Drunkenness, riot,
and brawling were the order there, every night and nearly all night long. Broken
heads were as common as hunger in that place” (4). The people suffer not only by
the limited food and clothes (15), but also by having limited rights.
Mark Twain also conveys his criticism through Tom’s opinion and speech,
while Tom Canty as king, after the death of the king, Henry VIII. Tom announces
that from that time the law of the king will be the law of mercy. “Then shall the
king’s law be law of mercy, from this day, and never more be law of blood!” (74).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
85
Mark Twain through Tom Canty’s speech implicitly would like to criticize the
previous reign, the reign of Henry VIII, and regards this reign as a reign which full
of cruelty, that he calls it as a reign of blood.
b. Interfering the Church
In the novel, through Prince Edward’s adventure Mark Twain criticizes
again the greatest nobleman in the Kingdom, King Henry VIII. Woodward in his
book states that Henry VIII had separated the English church from Rome and
declared himself as the head of the English church in the 16th century. In the novel
he declares himself as the ‘Only Supreme Head in earth of the Church of England’.
In the sixteenth century, the church in England experienced so many kinds
of interference by the government. King Henry VIII and Queen Mary made some
policy related to the church. Kenneth O. Morgan (246-7) describes that Henry
VIII declared some Acts in his reign, which some of them affected the role of the
Roman Church in England.
Henry and Parliament finally threw off England’s allegiance to Rome in an
unsurpassed burst of revolutionary statute-marking: the Act of Annates
(1532), the Act of Appeals (1533), the Act of Supremacy (1534), the First
Act of Succession (1534), the Treasons Act (1534), and the Act against the
Pope’s Authority (1536). The act of Appeals proclaimed Henry VIII’s new
imperial status—all English jurisdiction, both secular and religious, now
sprang from the king—and abolished the pope’s right to decide English
ecclesiastical cases. The Act of Supremacy declared that the king of
England was supreme head of the Ecclesia Anglicana, or Church of
England—not the pope (1984).
Therefore, in the 16th century the nobles also had a strong influence in
political and social aspects that they could insert their influence in the government
policy in the religion aspect. Carrie’s England and Scotland in the Sixteenth
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
86
Century states about the Duke of Northumberland’s policy which arranged to
move English policy in a more Protestant direction. In Wikipedia’s Lady Jane
Grey, Henry VIII closed so many Catholic monasteries and divided the Church's
assets among his supporters, while it is no wonder that several Protestant nobles
had become wealthy because of the king’s policy.
While, Lockyer (127) states that Queen Mary in her effort in retaining the
Roman church in England, burned approximately three hundred men and women
who were accused of heresy against the Catholic church.
In the novel, Mark Twain inserts his criticism on the Prince Edward’s
adventure when the Prince meets the hermits (164). Henry VIII has done too far in
using his authority including in religion aspect. He closes so many churches. Then
because of it the hermit becomes crazy (167) and homeless and houseless (170).
That is why the hermit feels so vengeful to the King, even wants to kill everybody
who has a relation with the king, including the prince who apparently a pauper.
“His father wrought us evil, he destroyed us-and is gone down into the eternal
fires! Yes, down into the eternal fires! He escaped us-but it was God’s will, yes it
was God’s will, we must not repine. But he hath not escaped the fires, the
consuming, unpitying, remorseless fires-and they are everlasting!” (171).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter contains two subchapters, they are conclusion and suggestion.
The conclusion part consists of the answer of the two questions as stated in the
problem formulation. The suggestion part consists of two parts.
First is the
suggestion for future researcher(s) and the second is suggestion for
implementation of teaching learning process.
A. Conclusions
Based on the analysis, Tom Canty and Prince Edward Tudor are described
as two people who are look alike in physical appearance. Tom Canty and Prince
Edward are born on the same day, but different in the social context. Tom Canty
is born in a poor family, while Edward Tudor is born in a rich family. Mark Twain
also describes the character traits of the two main characters which are also
similar. Mark Twain describes Tom Canty and Prince Edward Tudor as a gentle,
mild mannered and kind people. Mark Twain also describes Tom Canty and
Prince Edward Tudor as two people who have similar great-curiosity and strong
will.
Based on the analysis, Tom Canty is described as a smart, intelligent and
brave boy. Tom Canty is also described as a person who is full of spirit and has
special talent in adapting himself to the condition of his neighbourhood, even in a
new neighbourhood. Tom Canty is not only described as a person who has a great
influence on other people surround him but also has willingness to learn
87
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
88
something. Tom Canty is described as a thoughtful, wise and helpful person, that
he becomes a problem-solver-boy in his society. Mark Twain describes Tom
Canty as an extremely honest person.
Mark Twain describes Prince Edward Tudor as a caring person and never
underestimates other people. Mark Twain describes Prince Edward as a tough,
thoughtful, wise and full of mercy. Mark Twain also describes Prince Edward as a
big-hearted person and has an objective point of view. Prince Edward is not only
described as a very generous and fair person, but also as a humble person.
This study also reveals the ways how Mark Twain criticizes the English
nobles’ life in the Sixteenth Century in The Prince and the Pauper through the
characters of Tom Canty and Prince Edward Tudor. Mark Twain criticizes nobles’
life style, nobles’ manner, nobles’ cruelty and nobles’ ways of governing. Mark
Twain uses some ways to convey his criticism on the nobles’ life through the two
main characters in this novel, Prince Edward Tudor and Tom Canty. First, Mark
Twain conveys his criticism on the nobles’ life through Prince Edward Tudor, one
of the main characters, a person who comes from the high-rank society; a
nobleman. Mark Twain uses four ways in delivering his criticism through Prince
Edward Tudor. First, he conveys his criticism on the nobles’ life in the 16th
Century through Prince Edward’s manner.
Second, he conveys his criticism
through Prince Edward’s opinion and speech. Third, he conveys his criticism
through Prince Edward’s adventure out of the palace. Fourth, he conveys his
criticism by describing the Reign of Edward VI.
Second, Mark Twain conveys his criticism on the nobles’ life in the 16th
century in The Prince and the Pauper through Tom Canty, one of the main
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
89
characters who comes from a low-rank society, a common people. Mark Twain
uses some ways in delivering his criticism through Tom Canty. He uses there kind
of ways. First, he conveys his criticism on the nobles’ life in the 16th Century
through Tom Canty’s poor life. Second, he conveys his criticism through Tom
Canty’s opinion and speech. Third, he conveys his criticism through Tom Canty’s
adventure in the palace.
Mark Twain’s The Prince and the Pauper criticizes the English laws in the
sixteenth century, both under the reign of Henry VIII, and the reign of Mary.
Many of the criticism are regarded to the final execution such as boiling to death,
beheaded or hanged, that violate the humanity, and also the inappropriate usage of
authority that interfere in religion aspect also.
B. Suggestions
1. Suggestion for Future Researcher (s)
For other readers or researchers who conduct a study on the same novel,
this study can be used as a reference. So, other researchers who will conduct a
literary study can use the result of this study as the consideration in the future
works in literature. The future researcher can use the data of English culture
during 16th century if he or she is interested in exploring the novels which has
strong influence from English culture. The future researcher can also use historical
approach to compare the real history to the story in the novel because Mark Twain
wrote this novel based on the history of England.
2. Suggestion for the Teaching Reading II Using Literary Work
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
90
A novel as one of literary work can be used as an instrument to teach a
language since it has some benefits. First, learning a language through literary
works is apart of appreciating literature. Second, literature with its evidence of
vocabulary usage and syntax will increase language skills, including linguistic
knowledge. Third, literature can help us to learn a culture as it is closely related to
language. Rahmanto says that literature can be used in education as a means to
improve language skills and the culture knowledge, to develop thoughts and
feelings, and to help personality development (16-25).
Teachers may also consider some criteria as what Lazar proposes. First,
the teacher needs to know the students’ cultural background. A teacher needs to
pay attention to since it their cultural background will provide them with important
insight and understanding of the students’ cultural differences.
Second, the teacher should consider the students’ linguistic proficiency.
When the students get a text with a higher level of their linguistic proficiency, they
will get dressed, reluctant, annoyed, and feel difficult. Therefore, the teacher will
also difficult in giving assignment to the students. Accordingly, the teacher should
choose a text considering their linguistic proficiency.
Next, the teacher needs to know the students’ literary background. Some
students who accustomed to some kinds of literary works, will be easier to
understand a literary works.
Fourth, the teacher is supposed to know the availability of the texts. A
teacher needs to consider whether the amount of the books in the library is
sufficient for the students or not. Besides, how much effort students need to get
the books becomes one of the considerations.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
91
Next, the teacher also has to consider the length of the texts. Concerning
the time limitation, a teacher also should estimates the length of the texts. When
the text is quite long, teacher will run out of the time. In contradictory, teacher
needs to manage the time effectively.
The last, in implementing the text in the classroom, it would be better for a
teacher to conceive how that can be exploited.
Some students might think that implementing literature in teaching and
learning English is less practical if it is compared with other English subjects, such
as structure and writing. This is possible for us to make them realize that literature
teaches us the human values in general, which they tell will not be able to get from
the other subjects, besides literature enables us to learn other skills, for example
reading skill.
I would like to suggest Mark Twain’s novels, as he taught a lot about
human values. He gave understanding on reality, and he asked us to appreciate
people as they are from certain social or education backgrounds.
I choose reading skill since reading is the most important skill as what has
written by Paulston and Bruder, “reading is the most important skill for most
students in the audio-lingual tradition of language teaching” (157). After all one
thing that is important in reading is keep reading without being worried about
unfamiliar words. Students can catch the main idea although they may not know
the meaning of some words. Students should not be worry about all the words
which they do not understand as long as they get the major outline of the reading
(Paulston and Bruder 202). The important thing is keep them reading.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
92
The teacher has to select the appropriate novel which is acceptable for the
students
The teacher should give enjoyable and comfortable environment so that the
students can relax in teaching learning activities. If the students are really exciting
with the teaching learning activities, they will motivate themselves to learn. The
teacher can encourage the students to express their ideas by their own
interpretation after they read the novel. The important thing is the students are
able to comprehend the whole context of the passage. There are various ways of
teaching reading, and it is not only mastering vocabulary, but also interpreting the
idea of the novel. Here, I use a novel as the subject of teaching reading. There are
various novels, such as simple novel with simple plot of the stories.
In the reading implementation for the English teaching and learning, there
are some procedures a teacher needs to follow:
1. The teacher chooses a certain part from the novel as the reading materials.
2.
The teacher gives the reading materials and handouts to the students.
3. The teacher asks the students some pre-reading questions orally to arise
their interests on the topic.
4. The teacher asks the students to read individually the reading materials and
gives the time limit to read.
5. The teacher asks the students to answer the given comprehension questions
based on the students’ understanding on the text.
6. The teacher and the students discuss the answers of comprehension
questions together.
7. The teacher divides the class into some groups that consist of four students.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
93
8. The teacher asks the students to discuss the difficult words and unclear
things within their group
9. The teacher and the students discuss the meaning of the difficult words
Therefore, the students are able to develop their understanding skill
through reading, as it needs a creativity to build a mind of well understanding of
certain passage or materials.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abrams, MH. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Forth Worth: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich College Publisher, 1981.
Baldick, Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1991.
Black, Jeremy. A New History of England. London: Oxford University Press,
2000.
Carter, George, M. A. Outlines of English History. London: The Educational
Supply Association Ltd., 1953.
Chrimes, S.B. English Constitutional History. London: Oxford University Press,
1953.
Henkle, Roger. B. Reading the Novel: An Understanding to Techniques of
Interpreting Fiction. New York: Harper & Row Publisher, 1977.
Kenney, William P. How to Read and Write about Fiction. New York: ARCO.,
1988.
Lazar, Gillian. Literature and Language Teaching : A Guide for Teachers and
Trainers. New York: Cambridge University Press.1993
Lockyer, Roger. Tudor and Stuart Britain 1471 – 1714. London: Longmans, Green
and co. ltd., 1964.
Morgan, Kenneth O. The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1984.
Paulston, Christina and Mary Bruder. Teaching English as a Second Language.
Boston: Brown and Co.1976.
Rahmanto, B. Metode Pengajaran Sastra. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. 1988.
Robert, Edgard V. and Henry F. Jacobs. Fiction: An Introduction to Reading and
Writing. New York: Prentice Hall, 1989.
Rohrberger, Mary and Samuel H. Woods, Jr. Reading and writing about literature.
New York: Random House, Inc., 1971.
Stanton, Robert. An Introduction to Fiction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, Inc., 1965.
94
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
95
Twain, Mark. The Prince and the Pauper. New York: PF. Collier and Son
Company, 1882.
Tregidgo, P.S. A Background to English. London: Longman Group Limited, 1962.
Woodward, E.L. History of England. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1947.
Electronic Sources:
Carrie. England and Scotland in the Sixteenth Century. Chapter 16. 12 February
2007. <http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/16.html>
Christmon, Charlene, Mario Hunter, and Raquel Nash. Banquets and Feasts. 12
February 2007. <http://www.springfield.k12.il.us/schools/springfield/eliz/
Banquetsandfeasts.html>
Christmon, Charlene, Mario Hunter, and Raquel Nash. Fashions: Women and
Men. 12 February 2007. <http://www.springfield.k12.il.us/schools/
springfield/eliz/fashionwm.html>
Contemporary Authors Online. The Gale Group. 1999. Samuel Langhorne
Clemens (1835-1910). 26 October 2006. <http://people.brandeis.
edu/~teuber/twainbio.html>
Critic. 4 October 2006. <http://en.wikipedia.orgwikiCritic>
Food in England Since 1066 – A Vegetarian Evolution?. History of Vegetarianism.
12
February
2007.
<http://www.ivu.org/history/
renaissance/victorian.html>
Greenberg. Men's and Women's Work Clothing: A Portfolio of Image. 12
February 2007. <http://www.uvm.edu/~hag/sca/work/index.html>
Halsall, Paul. Chapter VI: Of The Food And Diet Of The English. August 1998. 20
February
2007.
<http://www.fordham.eduhalsallmod1577harrisonengland.html>
Halsall, Paul. Chapter VIII: Of The Manner Of Building And Furniture Of Our
Houses. August 1998. 20 February 2007. <http://www.fordham.
eduhalsallmod1577harrison-england.html>
Halsall, Paul. Chapter IX: Of Provision Made For The Poor. August 1998. 20
February
2007.
<http://www.fordham.eduhalsallmod1577harrisonengland.html>
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
96
King Henry VIII. 10 June 2007. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_
England>
Lady_Jane_Grey. 15 November 2006. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Jane_
Grey>
Mary Tudor I. 10 June 2007. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England>
McCroskey, Kent. English Occupation. 10 June 2007. <http://home.snu.edu/~
dwilliam/f97projects/ireland/EnglishOccupation.html>
“Monarchy”. Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2005. 1993-2004 Microsoft
Corporation. 3 March 2007.
Nobility. 10 June 2007. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility>
Poor in Elizabethan England. 20 February 2007. <http://www.historylearningsite.
co.uk/poor_in_elizabethan_england.html>
Queen ‘Bloody’ Mary. English Bible History. 10 June 2007. <http://www.
greatsite.com/timeline-english-bible-history/queen-mary-html>
Spruiell, Vann, M.D. and Sander M. Abend, M.D. Theory of Character. 27
September
2006.
<http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=apa.
031.0211a>
Twain’s
children.
Mark
Twain
Biography.
<http://www.hannibal.net/twain/biography/html>
26
October
2006.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
APPENDICES
Appendix A
A. Mark Twain’s Biography
Samuel Langhorne Clemens
1835 - 1910
Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens on 30 November 1835,
in Florida. Clemens was the sixth child of John Marshall Clemens, a lawyer, and
Jane Lampton Clemens. In 1839, the family moved to nearby Hannibal, Mo.,
where in this small river town Clemens spent his boyhood years. He married
Olivia Langdon on 2 February 1870 and had four children; Langdon, Olivia Susan,
Clara, Jean Lampton.
As a writer, Mark Twain is known as one of America's truly unique and
defining personalities. His ability to tap into American culture and humor gave
him an invaluable insight in his writings and speeches. Known for his realism,
memorable characters, bluntness and hatred of hypocrisy and oppression, Twain is
97
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
98
definitely one of the most recognizable figures in American history.
He started his career as he worked as printer's apprentice and typesetter to
Joseph Ament, who published the Missouri Courier in Hannibal, MO, in 1848
after his father’s death. In 1851, he worked as typesetter and contributing sketches
to his brother Orion's Hannibal Journal. During the next two years, he continued at
the Journal and became an editor. Even, some of his sketches got published in the
Philadelphia Saturday Evening Post in 1852.
In 1857, Clemens headed to New Orleans. He met steamboat pilot Horace
Bixby who accepted him as an apprentice. Clemens spent the next two years as a
cub pilot, and received his pilot's license in 1859. Clemens also had an experience
as a secretary and government worker in Nevada when Abraham Lincoln was in
charge as a USA President.
In 1863 he began signing his articles with the pseudonym Mark Twain, a
Mississippi River phrase meaning "two fathoms deep". In the next year, Twain
started to work for the Morning Call, a local paper, in San Fransico, as a reporter
and was the Pacific correspondent for the Territorial Enterprise and stayed for four
year in San Francisco. Twain worked for a variety of publications over the next
few years and met American writers Artemus Ward and Bret Harte, who would
encourage and help him in his writings.
Then, in 1866 he took a job as a
correspondent for the Sacramento Union.
In 1867, Twain lectured in New York City, and started the big part of his
life. Twain wrote "The Innocents Abroad" (1869) taking from his own
experiences. The book was a great success, but a bigger personal success awaited
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
99
Twain. In 1870, he married Olivia (Livy) Langdon and began their life in Buffalo,
New York, before they moved to Hartford, Connecticut. After his marriage, his
life became more stable but still very active and continued his writing career.
In the decade to come, Twain wrote his most well-known books and during
the next 20 years Twain's family and fame would both grow. He wrote "Roughing
It" (1872) that contains recounts of his early adventures as a miner and journalist;
"The Gilded Age" (1874) his first non-fiction book; "The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer" (1876) celebrates boyhood in a small Mississippi River town; "A Tramp
Abroad" (1880) describes Twains adventures through Germany and the Alps; "The
Prince and the Pauper" (1882), a children's book; "Life on the Mississippi" (1883)
Twain's recollections of his experiences as a river boat pilot and his memories of a
visit back to the area more than two decades later; "A Connecticut Yankee in King
Arthur's Court" (1889) a satirical look at feudal England.
Many of Twain's works were tied to his own experiences. He wrote "Life
of the Mississippi", "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and his most famous book
"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1884) that were tied to his experience of
his childhood in Hannibal.
In the last years of his life after the death of his oldest daughter and his
wife, Mark Twain moved to Redding, Conn., and spent his time in a home he
called Stormfield.
However, the house would not bring Clemens luck.
His
youngest daughter, Jean, suffered from epilepsy and she died of a seizure at
Stormfield. He was decimated by the passing of Jean. He grieved by writing about
her passing, "The Death of Jean”.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
100
Twain's health failed him after Jean's death. On 21 April 1910, he sank
into a coma, his heart failed and he died in his bed. Samuel Clemens died at age
74 and was buried next to his wife and children at Woodlawn Cemetery, in Elmira,
N.Y. At the same time of Twain's death, Halley's Comet reappeared in the April
skies. Twain often said the he would "go out with the comet.” Remarkably, his
prediction came true. He was known and respected throughout the world as a
humorist during his life, and since his death, his reputation has only grown. Today,
Mark Twain is known as a great writer as well as a humorist and American icon
(http://www.hannibal.net/twain/biography)
B. Plot Summary
Mark Twain’s The Prince and The Pauper tells a story of two young boys
who were born on the same day and very similar in physical appearance, but lived
in different social background. The Prince, Edward Tudor, lived in an extremely
rich family. On the other hand, Tom Canty lived in a very poor family.
Tom Canty lived in a poor neighbourhood in Offal Court, out off Pudding
Lane. He is the only son of a beggar and thief, John Canty. Different from Tom
Canty, Prince Edward Tudor lived in a rich family, might be the richest family in
England, because he is the son of King Henry VIII, the King of England. Tom
always dreamt to meet the real prince. He met Father Andrew who taught him
Latin and told him about the life of royal families. His imagination and his ability
led him to be able to copy the lesson from father Andrew, and he began to talk and
behave as the way the royals talk and behave.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
101
His desire to meet real Prince led him traveled so far out of his place and
met Prince Edward. After, passing their interesting conversation, Tom and Prince
Edward decided to exchange their position and experience the life of each other.
Finally, Tom could feel the life in the palace.
Even later he met some
inappropriate thing such as some punishment that violate the humanity; for
example, the final execution of boiling to death, beheaded or hanged.
On the other hand, Edward’s life outside the palace was really tough,
especially because he was not used to poverty and inconveniences. His
stubbornness of keep introducing himself as the Prince of Wales, the King’s son,
only led him to get mocking from the public. His ‘adventure’ outside the palace,
apart from getting himself some troubles also helped him to learn that there were
loads of injustices on the English laws authorized by his late father, King Henry
VIII.
Fortunately, in his hard journey, King Edward met a kind person, Miles
Hendon, who protected him in his journey. Edward met the vagabonds; consist of
beggars, thieves, robbers, slaves, deceiver, and etc. Therefore he realized the life
of his own subjects, since he was in the Christ’s church. In this gang he realizes
what the law had done to them. They got injustices from the law, and it also
happened to the lawyer that he met in prison. The Prince realized that his father
has done too far in using his authority including in religion aspect, as he met the
hermit who attempted to kill him. King Henry VIII separated the English church
from the Rome.
“The Prince and the Pauper” was satirizing the English laws in the
sixteenth century, not only under the reign of Henry VIII, but also the reign of
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
102
Mary. Many of the criticism are regarded to the final execution such as boiling to
death, beheaded or hanged, that violate the humanity, and also the in appropriate
usage of authority that interfere in religion aspect also.
C. Pictures
1. King Henry VIII (1491 - 1547)
Born
Birthplace
Died
known as
: 28 June 1491
: Greenwich, England
: 28 January 1547
: The king with six wives
Henry VIII is one of the most famous and
controversial kings of England. His fickle
passions and demand for a male heir led him to
marry six different women. (Two of those
wives, Anne Boleyn and Katharine Howard,
were executed on his order.) Henry's divorce
from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, led to
http://home.earthlink.net/~elis
his split with the Catholic Church and set the
ale/queenmary.html
stage for the English Reformation and for
religious battles which lasted for centuries.
(It also led to his famous clash with Sir Thomas More, who was tried for treason
and executed.) Henry VIII was the father of Elizabeth I, who became one of
England's most powerful and longest-reigning monarchs. Henry is also known for
his great girth; his obesity probably contributed to his death at age 56. He was
succeeded by his son, Edward VI, born to Jane Seymour.
(http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-viii?cat=entertainment)
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
103
2. King Edward Tudor VI(1537 - 53)
Born
Birthplace
Died
: 12 October 1537
: Hampton Court Palace, London, England
: 6 July 1553
Edward VI became King of England and Ireland on
28 January 1547, at just nine years of age. Edward,
the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, was the
third monarch of the Tudor dynasty and England's
first ruler who was Protestant at the time of his
ascension to the throne. Edward's entire rule was
mediated through a council of regency as he never
reached majority. The council was first led by his
uncle, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (1547
-49), and then by John Dudley, 1st Duke of
Northumberland (1549-1553).
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England)
http://home.earthlink.net
/~elisale/edward.html
3. Queen Mary I (1516 - 1558)
Born
Birthplace
Died
known as
: 18 February 1516
: Palace of Placentia, Greenwich,
London, England
: 17 November 1558
: The ‘Bloody’ Mary
Mary I also known as Mary Tudor, was Queen
of England and Queen of Ireland from 6 July
1553 (de facto) or 19 July 1553 (de jure) until
her death on 17 November 1558.Mary, the
fourth monarch of the Tudor dynasty, after Jane
Grey and before Elizabeth I, is remembered for
briefly returning England to Roman
Catholicism. To this end, she had almost three
hundred religious dissenters executed; as a
http://home.earthlink.net/~elisal
consequence, she is often known as Bloody
e/queenmary.html
Mary. Her reestablishment of Roman
Catholicism was reversed by her successor
and half-sister, Elizabeth I (1558–1603). Mary and Elizabeth were both first
cousins once-removed of Mary, Queen of Scots, granddaughter of their aunt
Margaret Tudor.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England)
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
D. Family Trees
THE TUDORS
Henry VII, King of England 1485-1509
Arthur
Henry VIII, King of England 1509-47
Margaret
Married, James IV
of Scotland
Mary
THE STUARTS
Jane Grey
Mary I
Queen of
England 15531558
(By Catherine
of Aragon)
Elizabeth I
Queen of
England 15581603
(By Anne
Boleyn)
Edward VIII
King of England
1547-1553
(By Jane
Seymour)
James V
Mary Stuart
James I (VI of Scotland)
King of England 1603-1625
104
Married, Guilford
Dudley, son of the
Duke of
Northumberland
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Appendix B
LESSON PLAN
Subject
: Extensive Reading II
Skill
: Reading
Level
: 4th Semester of English Language Education Study
Program
Topic
: The Birth of the Prince and the Pauper
Material
: Chapter I, page 1-2
Time Allocation
: 1 meeting @ 2 x 50 minutes
Activities:
Basic
Achievement
Learning
Competencies
Indicators
Experiences
-The students are
able to get
At the end of
complete and
the
detailed
discussions,
understanding of
the students are the passage.
expected to be -The students are
able to
able to answer the
understand the questions based on
the passage.
passage and
improve their
-Give opinions
reading skills
concerning the
passage
Reading
Materials
Form Of
Evaluation
-The teacher gives
-Handout
-discussion
the stimulus about
- Chapter I, - students’
the topic today.
page 1-2
participation
-The teacher gives
guided questions to
the students.
-The students answer
the guided questions
given by the teacher.
-The teacher
distributes the
reading passage The
Birth of the Prince
and the Pauper
-The students read
the reading passage
The Birth of the
Prince and the
Pauper
105
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
106
-The students answer
the comprehension
question based on the
reading passage The
Birth of the Prince
and the Pauper
-The teacher and the
students discuss the
answer of the
comprehension
questions together.
-The students do the
vocabulary task
The teacher and the
students discuss the
answers of the
vocabulary task
together.
Sources
Twain, Mark. The Prince and the Pauper. New York: PF. Collier and Son
Company, 1882.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Appendix C
Pre- reading Questions
1. What is your opinion about living on poor community?
2. What will you do if you find yourself on a rich community?
A. Read the following text carefully!
THE BIRTH OF THE PRINCE AND THE PAUPER
In the ancient city of London, on a certain autumn day in the second quarter of the
sixteenth century, a boy was born to a poor family of the name of Canty, who did
not want him. On the same day another English child was born to a rich family of
the name of Tudor, who did want him. All England wanted him too. England had
so longed for him, and hoped for him, and prayed god for him, that, now that he
was really come, the people went nearly mad of joy. Mere acquaintances hugged
and kissed each other and cried. Everybody took a holiday, and high and low, rich
and poor, feasted and danced and sang, and got very mellow; and they kept this up
for days and nights together. By day, London was a sight to see, with gay banners
waving from every balcony and housetop, and splendid pageants marching along.
By night, it was again a sight to see, with its great bonfires at every corner, and its
troops of revelers making merry around them. There was no talk in all England
but of the new baby, Edward Tudor, Prince of Wales, who lay lapped in silks and
satins, unconscious of this fuss, not knowing that great lords and ladies were
tending him and watching over him-and not caring either. But there was no talk
about the other baby, Tom Canty, lapped in his poor rags, except among the family
of the paupers whom he had just come to trouble with his presence.
107
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
108
Comprehension question
1. Could you tell the setting of the story above?
2. Why many people are happy with the born of Edward Tudor?
3. Could you describe how the people express their happiness?
4. Could you compare the social background of the two main characters,
Prince Edward Tudor and Tom Canty?
Vocabulary Task
Find the meaning of the words below!
1. Feast
:
6. Mellow
:
2. Banner
:
7. Splendid
:
3. Pageant
:
8. Lapped
:
4. Pauper
:
9. Acquaintances:
5. Reveler
:
10. Rag
Post – Reading Questions
a. What is the topic of this novel?
b. What is the setting of The Prince and the Pauper?
c. Which one of the two main characters do you like? Why?
d. Do you think this novel is interesting?
: