News 8 Friday, Jan. 31, 2014
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REGIME CHANGE
REVOLUTION IN
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
Thirty-five years ago Saturday,
the Ayatollah Khomeini returned
to Iran after 14 years of exile and
set the country on a path to
become an Islamic Republic.
THE SHAH
JANUARY 1963
The shah launches the “white revolution,”
an aggressive campaign of land reform
and social and economic modernization
much disliked by religious fundamentalists.
1978
1979
MOHAMMAD REZA PAHLAVI
Born Oct. 26, 1919
In 1951, the newly elected
prime minister of Iran
announced a plan to
nationalize the country’s oil
industry. In response, the
CIA and British Intelligence
engineered a coup that
installed the shah, a
Western-friendly member
of Iran’s royal family.
LATE 1960s
The shah becomes increasingly
dependent on a secret police force
called SAVAK to harass, torture and
execute those critical of his programs.
SEPT. 8 The shah’s policies have alienated the Islamic clergy,
and his heavy-handed rule has led to public demonstrations and
strikes. The shah declares martial law. Troops kill 88 protesters.
NOV. 6 The shah tells a nationwide TV audience, “I have heard
the voice of your revolution.” However, his prime minister begins
a new round of enforcement of martial law the next day.
JAN. 16 Under increasing pressure,
the Shah and his family flee the country.
FEB. 1 Five million people line the streets of Tehran to
greet Khomeini upon his return after 14 years of exile.
FEB. 11 The shah’s royal prime minister
goes into hiding as the government collapses.
APRIL 1 After a public referendum to rename the country
the Islamic Republic of Iran passes with 98.2 percent of the
vote, Khomeini hails the first day of “the government of God.”
OCT. 22 The shah is allowed to enter the U.S. for treatment of cancer.
OCT. 24 A new constitution is approved via referendum. It
takes effect in December. Khomeini is appointed supreme leader.
Despite support from the
U.S. and U.S. oil interests,
Iranians resented meddling
in their country’s affairs. It
didn’t help matters when
the shah proved to be a
ruthless leader who used
brutal tactics against his
political opponents.
NOV. 4 Islamic students storm
the U.S. embassy in Tehran, taking
American officials and employees
hostage. They demand extradition
of the shah to face trial in Iran.
Khomeini applauds their actions.
NOV. 6 Iran’s interim prime
minister and his Cabinet resign in
protest of the hostage seizure.
By 1978, the shah’s health
was failing and his subjects
were fed up with his rule.
NOV. 19-20 Thirteen of the
American hostages are released,
leaving 53 in captivity.
THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
THE AYATOLLAH
RUHOLLAH KHOMEINI
Born Sept. 24, 1902
THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
1980
A fundamentalist Shiite
Muslim leader, Khomeini
emerged in Iranian politics
when a law was proposed
that would allow women to
vote and non-Muslims to
run for office. The law
failed to pass, but Khomeini
was jailed for his vocal
opposition to the shah and
his Westernization plan.
JAN. 25 Abolhassan Bani-Sadr is elected
the first president of the Islamic Republic.
APRIL 7 The U.S. severs diplomatic ties to Iran and imposes sanctions. Iran
begins using the embassy as a training ground for the Revolutionary Guard Corps.
APRIL 24-25 A mission by the U.S. military to rescue
the hostages ends in disaster when two aircraft collide
during a sandstorm. Eight U.S. soldiers die in the attempt.
JUNE 12 Khomeini orders the formation of a university jihad
to begin the “Islamization” of the country’s education system.
JULY 11 One American who has multiple
sclerosis is released, leaving 52 hostages.
JULY 27 The shah dies of cancer in Egypt.
In 1964, he was deported to
Turkey. He spent 13 years
living in Najaf, Iraq, teaching at an Islamic school and
cultivating an image as a
populist leader.
AUG. 28 Amnesty International appeals to Iran to end
bloodshed, citing at least 1,000 post-revolution executions.
SEPT. 22 With the backing of the U.S. and its allies, Iraq’s Saddam Hussein
launches an attack against Iran. The Iran-Iraq war will last for eight years.
1981
The shah put pressure on
Iraq to silence Khomeini, so
the ayatollah moved to
Paris for a year before his
triumphant return to Iran.
JAN. 20 Hours after Ronald Reagan succeeds Jimmy Carter as U.S.
president, the American hostages are released after 444 days in captivity.
JUNE 21 The Iranian parliament votes to impeach
Bani-Sadr. He flees to France a month later.
THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Sources: Jimmy Carter Library & Museum, The United States Institute of Peace, The History Channel, The Biography Channel, The BBC, PBS, Al-Jazeera
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