CHAPTER
1. Multimedia Revolution
MULTIMEDIA DEFINED
Contemporary Multimedia is the development,
integration and delivery of any combination of text,
integration,
text
graphics, animation, sound or video through a computer
or other electronic means.
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WHY USE MULTIMEDIA?
Multimedia enhances learning, memory, and retention.
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NON-INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA
• Linear - User is a observer of information.
• User has no control over the flow of information.
information
• Developer establishes the sequence of media
elements and how they are presented.
– Examples include:
• Information kiosks
• Digital animations
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INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA
• Interactive (Non-linear)
– User is a participant in the flow of information.
information
• Basic interactivity
– Includes menu and button options to access content.
• Adaptive or Intellimedia
– Adapt information flow to the needs/interests of the users.
users
• Immersive
– Draws users into an alternate world. (Virtual Reality)
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MULTIMEDIA VISIONARIES
FROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL:
VISIONS OF THE FUTURE.
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VANNEVAR BUSH (1890 - 1974)
•
Memex I – 1945
–
–
•
A hypothetical machine to make
Memex II – 1959
– Considered new technical
the work of scientists more
developments such as:
effective and efficient.
Magnetic tape, Transistor and
Features:
the Digital computer.
–
• Massive storage capacity.
Features:
• Professionally maintained
• Multimedia input devices such
associational databases (by tape
as “vocoder” and “cyclops
or facsimile).
camera.”
• Combined with a digital
• Automatic mathematical
calculations and logical
computer, Bush believed the
reasoning.
Memex II could learn from
experience and even
• New method to store and access
demonstrate a form of
information by associations.
judgment.
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ALAN TURING (1912-1954)
•
Proposed an abstract machine
•
known as the “Turing Machine.”
–
–
The “machine”
machine was a means of
–
The imaginary device had three
components:
•
An infinitely long tape
consisting of single row of
squares
•
A read/write head that moved
along the tape one square at a
time
•
Can carry out a specific set of
instructions or “effective
effective
defining an “effective
procedure.”
Single Purpose “Turing Machine.”
procedure.”
•
“Universal Turing Machine” (UTM).
– Can accept a description of a
single purpose machine and
imitate it’s behavior.
– Implication of the UTM:
If we can think
thi k off a way to
t do
d
something, the computer can do
it.
A set of instructions.
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DOUGLAS ENGELBART
• Proposed practical applications of computers beyond
the normal mathematical and sorting functions.
functions
• Developed innovations for human-computer
interactivity. These included:
– Mouse
– Multiple screen areas for text editing
– Email
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THEODORE NELSON
• Coined terms hypertext and hypermedia.
– Hypertext: interactive text linked to other textual information
– Hypermedia: extends interactive linking to other media
• Initiated Xanadu Project:
– A dynamic, expanding, hypertext library available to
everyone.
– Supported collaborative editing, tracking changes, crediting,
and rewarding contributors.
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ALAN KAY
• Proposed a computer design that supports the ways
people perceive,
perceive learn,
learn and create
create.
• Dynabook: designed as a personal computer.
– Tied to the mind and interests of the user.
– A “modeless” multimedia computer.
• Users could move between g
graphics,
p
sound, text, and animation
seamlessly.
• Introduced Graphical User Interface (GUI) as an
intuitive interface for the Dynabook.
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STEVE JOBS
• Founded Apple in 1976 with Steve Wozniak.
• Macintosh computer introduced in 1984
1984.
– Graphical desktop and Icons provide user interface.
– First mass produced computer with built in sound support.
– Multimedia computing became the standard for modern
computers.
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(SIR) TIM BERNERS-LEE
•
Developed a decentralized information system of
“nodes”
nodes linked together for easy access across a
network.
– Nodes could be any form of media.
– Anyone could add nodes.
– No centralized control over servers, documents or links.
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WORLD WIDE WEB
•
Basic components of WWW:
– Server computer
– Client computer
– Browser software
– HTML scripting language
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WWW & MULTIMEDIA COMPUTING
• Solved cross-platform compatibility problem.
• Supported distribution of media beyond the capacity
of CD-ROM storage.
• Allowed instant distribution and inexpensive media
creation.
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MULTIMEDIA VISIONARIES REVIEW
• First Generation
– Alan Turing
g
– Vannevar Bush
• Next Generation
– Current innovators of
multimedia
• Second Generation
– Douglas Engelbart
– Theodore Nelson
– Alan Kay
– Steve Jobs
– Sir Tim Berners-Lee
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THE REVOLUTION CONTINUES
•
Factors influencing the Multimedia revolution:
– Technical breakthroughs in hardware and software.
software
– Integration of computers with other devices.
– Digital merger of disparate technologies and industries.
– Expansion of creative opportunity.
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WRAP UP
• Definition of contemporary multimedia.
• Types of multimedia.
multimedia
• Visionaries who contributed to development of digital
multimedia.
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