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Unit 2 Notes: Chemistry for Earth Science
Matter - _____________________________________________________________________
Element - ____________________________________________________________________
• There is a list of ALL of ‘em. It’s called the ___________________________________
• All matter is made of ______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
• Modern Atomic Theory
• __________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
• Much of what scientists know about the atom is based on ____________________
because atoms are too small to be observed directly
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Unit 2 Notes: Chemistry for Earth Science
• Atomic Structure
• Atoms are made of:
Particle
Symbol
Charge
Location
• ___________________ are much smaller than protons or neutrons. The
___________ of the atom comes from the ______________.
• All Periodic Tables give the following basic information:
This information can help you determine the structure of the atom.
• Atomic number = _________________________________________________
• The atomic number also tells you __________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
• Atoms that have ______________________electrons than they do ________
are called __________
• The atomic number also tells you __________________________________
because no two elements have the same atomic number
• Mass number = _____________________________________________________
______________________________
• Average atomic mass = _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
• This number is most often not a _________________ because of
__________ - __________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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Unit 2 Notes: Chemistry for Earth Science
• Example – Isotopes of Carbon
• There are _____ different isotopes.
• Carbon-12 has ___ protons and ___ neutrons ________________
• It is the most common at 99%.
• Carbon-14 has ___ protons and ___ neutrons ________________
• It is often used to determine the age of fossils.
• Radioactive Isotopes
• Some isotopes are _________________________________________
_________________________ (can be ___________________ or
______________________________
• They may release _________________________________________
• They may be used to _______________________________________
• To determine:
• Number of protons: _____________________________________________
• Number of electrons:
• In a neutral atom: _________________________________________
• In a positive ion: __________________________________________
• In a negative ion: __________________________________________
• Number of neutrons: ____________________________________________
_________________________________________
• Electrons
• The electrons in an atom ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
• Electron Cloud = ____________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________
• Electrons orbit in _____________________________ - concentric spherical
regions of space around the nucleus
• Electrons orbit the _________________________________________. Higher
orbits require the electrons to have _____________________________, because
the electrons are resisting the pulls of the positively charged nucleus.
• Electrons in an atom’s outermost energy level are called _____________________
_____________. (These electrons most directly affect a substance’s properties.)
• The other electrons are called __________________________________________
_________________________________________.
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Unit 2 Notes: Chemistry for Earth Science
• Electron energy levels are numbered (1, 2, 3 ….) and are further segmented into
________________ (s, p, d, and f)
• Lower energy levels are closer to the nucleus.
• Higher energy levels can hold more electrons and have more sublevels.
• The organization of the Periodic Table reflects the __________________________
_____________________________________.
• Families of elements have similar _________________________________
and the same number of ______________________________.
• The diagram shows the final orbital present in each element and how it
influences the shape of the Periodic Table.
• Organization of the Periodic Table
• The Periodic Table is in order of increasing atomic number, which is increasing
number of protons and electrons (neutral atoms)
• Hydrogen: 1, Helium: 2
• Lithium: 3; Beryllium: 4 and so on
• Lithium starts a new Period – Horizontal row on the Periodic Table.
• Hydrogen and helium have electrons in their first energy level only. New
energy level equals new period.
• Lithium through neon have electrons in their second energy level.
• Sodium begins the third energy level.
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Unit 2 Notes: Chemistry for Earth Science
• Group ( also known as Family) – Vertical column on the Periodic Table.
• Numbered from left to right, 1 through 18
• Groups will have the same number of valence electrons (main group
elements)
• Groups will have similar chemical properties because of their similar
electron configurations.
• Three Classifications of Elements
• Metals – ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
• Most metals have ___________ valence electrons
• ___________ except for _______________ which is a liquid
• Most elements are metals
• Nonmetals – ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
• Most nonmetals have ___________________ valence electrons
• Some are _________, one is a liquid ___________
• __________________________________________________ are nonmetals
• Metalloids – ________________________________________________________
____________________
• ________________ that are found along the ____________________
• Includes ___________________________________
• _____________________________________
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Unit 2 Notes: Chemistry for Earth Science
• Differences in three classes rely on how the electrons are arranged in an atom
• In metals, electrons are ______________; they are free to move in the solid
metal and easily lost ______________
• In nonmetals and metalloids, electrons are ___________________________
• In compounds and chemical reactions, metals _________ valence electrons;
nonmetals _______________ valence electrons
• Groups of Elements
• Main Group Elements – (_____________________) have stable electron
configurations.
• **Transition Metals: __________________
• **Inner Transition Metals: ____________________________
• Alkali Metals: ______________________________________
• __________ valence electron
• ___________________, so much so that these elements are not seen alone in
nature
• More reactive going down the group
• ____________________________________________
• Alkaline Earth Metals: ___________________________________
• ___________ valence electrons
• ______________________________________________________ still not
found alone in nature
• More reactive going down the group
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Unit 2 Notes: Chemistry for Earth Science
• Boron Group: _______________________________
• _____________ valence electrons
• Reactivity and properties vary
• ________________________
• The others are all ________________
• Carbon Group: ________________________________
• _________ valence electrons
• Reactivity and properties vary
• ____________________________
• _____________________________________
• ______________________________
• Nitrogen Group: _______________________________
• ________ valence electrons
• Reactivity and properties vary
• ___________________________________
• ___________________________________
• _______________________
• Oxygen Group: _________________________
• _________valence electrons
• _____________________ than Group 15
• ________________________________________
• __________________________________
• Halogens: _____________________________
• __________valence electrons
• _________________________ than Group 16, considered ______________
• ____________________________________________________
• _____________________________________
• Noble Gases: ___________________________________
• _________ valence electrons (except for ____________________)
• _____________________________ because their outer energy level is
___________________________
• **Transition Elements – (_________________) generally have variable electron
configurations; electrons can move between d and p sub-levels; also called the
outer transition elements.
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Unit 2 Notes: Chemistry for Earth Science
• Reactivity varies from ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________
• Used to make _________ (mixtures of metals and sometimes other
elements)
• Small amounts of transition metals in certain minerals produce ___________
__________________________________________________
• **Inner Transition Elements – (formerly “Rare Earth Elements”)
• Many are _________________
• Many are ________________
• Most are ________________ and break down quickly
• Lanthanides – ____________ is the most abundant
• Actinides – _______________ is the most well-known
• Elements __________________________________________________
• Compounds - ___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
• Molecule - ________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
• A molecule is made up of ________________________________________,
usually ____________________________________________.
• Molecules can be a simple as __________________________ or as complex
as __________________________________.
• Compounds are represented by ___________________________ and
____________________________ that are unique to the compound
• Chemical formulae consist of ____________________________________ that
make up the compound and __________________that represent the ___________
______________________________
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Unit 2 Notes: Chemistry for Earth Science
• Compounds may also have ___________________________________
• Compounds do not __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
• Example: _____________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
• Sodium: _________________________________________________
• Chloride: ________________________________________________
• The combination of these two elements produces a _______________
______________________ that is edible and necessary for life
• How Do Atoms Bond?
• Atoms bond when their _______________________________________________
• Atoms in bonds generally have a full +_______set of valence electrons because
that makes them more stable______. In most cases, each atom will end up with
8electron_________s in their outermost energy level. (Octet Rule_______)
• The type of bond that forms depends on __________________________________
• Three Types of Chemical Bonds
• Metallic Bond - ________________________________________________
__________________________________________
• Electrons ____________________________________
• Substances with metallic bonds ______________________________
• Only found in ____________________________________________
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Unit 2 Notes: Chemistry for Earth Science
• Ionic Bond - ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________
• Electrons are ______________________ from the _______________
___________________________ to the ________________________
____________________
• Substances with ionic bonds _________________________________
_________________
• Solids are ____________________
• Form _______________ of molecules (_______________)
• Found in compounds that contain _____________________________
• ____________________________________
• Remember: Ions are usually _________________ that have a charge.
_______________
• __________ are groups of ____________________________ atoms that
have an overall charge
• Covalent Bond – _______________________________________________
__________________________________________
• ________ of electrons are __________________
• ___________________________ of electrons can be shared
• Substances with covalent bonds ______________________________
• Solids are ___________________________
• Found in compounds that ___________________________________
• Some atoms that are covalently bonded ________________________
______________________
• The electrons are _____________________ to one atom than
the other.
• These are called __________________________________
• _________________is a substance that has this type of bond
• The polar covalent bonds are responsible for _______________
___________________________________________________
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Unit 2 Notes: Chemistry for Earth Science
• It also determines ____________________________________
___________________________________________________
• All matter falls into ______________________________________________:
_________________________________
• Pure substance: _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
• ______________________________________________________
• Two types of pure substances: _____________________________
• Mixture: ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
• ______________________________________________________
• ______________________________________________________
• Examples: _____________________________________
• Two types of mixture: ___________________________________
• Homogeneous mixture: ______________________________
_________________________________________________
• Examples: _________________________________
• Solution: _____________________________________
_____________________________________________
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Unit 2 Notes: Chemistry for Earth Science
• Consists of the solute (____________________
____________) and the solvent (____________
_______________________________________
_______________________)
• Heterogeneous mixture: _____________________________
_________________________________________________
• Examples: _________________________________
• Suspension: __________________________________
_____________________________________________
• Colloid: _____________________________________
____________________________________________
• Kinetic Theory and States of Matter
• States of Matter
• ___________
• ___________
• ___________
• Plasma - ______________________________________________
• Kinetic Theory of Matter
• ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• In solids, ______________________________________________
• In liquids, _____________________________________________
• In gases, ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• Thermal energy - _______________________________________
• ____________________ is a measure of thermal energy
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Unit 2 Notes: Chemistry for Earth Science
• A thermometer measures temperature because the liquid
inside (usually _____________) _______________________
in response to the __________________________________
• Absolute zero is the temperature where _________________
_______________________________ = ________________
• Scientists have come close to this temperature, but
never reached it
• ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• Solids have _______________________________________
• Liquids __________________________________________
__________________________
• Gases ____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
__________________________
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Unit 2 Notes: Chemistry for Earth Science
• Changes of State
•
•
•
•
•
Evaporation (Vaporization) - ______________________________
Condensation - _________________________________________
Freezing - _____________________________________________
Melting - ______________________________________________
Sublimation - __________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• Deposition - ___________________________________________
• These occur at the same temperature, depending on ____________
___________________________:
• ________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________
• Melting, boiling, and subliming are ____________________:
______________________________________________________
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Unit 2 Notes: Chemistry for Earth Science
• Freezing, condensing, and deposting are ___________________:
______________________________________________________
• Latent heat - ___________________________________________
_________________________
• Heat of Fusion: ____________________________________
_______________________
• Heat of Vaporization: _______________________________
_________________________________________________
• Heat of Sublimation: ________________________________
_________________________________________________
• Both the ____________________________________________
are the same after the matter changes state: ___________________
______________________________________________________