CHAPTER 20
Accounting for Pensions and Postretirement Benefits
ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE (BY TOPIC)
Topics
1. Basic definitions and
concepts related to
pension plans.
Brief
Questions Exercises Exercises
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8,
9,12, 24
2. Worksheet preparation.
Problems
16
Concepts
for Analysis
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 7
3
3, 4, 7, 10,
15, 18
1, 2, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12
1, 4
1, 2, 3, 6,
11, 13, 14,
15, 16,
17, 18
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 9, 11, 12
4. Balance sheet recognition, 15, 20,
computation of pension
22, 23
expense.
2
3, 9, 11, 12, 1, 2, 3, 4,
13, 14
5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 11, 12
2, 5, 7
5. Corridor calculation.
18
7
8, 14, 16,
17, 18
2, 3, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 11, 12
3, 4, 5, 6
6. Prior service cost.
12, 13, 20
5, 8, 9, 10 1, 2, 3, 5,
9, 11, 12,
13, 14
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 11, 12
1, 4
7. Gains and losses.
14, 21, 22
7, 9
8, 9, 13, 14, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7,
16, 17
8, 9, 11, 12
4, 5, 6
8. Disclosure issues.
23
10
9, 11, 12
11, 12
3, 4
9. Special Issues.
25
11, 12
19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24
13, 14
3. Income statement
recognition, computation
of pension expense.
*10. Postretirement benefits.
9, 10, 11,
13, 16, 17
26, 27,
28, 29
*This material is dealt with in an Appendix to the chapter.
20-1
4, 5
ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE (BY LEARNING OBJECTIVE)
Brief
Exercises
Learning Objectives
Exercises
Problems
1.
Distinguish between accounting for the
employer’s pension plan and accounting
for the pension fund.
2.
Identify types of pension plans and their
characteristics.
3.
Explain alternative measures for valuing the
pension obligation.
4.
List the components of pension expense.
1, 2, 4
1, 2, 6, 11,
12, 13, 15
5.
Use a worksheet for employer’s pension plan
entries.
3
3, 4, 7, 10,
11, 14, 18
1, 2, 4, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12
6.
Describe the amortization of prior service costs.
5
1, 2, 5, 7,
12, 13
1, 2, 3, 4, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12
7.
Explain the accounting for unexpected gains and
losses.
9
12, 13
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12
8.
Explain the corridor approach to amortizing gains
and losses.
7
8, 12, 13,
16, 17, 18
3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 11, 12
9.
Describe the requirements for reporting pension
plans in financial statements.
6, 8, 9, 10
9, 11,12, 13
1, 2, 3, 4, 8,
11, 12
*10.
Identify the differences between pensions and
postretirement healthcare benefits.
11, 12
19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24
13, 14
*11.
Contrast accounting for pensions to accounting
for other postretirement benefits.
11, 12
19, 20, 21, 21,
22, 23, 24
13, 14
20-2
ASSIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS TABLE
Item
E20-1
E20-2
E20-3
E20-4
E20-5
E20-6
E20-7
E20-8
E20-9
E20-10
E20-11
E20-12
E20-13
E20-14
E20-15
E20-16
E20-17
E20-18
*E20-19
*E20-20
*E20-21
*E20-22
*E20-23
*E20-24
P20-1
P20-2
P20-3
P20-4
P20-5
P20-6
P20-7
P20-8
P20-9
P20-10
P20-11
P20-12
*P20-13
*P20-14
Description
Pension expense, journal entries.
Computation of pension expense.
Preparation of pension worksheet.
Basic pension worksheet.
Application of years-of-service method.
Computation of actual return.
Basic pension worksheet.
Application of the corridor approach.
Disclosures: Pension expense and other comprehensive income.
Pension worksheet.
Pension expense, journal entries, statement presentation.
Pension expense, journal entries, statement presentation.
Computation of actual return, gains and losses, corridor test, and
pension expense.
Worksheet for E20-13.
Pension expense, journal entries.
Amortization of accumulated OCI (G/L), corridor approach,
pension expense computation.
Amortization of accumulated OCI balances.
Pension worksheet-missing amounts.
Postretirement benefit expense computation.
Postretirement benefit worksheet.
Postretirement benefit expense computation.
Postretirement benefit expense computation.
Postretirement benefit worksheet.
Postretirement benefit worksheet-missing amounts.
2-year worksheet.
3-year worksheet, journal entries, and reporting.
Pension expense, journal entries, amortization of loss.
Pension expense, journal entries for 2 years.
Computation of pension expense, amortization of net gain or
loss-corridor approach, journal entries for 3 years.
Computation of prior service cost amortization, pension
expense, journal entries, and net gain or loss.
Pension worksheet.
Comprehensive 2-year worksheet.
Comprehensive 2-year worksheet.
Pension worksheet-missing amounts.
Pension worksheet.
Pension worksheet.
Postretirement benefit worksheet.
Postretirement benefit worksheet-2 years.
20-3
Level of
Difficulty
Simple
Simple
Moderate
Simple
Moderate
Simple
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Complex
Time
(minutes)
5–10
10–15
15–25
10–15
15–25
10–15
15–25
20–25
25–35
20–25
20–30
20–30
35–45
Complex
Moderate
Moderate
40–50
15–20
25–35
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Simple
Simple
Moderate
Moderate
30–40
20–25
15–20
25–30
10–12
10–12
15–20
25–30
Moderate
Complex
Complex
Moderate
Complex
40–50
45–55
40–50
30–40
45–55
Complex
45–60
Moderate
Complex
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
35–45
45–60
40–45
25–30
35–45
35–45
30–35
40–45
ASSIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS TABLE (Continued)
Item
CA20-1
CA20-2
CA20-3
CA20-4
CA20-5
CA20-6
CA20-7
Description
Pension terminology and theory.
Pension terminology.
Basic terminology.
Major pension concepts.
Implications of FASB Statement No. 87.
Gains and losses, corridor amortization.
Nonvested employees—an ethical dilemma.
20-4
Level of
Difficulty
Moderate
Moderate
Simple
Moderate
Complex
Moderate
Moderate
Time
(minutes)
30–35
25–30
20–25
30–35
50–60
30–40
20–30
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
**1. A private pension plan is an arrangement whereby a company undertakes to provide its retired
employees with benefits that can be determined or estimated in advance from the provisions of a
document or from the company’s practices.
In a contributory pension plan the employees bear part of the cost of the stated benefits whereas
in a noncontributory plan the employer bears the entire cost.
**2. A defined contribution plan specifies the employer’s contribution to the plan usually based on a
formula, which may consider such factors as age, length of service, employer’s profit, or compensation levels.
A defined benefit plan specifies a determinable pension benefit that the employee will receive at
a time in the future. The employer must determine the amount that should be contributed now to
provide for the future promised benefits.
In a defined contribution plan, the employer’s obligation is simply to make a contribution to the
plan each year based on the plan formula. The benefit of gain or risk of loss from assets contributed to the plan is borne by the employee. In a defined benefit plan, the employer’s obligation
is to make sufficient contributions each year to provide for the promised future benefits.
Therefore, the employer is at risk to the extent that contributions will not be adequate to meet the
promised benefits.
**3. The employer is the organization sponsoring the pension plan. The employer incurs the costs
and makes contributions to the pension fund. Accounting for the employer involves: (1) allocating
the cost of the pension plan to the proper accounting periods, (2) measuring the amount of
pension obligation resulting from the plan, and (3) disclosing the status and effects of the plan in
the financial statements.
The pension fund or plan is the entity which receives the contributions from the employer, administers the pension assets, and makes the benefit payments to the pension recipients. Accounting
for the fund involves identifying receipts as contributions from the employer sponsor, income from
fund investments, and computing the amounts due to individual pension recipients. Accounting for
the pension costs and obligations of the employer is the topic of this chapter; accounting for the
pension fund is not.
**4. When the term “fund” is used as a noun, it refers to assets accumulated in the hands of a
funding agency for the purpose of meeting pension benefits when they become due. When the
term “fund” is used as a verb, it means to pay over to a funding agency (as to fund future pension
benefits or to fund pension cost).
**5. An actuary’s role is to ensure that the company has established an appropriate funding pattern to
meet its pension obligations, to make predictions and assumptions about future events and
conditions that affect pension costs, and to assist the accountant in measuring facets of the pension
plan that must be reported (costs, liabilities and assets). In order to determine the company’s
pension obligation, the actuary must first determine the expected benefits that will be paid in the
future. To accomplish this requires the actuary to make actuarial assumptions, which are estimates
of the occurrence of future events affecting pension costs, such as mortality, withdrawals, disablement and retirement, changes in compensation, and changes in discount rates to reflect the time
value of money.
**6. In measuring the amount of pension benefits under a defined benefit pension plan, an actuary
must consider such factors as mortality rates, employee turnover, interest and earnings rates,
early retirement frequency, and future salaries.
20-5
Questions Chapter 20 (Continued)
**7. One measure of the pension obligation is the vested benefit obligation. This measure uses only
current salary levels and includes only vested benefits; that is, benefits the employee is already
entitled to receive even if the employee renders no additional services under the plan.
A company’s accumulated benefit obligation is the actuarial present value of benefits attributed
by the pension benefit formula to service before a specified date and is based on employee
service and compensation prior to that date. The accumulated benefit obligation differs from the
projected benefit obligation in that it includes no assumption about future compensation levels.
The projected benefit obligation is based on vested and nonvested services using future
salaries.
**8. Cash-basis accounting recognizes pension cost as being equal to the amount of cash paid by
the employer to the pension fund in any period; pension funding serves as the basis for expense
recognition under the cash basis.
Accrual-basis accounting recognizes pension cost as it is incurred and attempts to recognize
pension cost in the same period in which the company receives benefits from the services of its
employees.
Not infrequently, the amount which an employer must fund for pension purposes during a particular
period is unrelated to the economic benefits derived from the pension plan in that period. Cashbasis accounting recognizes the amount funded as periodic pension cost and the amount funded
may be discretionary and vary widely from year to year. Funding is a matter of financial management,
based on working capital availability, tax considerations, and other matters unrelated to accounting
considerations.
**9. The five components of pension expense are:
(1) Service cost component—the actuarial present value of benefits attributed by the pension
benefit formula to employee service during the period.
(2) Interest cost component—the increase in the projected benefit obligation as a result of the
passage of time.
(3) Actual return on plan assets component—the reduction in pension cost for actual investment income from plan assets and the change in the market value of plan assets.
(4) Amortization of prior service cost—the cost of retroactive benefits granted in a plan amendment
(including initiation of a plan).
(5) Gains and losses—a change in the value of either the projected benefit obligation or the plan
assets resulting from experience different from that assumed or expected or from a change
in an actuarial assumption.
Note to instructor: Regarding return on plan assets, the final component is expected rate of
return. We are assuming above that an adjustment is made to the actual return to determine
expected return.
10. The service cost component of net periodic pension expense is determined as the actuarial
present value of benefits attributed by the pension benefit formula to employee service during the
period. The plan’s benefit formula provides a measure of how much benefit is earned and,
therefore, how much cost is incurred in each individual period. The FASB concluded that future
compensation levels had to be considered in measuring the present obligation and periodic
pension expense if the plan benefit formula incorporated them.
11. The interest component is the interest for the period on the projected benefit obligation outstanding
during the period. The assumed discount rate should reflect the rates at which pension benefits
could be effectively settled (settlement rates). Companies should look to rates of return on highquality fixed-income investments currently available whose cash flows match the timing and
amount of the expected benefit payments.
20-6
Questions Chapter 20 (Continued)
*12. Service cost is the actuarial present value of benefits attributed by the pension benefit formula to
employee service during the period. Actuaries compute service cost at the present value of
the new benefits earned by employees during the year. Prior service cost is the cost of retroactive
benefits granted in a plan amendment or initiation of a pension plan. The cost of the retroactive
benefits is the increase in the projected benefit obligation at the date of the amendment.
*13. When a defined benefit plan is either initiated or amended, credit is often given to employees for
years of service provided before the date of initiation or amendment. The cost of these retroactive
benefits are referred to as prior service costs. Employers grant retroactive benefits because they
expect to receive benefits in the future. As a result, prior service cost should not be recognized as
pension expense entirely in the year of amendment or initiation. It is recognized as an adjustment
to other comprehensive income. It should be recognized during the service periods of those
employees who are expected to receive benefits under the plan. Consequently, prior service cost
is amortized over the service life of employees who will receive benefits and is a component of
net periodic pension expense each period.
*14. Liability gains and losses are unexpected gains or losses from changes in the projected benefit
obligation. Liability gains (resulting from unexpected decreases) and liability losses (resulting from
unexpected increases) are recognized in other comprehensive income. The accumulated gains
and losses are then amortized, subject to complex amortization guidelines in other comprehensive
income.
*15. If pension expense recognized in a period exceeds the current amount funded, a liability account
referred to as Pension Asset /Liability arises; the account would be reported either as a current or
long-term liability, depending on the ultimate date of payment.
If the current amount funded exceeds the amount recognized as pension expense, an asset
account referred to as Pension Asset /Liability arises; the account would be reported as a non-current
asset. Because these assets are used to fund the pension obligation, noncurrent classification is
appropriate.
*16. Computation of actual return on plan assets
Fair value of plan assets at end of period ..................................
Deduct: Fair value of plan assets at beginning of period ..........
Increase in fair value of assets...................................................
Deduct: Contributions to plan during the period ........................
Less benefits paid during the period ............................
Actual return on plan assets.......................................................
$10,150,000
9,200,000
950,000
$1,000,000
1,400,000
(400,000)
$ 1,350,000
*17. An asset gain occurs when the actual return on the plan assets is greater than the expected
return on plan assets while an asset loss occurs when the actual return is less than the
expected return on the plan assets. A liability gain results from unexpected decreases in the
pension obligation and a liability loss results from unexpected increases in the pension
obligation.
*18. Corridor amortization occurs when the accumulated OCI (G/L) balance gets too large. The gain
or loss is too large when it exceeds the arbitrarily selected FASB criterion of 10% of the larger
of the beginning balances of the projected benefit obligation or the market-related value of the
plan assets. The excess gain or loss balance may be amortized using any systematic method but
the amortization cannot be less than the amount computed using the straight-line method over
the average remaining service-life of active employees expected to receive benefits.
20-7
Questions Chapter 20 (Continued)
*19. The amount of the pension asset/liability to be reported on the company’s balance sheet is as
follows:
Projected benefit obligation ...........................................................
Pension plant assets......................................................................
Pension asset/liability ....................................................................
$(400,000)
300,000
$(100,000)
In the financial statements, the company will report a pension liability of $100,000. This amount is
also referred to as the funded status of the plan.
*20. The prior service cost arising in the year of the amendment (which increases the projected benefit
obligation) is recognized by an offsetting debit to Other Comprehensive Income (PSC). In
subsequent periods, the $9,150,000 will be amortized into periodic pension expense over the
remaining service lives of the employees. This approach is consistent with the treatment for actuarial
gains and losses.
*21.
Actuarial gains or losses arise from (1) asset gains or losses (when the expected return is different
than the actual return on plan assets) and (2) a liability gain or loss (when actuarial assumptions do
not coincide with actual expenses related to computation of the projected benefit obligation.) In the
period that they arise, these gains and losses are not recognized as part of pension expense, but
are recognized as increases or decreases in other comprehensive income. In subsequent periods,
these amounts are amortized into periodic pension expense over the remaining service lives of the
employees, using corridor amortization.
*22. (a) Other Comprehensive Income for 2009 is as follows:
Actuarial liability gain ........................................................................
Asset loss .........................................................................................
Other comprehensive loss ................................................................
$10,000
13,000
$ 3,000
(b) The computation of comprehensive income for 2009 is as follows:
Net income........................................................................................
Other comprehensive loss ................................................................
Comprehensive income ....................................................................
$25,000
3,000
$22,000
*23. Multiple plans may be combined and shown as one amount on the balance sheet, only if they are
in the same under or overfunded position. For example, if the company has two or more underfunded (overfunded) plans, the underfunded (overfunded) plans are combined and shown as one
amount as a liability (asset) on the balance sheet. The FASB rejected the alternative of
combining all plans and representing the net amount as a single net asset or net liability. The
rationale: A company does not have the ability to offset the excess of one plan against
underfunded obligations of another plan. Furthermore, netting all plans is inappropriate because
offsetting assets and liabilities is not permitted under GAAP unless a right of offset exists.
*24. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
A contributory plan is a pension plan under which employees contribute part of the cost.
In some contributory plans, employees wishing to be covered must contribute; in other
contributory plans, employee contributions result in increased benefits.
Vested benefits are benefits for which the employee’s right to receive a present or future
pension benefit is no longer contingent on remaining in the service of the employer.
Retroactive benefits are benefits granted in a plan amendment (or initiation) that are
attributed by the pension benefit formula to employee services rendered in periods prior to
the amendment.
The years-of-service method is used to allocate prior service cost to the remaining years
of service of the affected employees. Each year receives a fraction of the original cost with
the fraction depicting the number of service-years received out of the total service-years to
be worked by the affected employees.
20-8
Questions Chapter 20 (Continued)
*25. The accounting issue that arises from these terminations is whether a gain should be recognized
by the corporation when these assets revert (often called asset reversion transactions) to the
company. The profession requires that these gains or losses be reported immediately in most
situations.
*26. Postretirement benefits other than pensions include healthcare and other welfare benefits
provided to retirees, their spouses, dependents, and beneficiaries. The other welfare benefits
include life insurance offered outside a pension plan, dental care as well as medical care, eye
care, legal and tax services, tuition assistance, day care, and housing activities.
*27. The FASB did not cover both pensions and healthcare benefits in the earlier pension accounting
statement (No. 87) because of the significant differences between the two types of
postretirement benefits. These differences are listed in the following schedule:
Differences between Postretirement HealthCare Benefits and Pensions
Item
Pensions
Healthcare Benefits
Funding
Benefit
Generally funded.
Well-defined and level dollar amount.
Beneficiary
Retiree (maybe some benefit to
surviving spouse).
Monthly.
Variables are reasonably predictable.
Generally NOT funded.
Generally uncapped and great
variability.
Retiree, spouse, and other
dependents.
As needed and used.
Utilization difficult to predict.
Level of cost varies geographically
and fluctuates over time.
Benefit Payable
Predictability
*28. The major differences between pension benefits and postretirement benefits are listed below:
Differences between Postretirement HealthCare Benefits and Pensions
Item
Pensions
Healthcare Benefits
Funding
Benefit
Generally funded.
Well-defined and level dollar amount.
Beneficiary
Retiree (maybe some benefit to
surviving spouse).
Monthly.
Variables are reasonably predictable.
Generally NOT funded.
Generally uncapped and great
variability.
Retiree, spouse, and other
dependents.
As needed and used.
Utilization difficult to predict.
Level of cost varies geographically
and fluctuates over time.
Benefit Payable
Predictability
Additionally, although healthcare benefits are generally covered by the fiduciary and reporting
standards for employee benefit funds under ERISA, the stringent minimum vesting, participation,
and funding standards that apply to pensions do not apply to healthcare benefits.
*29. EPBO (expected postretirement benefit obligation) is the actuary’s present value of all benefits
expected to be paid after retirement, while APBO (accumulated postretirement benefit obligation)
is the actuarial present value of future benefits attributed to employees’ services rendered to a
particular date.
The components of postretirement expense are service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan
assets, amortization of prior service cost, and gains and losses.
20-9
SOLUTIONS TO BRIEF EXERCISES
BRIEF EXERCISE 20-5
Cost per service year:
$120,000/2,000 = $60
2011 amortization:
350 X $60 = $21,000
BRIEF EXERCISE 20-7
Net loss in accumulated OCI ...................................................
Corridor (10% X $3,300,000).....................................................
Excess........................................................................................
Average remaining service life ................................................
Minimum amortization..............................................................
20-10
$475,000
330,000
145,000
÷
7.5
$ 19,333
BRIEF EXERCISE 20-9
(a) Other Comprehensive Loss for 2009 is as follows:
Actuarial liability loss...............................................
Asset gain..................................................................
Other comprehensive loss.......................................
$25,000
18,000
$ 7,000
(b) The computation of comprehensive income for 2009 is as follows:
Net income ................................................................
Other comprehensive loss.......................................
Comprehensive income ...........................................
$26,000
7,000
$19,000
BRIEF EXERCISE 20-10
Plan X
Plan Y
Plan Z
Pension Assets
(At fair value)
$600,000
$900,000
$550,000
Projected Benefits
Obligation
$500,000
$720,000
$700,000
Pension Asset /
Liability
$100,000 asset
$180,000 asset
$150,000 liability
Depp reports a pension asset of $280,000 ($100,000 + $180,000) and a pension
liability of $150,000.
*BRIEF EXERCISE 20-11
Service cost ................................................................................
Interest cost ................................................................................
Expected return on plan assets ................................................
Postretirement expense.............................................................
$40,000
52,400
(26,900)
$65,500
*BRIEF EXERCISE 20-12
Postretirement Expense ...............................................
Cash ........................................................................
Postretirement Asset /Liability..............................
20-11
240,900
160,000
80,900
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
EXERCISE 20-1 (5–10 minutes)
(a) Computation of pension expense:
Service cost .....................................................
Interest cost ($500,000 X .10) .........................
Expected return on plan assets .....................
Prior service cost amortization ......................
Pension expense for 2010 ..............................
(b) Pension Expense .....................................................
Cash...................................................................
Pension Asset /Liability....................................
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC)..............
$ 60,000
50,000
(12,000)
8,000
$106,000
106,000
95,000
3,000
8,000
EXERCISE 20-2 (10–15 minutes)
Computation of pension expense:
Service cost .............................................................
Interest cost ($800,000 X 10%) ...............................
Expected return on plan assets .............................
Prior service cost amortization..............................
Pension expense for 2011 ......................................
20-12
$ 90,000
80,000
(64,000)
10,000
$116,000
20-14
Balance, January 1, 2011
Service cost
90,000 Dr.
Interest cost*
80,000 Dr.
Actual return**
64,000 Cr.
Amortization of PSC
10,000 Dr.
10,000 Cr.
Contributions
105,000 Cr.
Benefits
Journal entry for 2011***
116,000 Dr. 105,000 Cr. 10,000 Cr.
150,000 Dr.
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2010
Balance, Dec. 31, 2011
140,000 Dr.
160,000 Cr.
Memo Record
Projected
Benefit
Obligation
Plan Assets
800,000 Cr.
90,000 Cr.
80,000 Cr.
640,000 Dr.
64,000 Dr.
40,000 Dr.
105,000 Dr.
40,000 Cr.
930,000 Cr.
769,000 Dr.
1,000 Cr.
161,000 Cr.
*$80,000 = $800,000 X 10%.
**Note: We show actual return on the worksheet to ensure that plan assets are properly reported. If expected and
actual return differ, then an additional adjustment is made to compute the proper amount of pension expense.
***Pension Expense ...................................................
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC) ..........
Cash...............................................................
Pension Asset/Liability ................................
116,000
10,000
105,000
1,000
EXERCISE 20-3 (15–25 minutes)
Items
Rebekah Company
Pension Worksheet—2011
General Journal Entries
Annual
OCI
Pension
Prior Service
Pension
Expense
Cash
Cost
Asset/Liability
40,000 Dr.
41,650 Dr.
49,700 Cr.
30,000 Cr.
31,950 Dr.
30,000 Cr.
1,950 Cr.
1,950 Cr.
Memo Record
Projected
Benefit
Plan
Obligation
Assets
490,000 Cr. 490,000 Dr.
40,000 Cr.
41,650 Cr.
49,700 Dr.
30,000 Dr.
33,400 Dr.
33,400 Cr.
538,250 Cr.
536,300 Dr.
*$41,650 = $490,000 X .085.
**Note: We show actual return on the worksheet to ensure that plan assets are properly reported. If
expected and actual return differ, then an additional adjustment is made to compute the proper
amount of pension expense.
EXERCISE 20-4 (10–15 minutes)
20-15
Items
Balance, January 1, 2011
Service cost
Interest cost*
Actual return**
Contributions
Benefits
Journal entry, December 31
Balance, December 31, 2011
Trudy Borke Inc.
Pension Worksheet—2011
General Journal Entries
Annual
Pension
Pension
Asset/
Expense
Cash
Liability
EXERCISE 20-5 (15–25 minutes)
Computation of Service-Years
Year
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Ed
1
1
1
Paul
1
1
1
1
3
4
Mary
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
Dave
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
Caroline
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
Total
5
5
5
4
3
3
25
Cost per service-year: $60,000 ÷ 25 = $2,400
Computation of Annual Prior Service Cost Amortization
Year
Total
Service-Years
Cost Per
Service-Year
Annual
Amortization
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
5
5
5
4
3
3
$2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
$12,000
12,000
12,000
9,600
7,200
7,200
$60,000
EXERCISE 20-6 (10–15 minutes)
Computation of Actual Return on Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets at 12/31/11........................
Fair value of plan assets at 1/1/11............................
Increase in fair value of plan assets ........................
Deduct: Contributions to plan during 2011............
Less benefits paid during 2011 ................
Actual return on plan assets for 2011 .....................
20-15
$2,725,000
2,300,000
425,000
$250,000
350,000
(100,000)
$ 525,000
58,000 Dr.
59,400 Dr.
52,280 Cr.
17,000 Dr.
Pension
Asset/
Liability
13,800 Cr.
Memo Record
Projected
Benefit
Plan
Obligation
Assets
560,000 Cr.
546,200 Dr.
100,000 Cr.
660,000 Cr.
546,200 Dr.
58,000 Cr.
59,400 Cr.
52,280 Dr.
17,000 Cr.
55,000 Cr.
82,120 Dr.
55,000 Cr.
83,000 Dr.
0
83,000 Dr.
40,000 Dr.
55,000 Dr.
40,000 Cr.
737,400 Cr.
613,480 Dr.
110,120 Cr
123,920 Cr.
*$59,400 = $660,000 X .09.
**Note: We show actual return on the worksheet to ensure that plan assets are properly reported. If expected and
actual return differ, then an additional adjustment is made to compute the proper amount of pension expense.
EXERCISE 20-7 (15–25 minutes)
20-17
Items
Balance, Dec. 31, 2010
Prior service cost
Balance, Jan. 1, 2011
Service cost
Interest cost*
Actual return**
Amortization of PSC
Contributions
Benefits
Journal entry for 2011
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2010
Balance, Dec. 31, 2011
Doreen Corp.
Pension Worksheet—2011
General Journal Entries
Annual
OCI–Prior
Pension
Service
Expense
Cash
Cost
0
100,000 Dr.
EXERCISE 20-8 (20–25 minutes)
Corridor and Minimum Loss Amortization
Year
Projected
Benefit
Obligation (a)
Plan
Assets
10%
Corridor
2009
2010
2011
2012
$2,000,000
2,400,000
2,900,000
3,600,000
$1,900,000
2,500,000
2,600,000
3,000,000
$200,000
250,000
290,000
360,000
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Accumulated
OCI (G/L) (a)
$
0
280,000
367,000 (c)
370,583 (e)
Minimum
Amortization
of Loss
$
0
3,000 (b)
6,417 (d)
882 (f)
As of the beginning of the year.
($280,000 – $250,000) ÷ 10 years = $3,000
$280,000 – $3,000 + $90,000 = $367,000
($367,000 – $290,000) ÷ 12 years = $6,417
$367,000 – $6,417 + $10,000 = $370,583
($370,583 – $360,000) ÷ 12 years = $882
EXERCISE 20-9 (25–35 minutes)
(a) Note to financial statements disclosing components of 2011 pension
expense:
Note X: Net pension expense for 2011 is composed of the following
components of pension cost:
Service cost ...............................................................
Interest cost...............................................................
Expected return on plan assets...............................
Prior service cost amortization................................
Pension expense ...............................................
$ 94,000
253,000
(175,680)
45,000
$216,320
(b) Comprehensive income, 2011
Amortization of prior service cost...........................
Actuarial loss ............................................................
Other comprehensive loss .......................................
Comprehensive income, 2011
Net income.................................................................
Other comprehensive loss.......................................
Comprehensive income ...........................................
20-17
$ (45,000)
45,680
$
680
$ 35,000
680
$ 34,320
EXERCISE 20-9 (25–35 minutes) (Continued)
(c)
Accumulated OCI at December 31, 2011 is $250,680; this amount is
comprised of the following:
PSC
$250,000 Dr.
45,000 Cr.
Balance Jan. 1, 2011*
Amortization of PSC
Actuarial loss
Balance Dec. 31, 2011
$205,000 Dr.
*$205,000 + ?
20-18
Gain/Loss
$
0
—
45,680 Dr.
$45,680 Dr.
Items
20-20
Balance, Jan. 1, 2011
Service cost
Interest cost*
Actual return
Unexpected gain**
Amortization of PSC
Liability increase
Contributions
Benefits
Journal entry for 2011
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2010
Balance, December 31, 2011
Annual
Pension
Expense
Buhl Corp.
Pension Worksheet
General Journal Entries
OCI—Prior
Service
OCI—
Cash
Cost
Gain/Loss
Pension
Asset/
Liability
145,000 Cr.
90,000 Dr.
56,250 Dr.
57,000 Cr.
5,000 Dr.
19,000 Dr.
Memo Record
Projected
Benefit
Obligation
Plan Assets
625,000 Cr.
90,000 Cr.
56,250 Cr.
480,000 Dr.
57,000 Dr.
5,000 Cr.
19,000 Cr.
76,000 Dr.
76,000 Cr.
99,000 Cr.
113,250 Dr. 99,000 Cr.
19,000 Cr.
100,000 Dr
81,000 Dr.
71,000 Dr.
0
71,000 Dr.
113,250
71,000
99,000
19,000
66,250
99,000 Dr.
85,000 Cr.
762,250 Cr.
551,000 Dr.
66,250 Cr.
211,250 Cr.
*$56,250 = $625,000 X .09.
**Expected return = $52,000.
Unexpected gain = Actual return minus expected return; $5,000 = $57,000 – $52,000.
(b) Journal Entry
Pension Expense..................................................................
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L)...................................
Cash..........................................................................
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC) ....................
Pension Asset /Liability...........................................
85,000 Dr.
EXERCISE 20-10 (20–25 minutes)
(a)
EXERCISE 20-11 (20–30 minutes)
(a) Pension expense for 2010 composed of the following:
Service cost .......................................................
Interest on projected benefit obligation ..........
(9% X $1,000,000)
Expected return on plan assets .......................
Amortization of prior service cost ...................
Pension expense .......................................
(b) Pension Expense ......................................................
Pension Asset /Liability ............................................
Cash....................................................................
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC)...............
$ 56,000
90,000
(54,000)
40,000
$132,000
132,000
53,000
145,000
40,000
(c) Income Statement
Pension expense ...............................................
$132,000
Comprehensive Income Statement
Net Income .................................................................
Other Comprehensive income
Amortization of PSC...............................................
Comprehensive income............................................
$ XXXX
40,000
$ XXXX
Balance Sheet
Liabilities
Pension liability .................................................
*Projected benefit obligation
Plan assets
Pension liability
Bal. January 1, 2010
Service cost
Interest on PBO
Actual return
Contribution
Bal. December 31,2010
$347,000*
$1,146,000
799,000
$ 347,000
Plan Assets
$600,000
Projected Benefit
Obligation
$1,000,000
56,000
90,000
54,000
145,000
$799,000
Stockholders’ equity
Accumulated OCI (PSC) Jan. 1, 2010
Amortization of prior service cost
Accumulated OCI (PSC) Dec. 31, 2010
20-20
$1,146,000
400,000
(40,000)
360,000
EXERCISE 20-12 (20–30 minutes)
(a) Pension expense for 2010 composed of the following:
Service cost ....................................................
Interest on projected benefit obligation.......
(10% X $2,000,000)
Expected return on plan assets....................
(10% X $800,000)
Amortization of prior service cost................
Pension expense ....................................
(b) Pension Expense ...................................................
Pension Asset /Liability .........................................
Cash ................................................................
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC) ...........
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L).............
(To record pension expense and
employer’s contribution)
$ 77,000
200,000
(80,000)
115,000
$312,000
312,000
253,000
(c) Income Statement:
Pension expense............................................
250,000
115,000
200,000
$ 312,000
Comprehensive Income Statement
Net income.....................................................
$
XXXX
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Amortization of PSC................................ $115,000
Liability gain............................................. 200,000
315,000
Comprehensive income ........................................
$
XXXX
Balance Sheet:
Liabilities
Pension liability .....................................
$ 947,000*
Stockholders’ Equity
Accumulated OCI (PSC) ...............................
Accumulated OCI (G/L).................................
$1,085,000**
200,000
*Projected benefit obligation, Dec. 31, 2010
Plan assets, Dec. 31, 2010
Pension liability
**$1,200,000 – $115,000
20-21
$2,077,000
1,130,000
$ 947,000
General Journal Entries
Items
Annual
Pension
Expense
Cash
OCI—Prior
Service Cost
20-23
Balance, Jan. 1, 2010
Service cost
77,000 Dr.
Interest cost*
200,000 Dr.
Actual return**
80,000 Cr.
Amortization of PSC
115,000 Dr.
115,000 Cr.
Liability gain
Contributions
250,000 Cr.
Journal entry, for 2010
312,000 Dr. 250,000 Cr. 115,000 Cr.
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2009
1,200,000 Dr.
Balance, Dec. 31, 2010
1,085,000 Dr.
OCI—
Gain/Loss
Memo Record
Pension
Asset/Liability
Projected
Benefit
Obligation
1,200,000 Cr. *2,000,000 Cr.
77,000 Cr.
200,000 Cr.
Plan Assets
800,000 Dr.
80,000 Dr.
200,000 Cr.
200,000 Dr.
250,000 Dr.
200,000 Cr.
0
200,000 Cr.
253,000 Dr.
947,000 Cr.
2,077,000 Cr. 1,130,000 Dr.
*This number is a plug as the problem states there is no unrecognized gain or loss.
**Note: We show actual return on the worksheet to ensure that plan assets are properly reported. If expected and actual
return differ, then an additional adjustment is made to compute the proper amount of pension expense.
EXERCISE 20-12 (Continued)
Note to instructor: To prove the amounts reported, a worksheet might be prepared as follows:
EXERCISE 20-13 (35–45 minutes)
(a) Actual Return = (Ending – Beginning) – (Contributions – Benefits)
Fair value of plan assets,
December 31, 2011.........................................
$2,620
Deduct: Fair value of plan assets,
January 1, 2011 ..............................................
1,700
Increase in fair value of plan assets.................
920
Deduct: Contributions .......................................
$800
Less benefits paid ...............................
200
600
Actual return on plan assets in 2011................
$ 320
(b) Computation of pension liability gains and losses and pension asset gains
and losses.
1.
Difference between 12/31/11 actuarially computed PBO and 12/31/11
recorded projected benefit obligation (PBO):
PBO at end of year........................
$3,645
PBO per memo records:
1/1/11 PBO .................................
$2,800
Add interest (10%) ....................
280
Add service cost .......................
400
Less benefits paid.....................
(200)
3,280
Liability loss ..............................
$365
2.
Difference between actual fair value of plan assets and
expected fair value:
12/31/11 actual fair value
of plan assets ..............................
2,620
Expected fair value
1/1/11 fair value of plan assets ...... 1,700
Add expected return
($1,700 X 10%) .............................
170
Add contributions ...........................
800
Less benefits paid...........................
(200)
2,470
Asset gain........................................
Net (gain) or loss ................................
(150)
$215
(c) Because no net gain or loss existed at the beginning of the period, no
amortization occurs. Therefore, the corridor calculation is not needed. An
example of how the corridor would have been computed is illustrated
on the next page, assuming a net loss of $240 at the beginning of the year.
20-23
EXERCISE 20-13 (Continued)
Beginning-of-the-Year
Year
2011
Plan
PBO Assets (FV)
$2,800
$1,700
10%
Corridor
$280
Accumulated
OCI (G/L)
$240
(d) Pension expense for 2011:
Service cost ..................................................................
Interest cost ($2,800 X 10%) ........................................
Actual return on plan assets [from (a)] ......................
Unexpected gain [from (b) 2.]......................................
Pension expense for 2011 ...........................................
20-24
Loss
Amortization
-0-
$ 400
280
(320)
150
$ 510
Items
20-26
Balance, Jan. 1, 2011
Service cost
Interest cost(a)
Actual return(b)
Unexpected gain(c)
Contributions
Benefits
Liability increase(d)
Journal entry for 2011
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2010
Balance, Dec. 31, 2011
Annual Pension
Expense
Cash
OCI—
Gain/Loss
Pension
Asset/Liability
1,100 Cr.
400 Dr.
280 Dr.
320 Cr.
150 Dr.
Memo Record Entries
Projected
Benefit
Plan
Obligation
Assets
2,800 Cr.
400 Cr.
280 Cr.
320 Dr.
150 Cr.
800 Cr.
510 Dr.
$2,800 X 10%
(b) $320 = ($2,620 – $1,700) – ($800 – $200)
(c) Actual return
Expected return ($1,700 X 10%)
Asset gain
(d) $365 = $3,645 – ($2,800 + $400 + $280 – $200)
1,700 Dr.
800 Cr.
(a)
$320
170
$150
365 Dr.
215 Dr.
0
215 Dr.
200 Dr.
365 Cr.
800 Dr.
200 Cr.
75 Dr.
1,025 Cr.
3,645 Cr.
2,620 Dr.
EXERCISE 20-14 (40–50 minutes)
Linda Berstler Company
Pension Worksheet—2011
General Journal Entries
EXERCISE 20-14 (Continued)
Journal entries 12/31/11
1.
Other Comprehensive Income G/L .......................
Pension Expense ...................................................
Pension Asset /Liability .........................................
Cash ................................................................
215
510
75
800
Balance Sheet at December 31, 2011
Liabilities
Pension liability ..............................................
$1,025
Stockholders’ equity
Accumulated other comprehensive
loss (G/L).....................................................
$ 215
EXERCISE 20-15 (15–20 minutes)
(a) Computation of pension expense:
Service cost ....................................................
Interest cost ($700,000 X .10) ........................
Expected return on plan assets ....................
Pension expense for 2010 .............................
Pension Expense ..................................................
Pension Asset /Liability ........................................
Cash................................................................
$ 90,000
70,000
(15,000)
$145,000
145,000
5,000
150,000
(b) Income Statement:
Pension expense ............................................
$145,000
Comprehensive Income Statement
Net income ......................................................
$ XXXX
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Asset gain .......................................................
Liability loss....................................................
Comprehensive income.........................................
20-26
$
150
(365)
$
(215)
XXX
EXERCISE 20-14 (Continued)
Balance Sheet:
Liabilities
Pension liability.....................................
$ 20,000*
*$25,000 – $5,000
EXERCISE 20-16 (25–35 minutes)
The excess of the cumulative net gain or loss over the corridor amount is
amortized by dividing the excess by the average remaining service period of
employees. The average remaining service period is computed as follows:
Expected future years of service
= Average remaining service life per employee
Number of employees
5,600
Average remaining service life per employee =
= 14.
400
Amortization of Net (Gain) or Loss
(Gain) or Loss For the Year
Ended December 31,
Amount
2010
2011
2012
2013
(300,000
(480,000
(210,000)
(290,000)
Year
Projected
Benefit
Obligation (a)
Plan
Assets (a)
Corridor (b)
2010
2011
2012
2013
$4,000,000
4,520,000
4,980,000
4,250,000
$2,400,000
2,200,000
2,600,000
3,040,000
$400,000
452,000
498,000
425,000
Accumulated
OCI (G/L) (a)
$
0
300,000
780,000
549,857 (d)
Minimum
Amortization
of (Gain) Loss
$
0
0
20,143 (c)
8,918 (e)
(a) As of the beginning of the year.
(b) The corridor is 10 percent of the greater of projected benefit obligation or plan
assets.
(c) $780,000 – $498,000 = $282,000; $282,000/14 = $20,143.
(d) $780,000 – $20,143 – $210,000 = $549,857.
(e) $549,857 – $425,000 = $124,857; $124,857/14 = $8,918.
20-27
EXERCISE 20-17 (30–40 minutes)
(a)
Year
2010
2011
Prior Service Cost
Amortized
$110,000
110,000
($1,155,000 ÷ 10.5 years)
($1,155,000 ÷ 10.5 years)
(b) The excess of the accumulated OCI (G/L) over the corridor amount is
amortized by dividing the excess by the average remaining service life
per employee. The average service life is 10.5 years.
Amortization of Net (Gain) or Loss
(Gain) or Loss
For the Year Ended
December 31,
Amount
2010
2011
($101,000
(24,000)
Year
Projected
Benefit
Obligation (a)
Plan
Assets (a)
10%
Corridor
(b)
2010
2011
$2,800,000
3,650,000
$1,700,000
2,900,000
$280,000
365,000
Accumulated
OCI (G/L) (a)
($
0
101,000
Minimum
Amortization
of (Gain) Loss
$ -0-0- (c)
(a) As of the beginning of the year.
(b) The corridor is 10 percent of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or
plan assets.
(c) $365,000 is greater than $101,000; therefore, no amortization.
(c) Pension expense for 2010 composed of the following:
Service cost ..................................................................
Interest on projected benefit obligation .....................
($2,800,000 X 11%)
Expected return on plan assets ..................................
($1,700,000 X 10%)
Amortization of net gain or loss..................................
Amortization of prior service cost ..............................
Pension expense ..................................................
20-28
$ 400,000
308,000
(170,000)
0
110,000
$ 648,000
EXERCISE 20-17 (30–40 minutes) (Continued)
Pension expense for 2011 composed of the following:
Service cost ......................................................................
Interest on projected benefit obligation.........................
($3,650,000 X 8%)
Expected return on plan assets......................................
($2,900,000 X 10%)
Amortization of prior service cost..................................
Pension expense ......................................................
$475,000
292,000
(290,000)
110,000
$587,000
EXERCISE 20-18 (20–25 minutes)
(a) Below is the completed worksheet, indicating debit and credit entries.
Annual
Pension
Expense
Balance, Jan. 1, 2011
Service cost
Interest cost
Actual return
Unexpected gain
Amortization of PSC
Contributions
Benefits
Liability increase
Journal entry
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2010
Balance, Dec. 31, 2011
General Journal Entries
OCI—Prior
OCI—Gain/
Service
Loss
Cost
Cash
Pension
Asset/Liability
1,100 Cr.
400 Dr.
280 Dr.
320 Cr.
150 Dr.
55 Dr.
Memo Record
Projected
Plan
Benefit
Assets
Obligation
2,800 Cr.
400 Cr.
280 Cr.
320 Dr.
150 Cr.
55 Cr.
800 Cr.
565 Dr.
1,700 Dr.
800 Cr.
55 Cr.
1,100 Dr.
1,045 Dr.
365 Dr.
215 Dr.
0
215 Dr.
(b) Pension Expense..........................................
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L) ...........
Pension Asset/Liability ................................
Cash ..........................................................
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC) .....
200 Dr.
365 Cr.
800 Dr.
200 Cr.
75 Dr.
1,025 Cr.
3,645 Cr.
2,620 Dr.
565
215
75
800
55
(c) Henin records no amortization of gain or loss in 2011, because there were
no gains or losses at the beginning of the year. For 2012, the corridor is
$364.50 (10% of the PBO). Since the balance of the Other Comprehensive
Income (G/L) at the beginning of 2012 ($215) is less than the corridor,
there will be no gain or loss amortization in 2012 either.
20-29
*EXERCISE 20-19 (15 minutes)
Postretirement benefit expense is comprised of the following:
Service cost...............................................................
Interest on the liability (8% X$430,000)...................
Actual and expected return on plan assets............
$45,000
34,400
(12,000)
$67,400
EXERCISE 20-20 (25–30 minutes)
General Journal Entries
Annual
Postretirement
Postretirement
Expense
Cash
Asset/Liability
Balance, Jan. 1, 2010
Service cost
Interest cost
Actual return
Contributions
Benefits
Journal entry for 2010
Balance, Dec. 31, 2010
320,000 Cr.
45,000 Dr.
34,400 Dr.
12,000 Cr.
10,000 Cr.
67,400 Dr.
10,000 Cr.
57,400 Cr.
377,400 Cr.
Postretirement expense ........................................
Postretirement asset/liability.........................
Cash.................................................................
Memo Record
APBO
Plan Assets
430,000 Cr. 110,000 Dr.
45,000 Cr.
34,400 Cr.
12,000 Dr.
10,000 Dr.
20,000 Dr. 20,000 Cr.
489,400 Cr. 112,000 Dr.
67,400
57,400
10,000
*EXERCISE 20-21 (10–12 minutes)
Service cost....................................................................
Interest on accumulated postretirement .....................
benefit obligation (10% X $810,000)
Expected return on plan assets....................................
Amortization of prior service cost................................
Postretirement expense ................................................
20-30
$ 88,000
81,000
(34,000)
21,000
$156,000
*EXERCISE 20-22 (10–12 minutes)
Service cost ..............................................................................
Interest on accumulated postretirement ................................
benefit obligation (9% X $810,000)
Expected return on plan assets ..............................................
Amortization of prior service cost ..........................................
Postretirement expense...........................................................
*EXERCISE 20-23 (15–20 minutes)
See worksheet on next page.
20-31
$ 90,000
72,900
(62,000)
3,000
$103,900
Items
20-33
Balance, Jan. 1, 2011
Service cost
Interest cost
Actual return
Contributions
Benefits
Amortization Of PSC
Journal entry for 2011
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2010
Balance, Dec. 31, 2011
*($810,000 X 9%)
Annual
Postretirement
Expense
Cash
Memo Record
OCI—Prior Postretirement
Service Cost Asset/Liability
100,000 Cr.
90,000 Dr.
*72,900 Dr.
62,000 Cr.
16,000 Cr.
3,000 Dr.
103,900 Dr. 16,000 Cr.
3,000 Cr.
3,000 Cr.
100,000 Dr.
97,000 Dr.
APBO
Plan
Assets
810,000 Cr. 710,000 Dr.
90,000 Cr.
72,900 Cr.
62,000 Dr.
16,000 Dr.
40,000 Dr. 40,000 Cr.
84,900 Cr.
184,900 Cr.
932,900 Cr. 748,000 Dr.
*EXERCISE 20-23 (15–20 minutes)
Marvelous Marvin Co.
Postretirement Benefit Worksheet—2011
General Journal Entries
*EXERCISE 20-24 (25–30 minutes)
(a) Below is the completed worksheet, indicating debit and credit entries.
Annual
Expense
Balance, Jan. 1, 2010
Service cost
Interest cost
Actual/Expected return
Contributions
Benefits
Amortization of PSC
Journal entry for 2010
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2009
Balance, Dec. 31, 2010
Cash
Other
Comprehensive
Income—PSC
Postretirement
Asset/Liability
390,000 Cr.
56,000 Dr.
36,900 Dr.
2,000 Cr.
APBO
410,000 Cr.
56,000 Cr.
36,900 Cr.
16,000 Cr.
3,000 Cr.
3,000 Cr.
30,000 Dr.
27,000 Dr.
20,000 Dr.
5,000 Dr.
2,000 Dr.
16,000 Dr.
5,000 Cr.
497,900 Cr.
33,000 Dr.
16,000 Cr.
3,000 Dr.
93,900 Dr.
Plan
Assets
74,900 Cr.
464,900 Cr.
(b) Pension Expense ...............................................
Cash.............................................................
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC)........
Postretirement Asset/Liability...................
93,900
16,000
3,000
74,900
(c) The discount (settlement) rate can be determined by dividing the interest
cost into the beginning APBO:
$36,900 ÷ $410,000 = 9%
20-33
TIME AND PURPOSE OF PROBLEMS
Problem 20-1 (Time 40–50 minutes)
Purpose—to provide a problem that requires preparation of a pension worksheet for two separate
years’ pension transactions. Included in the problem are an unexpected loss and prior service cost
amortization.
Problem 20-2 (Time 45–55 minutes)
Purpose—to provide a problem that requires preparation of a pension worksheet for three separate years’
pension transactions, three years of general journal entries for the pension plan, and reporting in financial
statements for the third year.
Problem 20-3 (Time 40–50 minutes)
Purpose—to provide a problem that requires computation of the annual pension expense, preparation of
the pension journal entries, measurement of gains and losses and their amortization, and presentation in
financial statements.
Problem 20-4 (Time 30–40 minutes)
Purpose—to provide a problem that requires computation of pension expense and preparation of the
pension journal entries.
Problem 20-5 (Time 45–55 minutes)
Purpose—to provide a problem that requires computation of the pension expense for three separate
years and the preparation of the pension journal entries for three years.
Problem 20-6 (Time 45–60 minutes)
Purpose—to provide a problem that requires computation and amortization of prior service cost,
computation of pension expense, and preparation of pension journal entries.
Problem 20-7 (Time 35–45 minutes)
Purpose—to provide a problem that requires preparation of a worksheet.
Problem 20-8 (Time 45–60 minutes)
Purpose—to provide a problem that requires preparation of a comprehensive worksheet for two years,
covering all facets of pension accounting.
Problem 20-9 (Time 40–45 minutes)
Purpose—to provide a problem that requires preparation of a worksheet for two years, journal entries,
and indicates financial statement presentation.
Problem 20-10 (Time 25–30 minutes)
Purpose—to provide a problem to understand elements of a pension worksheet.
Problem 20-11 (Time 35–45 minutes)
Purpose—to provide a problem that requires preparation of a worksheet, journal entries, and indicates
financial statement presentation (year 2 of P20-10).
20-34
Time and Purpose of Problems (Continued)
Problem 20-12 (Time 35–45 minutes)
Purpose—to provide a problem that requires preparation of a worksheet, journal entries, and indicates
financial statement presentation.
*Problem 20-13 (Time 30–35 minutes)
Purpose—to provide a problem that requires preparation of a worksheet and entries for postretirement
benefit expense.
*Problem 20-14 (Time 40–45 minutes)
Purpose—to provide a problem that requires a worksheet for two years, journal entries, and indicates
financial statement presentation.
20-35
(a)
Items
140,000 Cr.
318,000 Dr. 140,000 Cr.
0
0
178,000 Cr. 4,570,000 Cr. 4,392,000 Dr.
500,000 Cr.
5,070,000 Cr.
180,000 Cr.
507,000 Cr.
260,000 Dr.
500,000 Dr.
180,000 Dr.
507,000 Dr.
260,000 Cr.
91,360 Cr.
90,000 Dr.
178,000 Cr.
91,360 Dr.
90,000 Cr.
185,000 Cr.
280,000 Dr.
425,640 Dr. 185,000 Cr. 410,000 Dr. 91,360 Dr.
0
0
410,000 Dr. 91,360 Dr.
*$420,000 = $4,200,000 X 10%.
**$507,000 = $5,070,000 X 10%.
***$91,360 = ($4,392,000 X .08) – $260,000.
(b) Journal Entry (2012)
Pension Expense ..............................................................
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC)..............................
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L) ...............................
Cash ..........................................................................
Pension Asset/Liability............................................
425,640
410,000
91,360
185,000
742,000
185,000 Dr.
280,000 Cr.
742,000 Cr.
920,000 Cr. 5,477,000 Cr. 4,557,000 Dr.
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
4,200,000 Cr. 4,200,000 Dr.
150,000 Cr.
420,000 Cr.
252,000 Dr.
140,000 Dr.
200,000 Dr. 200,000 Cr.
150,000 Dr.
420,000 Dr.
252,000 Cr.
PROBLEM 20-1
20-37
Balance, Jan. 1, 2011
Service cost
Interest cost*
Actual return
Contributions
Benefits
Journal entry for 2011
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2010
Balance, Dec. 31, 2011
Additional PSC, 1/1/2012
Balance, Jan. 1, 2012
Service cost
Interest cost**
Actual return
Unexpected loss***
Amortization of PSC
Contributions
Benefits
Journal entry for 2012
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2011
Balance, Dec. 31, 2012
Diana Peter Company
Pension Worksheet—2011 and 2012
General Journal Entries
Memo Record
Annual
OCI—Prior
Projected
Pension
Service OCI—Gain/
Pension
Benefit
Plan
Expense
Cash
Cost
Loss
Asset/Liability Obligation
Assets
(a)
Katie Day Company
Pension Worksheet—2011, 2012, 2013
Annual
Pension
Expense
20-38
Additional PSC, 1/1/2012
Balance, Jan. 1, 2012
Service cost
Interest cost(c)
Actual return(d)
Amortization of PSC
Contributions
Benefits
Journal entry for 2012
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2011
Balance, Dec. 31, 2012
Service cost
Interest cost(e)
Actual return
Unexpected loss(f)
Amortization of PSC
Contributions
Benefits
Liability loss(g)
Journal entry for 2013
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2012
Balance, Dec. 31, 2013
Memo Record
Projected
Pension
Benefit
Plan
Asset/Liability Obligation
Assets
200,000 Cr.
16,000 Cr.
20,000 Cr.
16,000 Dr.
20,000 Dr.
17,000 Cr.
3,000 Cr.
17,000 Dr.
3,000 Dr.
16,000 Cr.
16,000 Dr.
16,000 Cr.
3,000 Dr.
0
3,000 Dr.
19,000 Dr.
38,200 Dr.
21,900 Cr.
54,400 Dr.
14,000 Dr.
16,000 Dr.
14,000 Cr.
222,000 Cr.
219,000 Dr.
3,000 Cr.
3,000 Cr.
160,000 Dr.
160,000 Cr.
382,000 Cr.
19,000 Cr.
38,200 Cr.
21,900 Dr.
54,400 Cr.
40,000 Cr.
89,700 Dr.
40,000 Cr. 105,600 Dr.
0
105,600 Dr.
26,000 Dr.
42,280 Dr.
24,000 Cr.
2,450 Cr.
41,600 Dr.
0
3,000 Dr.
3,000 Dr.
16,400 Dr.
40,000 Dr.
16,400 Cr.
422,800 Cr.
264,500 Dr.
155,300 Cr.
158,300 Cr.
26,000 Cr.
42,280 Cr.
24,000 Dr.
2,450 Dr.
41,600 Cr.
48,000 Cr.
83,430 Dr.
200,000 Dr.
48,000 Cr.
41,600 Cr.
105,600 Dr.
64,000 Dr.
49,920 Dr.
52,370 Dr.
3,000 Dr.
55,370 Dr.
21,000 Dr.
49,920 Cr.
48,000 Dr.
21,000 Cr.
46,200 Cr.
204,500 Cr.
520,000 Cr.
315,500 Dr.
PROBLEM 20-2
Balance, Jan. 1, 2011
Service cost
Interest cost(a)
Actual return
Unexpected loss(b)
Contributions
Benefits
Journal entry for 2011
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2010
Balance, Dec. 31, 2011
General Journal Entries
OCI—Prior
Service
OCI—
Cash
Cost
Gain/Loss
PROBLEM 20-2 (Continued)
Worksheet computations:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
$20,000 = $200,000 X 10%
$3,000 = ($200,000 X 10%) – $17,000; expected return exceeds actual return.
$38,200 = $382,000 X 10%
Expected return and actual return are the same.
$42,280 = $422,800 X 10%
$2,450 = ($264,500 X 10%) – $24,000; expected return exceeds actual return.
$520,000 = ($422,800 + $42,280 – $21,000)
(Note to instructor: Because the amount of net gain or loss does not exceed
10% of the larger of the projected benefit obligation or the fair value of the
plan assets at the beginning of any of the years, no amortization is recorded.
(b) Journal entries:
2011
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L).......................
Pension Expense .....................................................
Cash...................................................................
Pension Asset /Liability....................................
3,000
16,000
2012
Other Comprehensive income (PSC) .....................
Pension Expense .....................................................
Cash...................................................................
Pension Asset /Liability....................................
105,600
89,700
2013
Pension Expense .....................................................
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L).......................
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC)..............
Cash...................................................................
Pension Asset /Liability....................................
20-38
16,000
3,000
40,000
155,300
83,430
52,370
41,600
48,000
46,200
PROBLEM 20-2 (Continued)
(c) Financial Statements—2013
Income Statement
Pension expense...............................................
$ 83,430
Comprehensive Income Statement
Net Income.........................................................
$
XXXX
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Asset gain (loss) ............................................... $ (2,450)
Liability gain (loss)............................................
(49,920)
Prior Service cost amortization .......................
41,600
(10,770)
Comprehensive income ...........................................
$
Balance Sheet
Liabilities
Pension liability .............................................
$204,500
Stockholders’ equity
Accumulated other comprehensive
loss (PSC) .......................................................
Accumulated other comprehensive
loss (G/L).........................................................
20-39
XXXX
$ 64,000
55,370
PROBLEM 20-3
(a) Pension expense for 2010 comprises the following:
Service cost .............................................................
Interest on projected benefit obligation................
(10% X $350,000)
Actual return on plan assets ..................................
Unexpected loss......................................................
Amortization of gain or loss in 2010......................
Amortization of prior service cost .........................
($150,000 ÷ 10.5 years)
Pension expense .............................................
$52,000
35,000
(11,000)
(9,000)*
0
14,286**
$81,286
**([10% X $200,000] – $11,000)
**Amortization: $150,000 ÷ 10.5 years = $14,286
(b)
Journal Entries—2010
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L)......................
Pension Expense ....................................................
Cash..................................................................
Pension Asset /Liability...................................
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC).............
24,000
81,286
65,000
26,000
14,286
*Computed in part (c)
(c) 2010 Increase/Decrease in Gains/Losses
(1) 12/31/10 new actuarially computed
PBO
Less: Projected benefit obligation
per memo record:
1/1/10 PBO
$350,000
Add interest (10% X $350,000)
35,000
Add service cost (given)
52,000
Less benefit payments
0
$452,000
437,000
Liability loss
$15,000
20-40
PROBLEM 20-3 (Continued)
(2) 12/31/10 fair value of plan assets
Less: Expected fair value
1/1/10 fair value of plan
assets
$200,000
Add expected return
20,000
(10% X $200,000)
Add pension plan contribution
65,000
Less benefit payments
0
$276,000
285,000
Asset loss
Net loss at 12/31/10
9,000
$24,000
The $24,000 net loss in the accumulated OCI (G/L) account becomes
the beginning balance in 2011. The corridor at 1/1/11 is 10% of the
greater of $452,000 (PBO) or $276,000 (market-related asset value). Since
the corridor of $45,200 is greater than the balance in the accumulated
OCI (G/L) account of $24,000, there will be no gain/loss amortization in
2011. It follows that no amortization occurs in 2010 because no balance
existed in the accumulated OCI (G/L) account at the beginning of 2010.
(d) Financial Statements—2010
Income Statement
Pension expense..............................................
$ 81,286
Comprehensive Income Statement
Net Income ...............................................................
$ XXXX
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Asset gain (loss) .............................................. $ (9,000)
Liability gain (loss)........................................... (15,000)
(9,714)
Prior Service cost amortization ......................
14,286
Comprehensive income ..........................................
$ XXXX
Balance Sheet
Liabilities
Pension asset /liability ..........................
Stockholders’ equity
Accumulated other comprehensive
loss (PSC) ..........................................
Accumulated other
comprehensive loss...........................
*($350,000 – $200,000) + $26,000
**($150,000 – $14,286)
20-41
$176,000*
$135,714**
$ 24,000
PROBLEM 20-4
(a) Computation of pension expense:
2010
Service cost........................................................ ($ 60,000
Interest cost ($600,000 X .09)
and ($700,000 X .09) ......................................
54,000
Expected return on plan assets........................
(24,000)
Amortization of prior service cost....................
10,000
Pension expense ............................................... ($100,000
(b)
Pension Asset/Liability......................................
Pension Expense ...............................................
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC) .........
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L) ..........
Cash ..............................................................
Pension Expense ...............................................
Cash ..............................................................
Pension Asset / Liability ...............................
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC) .........
2011
$ 90,000
63,000
(30,000)
12,000
($135,000
2010
(34,000
100,000
10,000
14,000
(110,000
2011
135,000
120,000
3,000
12,000
Note to instructors: Although not required, students could be encouraged
to prepare a 2-year pension worksheet, as shown on the following page.
20-42
20-44
Balance, Jan. 1, 2010
Service cost
Interest cost*
Actual return
Unexpected loss
Amortization of PSC
Contributions
Increase in PBO
Journal entry for 2010
Accumulated OCI, Jan. 1, 2010
Balance, Dec. 31, 2010
Cash
OCI—Prior
Service
Cost
OCI—
Gain/Loss
40,000 Cr.
60,000 Dr.
54,000 Dr.
24,000 Cr.
600,000 Cr.
60,000 Cr.
54,000 Cr.
Plan
Assets
560,000 Dr.*
24,000 Dr.
10,000 Dr.
10,000 Cr.
110,000 Cr.
100,000 Dr. 110,000 Cr.
110,000 Dr.
10,000 Cr.
250,000 Dr.
240,000 Dr.
Service cost
90,000 Dr.
Interest cost*
63,000 Dr.
Actual return
30,000 Cr.
Unexpected gain
Amortization of PSC
12,000 Dr.
12,000 Cr.
Amortization of loss
Contributions
120,000 Cr.
Journal entry for 2011
135,000 Dr. 120,000 Cr. 12,000 Cr.
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2010
240,000 Dr.
Balance, Dec. 31, 2011
228,000 Dr.
*($600,000 – $40,000)
Memo Record
Projected
Pension
Benefit
Asset/Liability Obligation
14,000 Cr.
14,000 Cr.
0
14,000 Cr.
14,000 Dr.
34,000 Dr.
6,000 Cr.
700,000 Cr.
694,000 Dr.
90,000 Cr.
63,000 Cr.
30,000 Dr.
120,000 Dr.
0
14,000 Cr.
14,000 Cr.
3,000 Cr.
9,000 Cr.
853,000 Cr.
844,000 Dr.
PROBLEM 20-4 (Continued)
General Journal Entries
Annual
Pension
Expense
PROBLEM 20-5
(a) Pension expense for 2010 consisted only of the service cost component
amounting to $55,000. There were no prior service cost, net gain or loss,
pension assets, or projected benefit obligation as of January 1, 2010.
Pension expense for 2011 comprised the following:
Service cost ......................................................................
Interest on projected benefit obligation.........................
($55,000 X 11%)
Expected return on plan assets ......................................
($50,000 X 10%)
Amortization of net gain or loss .....................................
Amortization of prior service cost ..................................
Pension expense ......................................................
$85,000
6,050
(5,000)
0
0
$86,050
Pension expense for 2012 comprised the following:
Service cost ......................................................................
Interest on projected benefit obligation.........................
($200,000 X 8%)
Expected return on plan assets ......................................
($85,000 X 10%)
Amortization of net gain or loss (1) ................................
Amortization of prior service cost ..................................
Pension expense ......................................................
20-44
$119,000
16,000
(8,500)
5,329
0
$131,829
PROBLEM 20-5 (Continued)
(1)
Year
2010
2011
2012
Projected
Benefit
Plan Assets
Obligation (a)
(a)
$
0
55,000
200,000
$
0
50,000
85,000
Corridor
(b)
$
0
5,500
20,000
Accumulated
OCI (G/L) (a)
Minimum
Amortization
of (Gain) Loss
$(
0
0
83,950
$(
0
0
5,329 (c)
(a) As of the beginning of the year.
(b) The corridor is 10 percent of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or
plan assets.
(c) $83,950 – $20,000 = $63,950; $63,950/12 = $5,329
(b)
Journal Entries—2010
Pension Expense ......................................................
Cash ...................................................................
Pension Asset /Liability ....................................
55,000
Journal Entries—2011
Pension Expense ......................................................
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L) .......................
Cash ...................................................................
Pension Asset /Liability ....................................
86,050
83,950
Journal Entries—2012
Pension Expense .......................................................
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L) ........................
Cash ....................................................................
Pension Asset /Liability .....................................
131,829
2,171*
50,000
5,000
60,000
110,000
95,000
39,000
*Note: The debit to Other Comprehensive Income (G/L) is a plug figure. It equals
the corridor amortization credit ($5,329) netted against an additional loss in
2012 of $7,500.
Note to instructors: Although not required, students could be encouraged to
prepare a 3-year worksheet, as presented on the following page.
20-45
Balance, Jan. 1, 2010
Service cost
Interest cost
Expected return
Contributions
Journal entry for 2010
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2009
Balance, Dec. 31, 2010
20-47
Service cost
Interest cost
Actual return
Contributions
Increase in liability
Benefits
Journal entry for 2011
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2010
Balance, Dec. 31, 2011
55,000 Dr.
Memo Record
Projected
Benefit
Plan
Obligation
Assets
55,000 Cr.
50,000 Cr.
55,000 Dr. 50,000 Cr.
50,000 Dr.
5,000 Cr.
5,000 Cr.
85,000 Dr.
6,050 Dr.
5,000 Cr.
55,000 Cr.
50,000 Dr.
85,000 Cr.
6,050 Cr.
5,000 Dr.
60,000 Dr.
60,000 Cr.
83,950 Dr.
86,050 Dr. 60,000 Cr.
Service cost
119,000 Dr.
Interest cost
16,000 Dr.
Expected return
8,500 Cr.
Amortization of loss
5,329 Dr.
Contributions
95,000 Cr.
Benefits
Liability loss*
Journal entry for 2012
131,829 Dr. 95,000 Cr.
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2011
Balance, Dec. 31, 2012
*$324,000 – ($200,000 + $119,000 + $16,000 – $18,500).
83,950 Dr.
0
83,950 Dr.
83,950 Cr.
30,000 Dr.
30,000 Cr.
200,000 Cr.
85,000 Dr.
110,000 Cr.
115,000 Cr.
119,000 Cr.
16,000 Cr.
8,500 Dr.
5,329 Cr.
7,500 Dr.
2,171 Dr.
83,950 Dr.
86,121 Dr.
18,500 Dr.
7,500 Cr.
95,000 Dr.
18,500 Cr.
39,000 Cr.
154,000 Cr.
324,000 Cr.
170,000 Dr.
PROBLEM 20-5 (Continued)
General Journal Entries
Annual
Pension
OCI—
Pension
Expense
Cash
Gain/Loss Asset/Liability
PROBLEM 20-6
(a) Prior Service Cost Amortization
2010
2011
2012
$153,846
153,846
153,846
($2,000,000 ÷ 13 years)
($2,000,000 ÷ 13 years)
($2,000,000 ÷ 13 years)
(b) Pension expense for 2010 comprised the following:
Service cost.........................................................................
Interest on projected benefit obligation* ..........................
Actual return on plan assets**...........................................
Unexpected gain***.............................................................
Amortization of prior service cost ....................................
Pension expense.........................................................
$200,000
500,000
(325,000)
25,000
153,846
$553,846
***($5,000,000 X 10% = $500,000)
***[$3,900,000 – $3,000,000 – ($575,000 – $0)]
***(Expected return of $300,000 – actual return of $325,000 = $25,000
unexpected gain)
(c) Pension liability, beginning of year..................................
Pension liability, end of year ............................................
Decrease in liability ...................................................
$2,000,000
850,000*
$1,150,000
*$4,750,000 – $3,900,000
Journal Entries—2010
Pension Expense ...................................................
553,846
Pension Asset /Liability ......................................... 1,150,000
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L).............
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC) ...........
Cash ................................................................
20-47
975,000
153,846
575,000
PROBLEM 20-6 (Continued)
(d) 12/31/10 Fair value of plan assets
Less: Expected fair value of assets
1/1/10 fair value of plan assets
Add expected return
(10% X $3,000,000)
Add contributions to the plan
Less benefits
Asset gain
$3,900,000
$3,000,000
300,000
575,000
0
12/31/10 Actuarially computed PBO
Less: 1/1/10 PBO
$5,000,000
Add interest
500,000
(10% X $5,000,000)
Add service cost
200,000
Less benefits
0
Liability gain
3,875,000
(25,000)
4,750,000
5,700,000
(950,000)
Net gain 12/31/10
$ (975,000)
Amortization in 2010: None because there was no beginning balance.
Amortization in 2011 (corridor approach): $38,462
Year
2010
2011
Projected Benefit
Fair Value
Obligation
of Plan Assets Corridor
$5,000,000
4,750,000
$3,000,000
3,900,000
$500,000
475,000
Accumulated
OCI (G/L)
Amortization
$(
0
(975,000)
*$975,000 – $475,000 = $500,000; $500,000 ÷ 13 = $38,462
20-48
*$
0
* 38,462*
Farber Corp.
Pension Worksheet—2012
General Journal Entries
Annual
Pension
Expense
Items
Cash
Memo Record
OCI—Prior
Projected
Service
OCI—
Penison
Benefit
Cost
Gain/Loss Asset/Liability Obligation
205,000 Cr. 725,000 Cr. 520,000 Dr.
108,000 Cr.
65,250 Cr.
48,000 Dr.
138,000 Dr.
85,000 Dr. 85,000 Cr.
12,750 Dr.
192,250 Cr.
813,250 Cr. 621,000 Dr.
*$65,250 = $725,000 X .09.
**$4,000 = ($520,000 X .10) – $48,000.
***
Year
1/1 Projected
Benefit
Obligation
Value of 1/1
Plan Assets
10%
Corridor
Accumulated
OCI (G/L), 1/1
Minimum
Amortization of
Loss for 2012
2012
$725,000
$520,000
$72,500
$91,000
*$1,850****
****$91,000 – $72,500 = $18,500; $18,500 ÷ 10 = $1,850.
PROBLEM 20-7
20-50
Balance, Jan. 1, 2012
Service cost
108,000 Dr.
Interest cost*
65,250 Dr.
Actual return
48,000 Cr.
Unexpected loss**
4,000 Cr.
4,000 Dr.
Amortization of PSC
25,000 Dr.
25,000 Cr.
Amortization of loss***
1,850 Dr.
1,850 Cr.
Contributions
138,000 Cr.
Benefits
Journal entry for 2012
148,100 Dr. 138,000 Cr. 25,000 Cr. 2,150 Dr.
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2011
81,000 Dr. 91,000 Dr.
Balance, Dec. 31, 2012
56,000 Dr. 93,150 Dr.
Plan
Assets
(a)
Items
Glesen Company
Pension Worksheet—2011 and 2012
Annual
Pension
Expense
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2011
Balance, Dec. 31, 2012
Pension
Asset/
Liability
Memo Record
Projected
Benefit
Obligation Plan Assets
240,000 Cr. 650,000 Cr.
40,000 Cr.
65,000 Cr.
410,000 Dr.
36,000 Dr.
5,000 Dr.
70,000 Cr.
72,000 Cr.
72,000 Cr.
70,000 Cr.
160,000 Dr.
90,000 Dr.
87,000 Dr.
92,000 Dr.
0
92,000 Dr.
31,500 Dr.
87,000 Cr.
72,000 Dr.
31,500 Cr.
84,000 Cr.
324,000 Cr. 810,500 Cr.
59,000 Cr.
81,050 Cr.
486,500 Dr.
61,000 Dr.
12,350 Cr.
55,000 Cr.
548 Cr.
81,000 Cr.
81,000 Cr.
55,000 Cr.
12,898 Cr.
90,000 Dr.
35,000 Dr.
92,000 Dr.
79,102 Dr.
54,000 Dr.
81,000 Dr.
54,000 Cr.
322,050 Cr. 896,550 Cr.
574,500 Dr.
1,950 Dr.
PROBLEM 20-8
20-51
Balance, Jan. 1, 2011
Service cost
40,000 Dr.
Interest cost(a)
65,000 Dr.
Actual return
36,000 Cr.
Unexpected loss(b)
5,000 Cr.
Amortization of PSC
70,000 Dr.
Contributions
Benefits
Increase in PBO
Journal entry for 2011
134,000 Dr.
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2010
Balance, Dec. 31, 2011
Service cost
59,000 Dr.
(c)
Interest cost
81,050 Dr.
Actual return
61,000 Cr.
(d)
Unexpected gain
12,350 Dr.
Amortization of PSC
55,000 Dr.
Amortization of Loss(e)
548 Dr.
Contributions
Benefits
Journal entry for 2012
146,948 Dr.
General Journal Entries
OCI—Prior
Service
OCI—
Cash
Cost
Gain/Loss
PROBLEM 20-8 (Continued)
Worksheet computations:
(a)
$65,000 = $650,000 X 10%.
(b)
$5,000 = ($410,000 X 10%) – $36,000; expected return exceeds actual return.
(c) $81,050 = $810,500 X 10%.
(d) $12,350 = ($486,500 X 10%) – $61,000; actual return exceeds expected return.
(e) 2012 Corridor Test:
Accumulated net (gain) or loss at beginning of year ............
10% of larger of PBO or fair value of plan assets..................
Amortizable amount .................................................................
2012 amortization ($10,950 ÷ 20 years)...................................
(b)
2011
Pension Expense .......................................................
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L) ........................
Cash ....................................................................
Pension Asset /Liability .....................................
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC) ...............
2012
Pension Asset /Liability ............................................
Pension Expense ......................................................
Cash ...................................................................
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC) ..............
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L)................
20-51
$92,000
81,050
$10,950
$
548
134,000
92,000
72,000
84,000
70,000
1,950
146,948
81,000
55,000
12,898
PROBLEM 20-8 (Continued)
(c) Financial Statements—2012
Income Statement
Pension expense .............................................
$146,948
Comprehensive Income Statement
Net Income ..............................................................
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Asset gain (loss).............................................
Amortization of loss .......................................
Prior Service cost amortization.....................
Comprehensive income
Balance Sheet
Liabilities
Pension liability........................................
Stockholders’ equity
Accumulated other comprehensive
loss (PSC).............................................
Accumulated other comprehensive
loss (G/L) ................................................
20-52
$ XXXX
$12,350
548
55,000
67,898
$ XXXX
$322,050
$ 35,000
79,102
PROBLEM 20-9
(a) See worksheet on next page.
(b)
December 31, 2009
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L) .....................
Pension Expense ....................................................
Cash .................................................................
Pension Asset /Liability ..................................
18,000
330,000
150,000
198,000
(c) See worksheet on next page. The entry is below.
December 31, 2010
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC) ....................
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L) .....................
Pension Expense ....................................................
Cash .................................................................
Pension Asset/Liability...................................
510,000
124,560
433,440
184,658
883,342
(d) Financial Statements—2010
Income Statement
Pension expense.............................................
$ 433,440
Balance Sheet
Liabilities
Pension liability ........................................
$1,081,342
Stockholders’ equity
Accumulated other comprehensive
loss (PSC)...............................................
Accumulated other comprehensive
loss (G/L) ................................................
20-53
$ 510,000
142,560
Mount Company
Pension Worksheet—2009 and 2010
General Journal Entries
Items
20-55
Balance, Jan. 1, 2009
Service cost
Interest cost(a)
Actual return
Unexpected loss(b)
Contributions
Benefits
Journal entry for 2009
Accumulated OCI Dec. 31, 2008
Balance, Dec. 31, 2009
Additional PSC, 1/1/2010
Balance, Jan. 1, 2010
Service cost
Interest cost(c)
Actual return
Unexpected loss(d)
Amortization of PSC
Contributions
Benefits
Journal entry for 2010
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2009
Balance, Dec. 31, 2010
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Annual
Pension
Expense
Cash
Memo Record
Projected
OCI—Prior
OCI—
Pension
Benefit
Plan
Service Cost Gain/Loss Asset/Liability Obligation
Assets
4,500,000 Cr. 4,500,000 Dr.
150,000 Cr.
450,000 Cr.
252,000 Dr.
150,000 Dr.
450,000 Dr.
252,000 Cr.
18,000 Cr.
18,000 Dr.
150,000 Cr.
220,000 Dr.
330,000 Dr. 150,000 Cr.
18,000 Dr.
0
18,000 Dr.
600,000 Dr.
170,000 Dr.
548,000 Dr.
250,000 Cr.
124,560 Cr.
90,000 Dr.
198,000 Cr.
198,000 Cr. 4,880,000 Cr. 4,682,000 Dr.
600,000 Cr.
5,480,000 Cr.
170,000 Cr.
548,000 Cr.
250,000 Dr.
124,560 Dr.
90,000 Cr.
184,658 Cr.
280,000 Dr.
433,440 Dr. 184,658 Cr.
$450,000 = $4,500,000 X 10%.
$18,000 = ($4,500,000 X 6%) – $252,000.
$548,000 = ($4,880,000 + $600,000) X 10%.
$124,560 = ($4,682,000 X .08) – $250,000.
150,000 Dr.
220,000 Cr.
184,658 Dr.
280,000 Cr.
510,000 Dr. 124,560 Dr. 883,342 Cr.
0
18,000 Dr.
510,000 Dr. 142,560 Dr. 1,081,342 Cr. 5,918,000 Cr. 4,836,658 Dr.
PROBLEM 20-9 (Continued)
(a)
(a)
Completed Worksheet—2011
Enyart Company
General Journal Entries
Annual
Pension
Expense
(b)
(c)
OCI—Prior
Projected
Service
OCI—
Pension
Benefit
Cost
Gain/Loss Asset/Liability Obligation
120,000 Cr. 325,000 Cr. 205,000 Dr.
20,000 Cr.
32,500 Cr.
18,000 Dr.
20,000 Dr.
32,500 Dr.
18,000 Cr.
2,500 Cr.
35,000 Dr.
2,500 Dr.
35,000 Cr.
36,000 Cr.
43,500 Dr.
67,000 Dr. 36,000 Cr. 35,000 Cr. 46,000 Dr.
80,000 Dr.
0
45,000 Dr. 46,000 Dr.
2011
Pension Expense ................................................................................
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L) .................................................
Cash .........................................................................................
Pension Asset/Liability...........................................................
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC) ....................................
1.
2.
Plan
Assets
Settlement Rate: $32,500 ÷ $325,000 = 10%
Expected return on assets: ($18,000 + $2,500) ÷ $205,000 = 10%
36,000 Dr.
15,000 Dr. 15,000 Cr.
43,500 Cr.
42,000 Cr.
162,000 Cr.
406,000 Cr. 244,000 Dr.
67,000
46,000
36,000
42,000
35,000
PROBLEM 20-10
20-56
Balance, Jan. 1, 2011
Service cost
Interest cost
Actual return
Unexpected loss
Amortization of PSC
Contributions
Benefits
Increase in PBO
Journal entry for 2011
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2010
Balance, Dec. 31, 2011
Cash
Memo Record
(a)
Completed Worksheet—2012
Enyart Company
General Journal Entries
Annual
Pension
Expense
OCI—Prior
Projected
Penison
OCI—
Service
Benefit
Gain/Loss Asset/Liability Obligation
Cost
Plan
Assets
162,000 Cr. 406,000 Cr. 244,000 Dr.
59,000 Cr.
40,600 Cr.
32,000 Dr.
59,000 Dr.
40,600 Dr.
32,000 Cr.
7,600 Dr.
24,000 Dr.
270 Dr.
7,600 Cr.
24,000 Cr.
270 Cr.
41,000 Cr.
99,470 Dr. 41,000 Cr. 24,000 Cr. 7,870 Cr.
45,000 Dr. 46,000 Dr.
21,000 Dr. 38,130 Dr.
41,000 Dr.
27,000 Dr. 27,000 Cr.
26,600 Cr.
188,600 Cr.
478,600 Cr. 290,000 Dr.
PROBLEM 20-11
20-57
Balance, Jan. 1, 2012
Service cost
Interest cost
Actual return
Unexpected gain
Amortization of PSC
Amortization of loss
Contributions
Benefits
Journal entry for 2012
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2011
Balance, Dec. 31, 2012
Cash
Memo Record
PROBLEM 20-11 (Continued)
Worksheet computations:
Interest cost: $40,600 = $406,000 X 10%
Unexpected gain: $7,600 = ($244,000 X 10%) – $32,000; actual return
exceeds expected return.
2012 Corridor Test:
Accumulated net (gain) or loss at beginning of year ...
10% of larger of PBO or fair value of plan assets.........
Amortizable amount ........................................................
2012 amortization ($5,400 ÷ 20 years) ...........................
(b)
2012
Pension Expense............................................................. 99,470
Pension Asset/Liability ...................................................
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC) .....................
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L).......................
Cash ..........................................................................
(c) Financial Statements—2012
Income Statement
Pension expense......................................................
$46,000
40,600
$ 5,400
$
270
26,600
24,000
7,600
41,000
$ 69,470
Comprehensive Income Statement
Net Income .......................................................................
$ XXXX
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Asset gain (loss) ...................................................... 7,870
Amortization of loss.................................................
270
Prior Service cost amortization .............................. 24,000 31,870
Comprehensive income ..................................................
$ XXXX
Balance Sheet
Liabilities
Pension liability .......................................................
Stockholders’ equity
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (PSC)....
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (G/L) .....
20-58
$158,600
$ 21,000
38,130
(a)
Cramer Corp.
Pension Worksheet—2012
General Journal Entries
Memo Record
Annual
OCI—Prior
Projected
Pension
Service
OCI—
Penison
Benefit
Plan
Expense
Cash
Cost
Gain/Loss Asset/Liability Obligation Assets
90,000 Cr. 360,000 Cr. 270,000 Dr.
45,000 Cr.
25,200 Cr.
27,000 Dr.
45,000 Dr.
25,200 Dr.
27,000 Cr.
5,400 Dr.
12,000 Dr.
300 Dr.
5,400 Cr.
12,000 Cr.
300 Cr.
70,000 Cr.
70,000 Dr.
41,000 Dr. 41,000 Cr.
60,900 Dr. 70,000 Cr. 12,000 Cr.
45,000 Dr.
33,000 Dr.
5,700 Cr.
39,000 Dr.
33,300 Dr.
26,800 Dr.
63,200 Cr.
389,200 Cr. 326,000 Dr.
*$25,200 = $360,000 X .07.
**$5,400 = ($270,000 X .08) – $27,000.
***
Year
1/1 Projected
Benefit
Obligation
Value of 1/1
Plan Assets
2012
$360,000
$270,000
****($39,000 – $36,000) = $3,000 ÷ 10 = $300.
10%
Corridor
Accumulated
OCI (G/L), 1/1
Minimum
Amortization of
Loss for 2012
$36,000
$39,000
*$300****
PROBLEM 20-12
20-59
Balance, Jan. 1, 2012
Service cost
Interest cost*
Actual return
Unexpected gain**
Amortization of PSC
Amortization of loss***
Contributions
Benefits
Journal entry for 2012
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2011
Balance, Dec. 31, 2012
PROBLEM 20-12 (Continued)
(b)
2012
Pension Expense......................................................
Pension Asset/Liability ............................................
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC) ..............
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L)................
Cash ...................................................................
60,900
26,800
12,000
5,700
70,000
(c) Financial Statements—2012
Income Statement
Pension expense...............................................
Comprehensive Income Statement
Net Income ................................................................
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Asset gain (loss) ...............................................
Amortization of loss..........................................
Prior Service cost amortization .......................
Comprehensive income ...........................................
$60,900
$ XXXX
5,400
300
12,000
17,700
$ XXXX
Balance Sheet
Liabilities
Pension liability ......................................................
$63,200
Stockholders’ equity
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (PSC)...
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (G/L) ....
$33,000
33,300
20-60
(a)
70,000 Dr.
18,000 Dr.
15,000 Cr.
6,000 Dr.
Memo Record
APBO
Plan Assets
200,000 Cr. 200,000 Dr.
70,000 Cr.
18,000 Cr.
15,000 Dr.
6,000 Cr.
60,000 Cr.
44,000 Dr.
79,000 Dr.
60,000 Cr.
6,000 Cr.
0
6,000 Cr.
13,000 Cr.
13,000 Cr.
**$200,000 X .09 = $18,000
***$15,000 – $9,000 = $6,000
20-61
(b) Journal Entry
Postretirement Expense...................................................
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L) ........................
Postretirement Asset/Liability..................................
Cash............................................................................
79,000
6,000
13,000
60,000
Financial Statements
Income Statement
Postretirement expense ...................................................
Comprehensive Income
Net income .............................................................................
Asset gain (loss) ...............................................................
Comprehensive income........................................................
60,000 Dr.
44,000 Cr.
$79,000
$XXXX
6,000
$XXXX
Balance Sheet
Liabilities
Postretirement asset/liability ...................................
$13,000
Stockholders’ Equity
Accumulated other comprehensive income ...........
$ 6,000
244,000 Cr. 231,000 Dr.
*PROBLEM 20-13
Items
Balance, Jan. 1, 2011
Service cost
Interest cost*
Actual return
Unexpected gain**
Contributions
Benefits
Journal entry, for 2011
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2010
Balance, Dec. 31, 2011
Dusty Hass Foods Inc.
Postretirement Benefits Worksheet—2011
General Journal Entries
Annual
Postretirement
OCI—Gain/ Postretirement
Expense
Cash
Loss
Asset/Liability
*PROBLEM 20-14
(a) See worksheet on next page.
(b)
December 31, 2009
Postretirement Expense ......................................
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L) ...................
Cash ...............................................................
Postretirement Asset/Liability .....................
125,000
60,000
15,000
170,000
(c) See worksheet on next page. The entry is below.
December 31, 2010
Other Comprehensive Income (PSC)..................
Other Comprehensive Income (G/L) ...................
Postretirement Expense ......................................
Cash ...............................................................
Postretirement Asset/Liability .....................
160,000
36,900
239,100
35,000
401,000
(d) Financial Statements—2010
Income Statement
Pension expense...........................................
Comprehensive Income Statement
Net Income ...........................................................
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Asset gain (loss) ..........................................
Plan amendment (PSC)................................
Prior Service cost amortization ..................
Comprehensive income ......................................
$204,100
$
$(36,900)
(175,000)
15,000
XXXX
(196,900)
$ XXXX
Balance Sheet
Liabilities
Pension liability ......................................................
$186,600
Stockholders’ equity
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (PSC)...
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (G/L) ....
$190,000
96,900
20-62
20-63
Balance, Jan. 1, 2009
Service cost
Interest cost*
Actual return
Unexpected loss
Contributions
Benefits
Journal entry for 2009
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2008
Balance, Dec. 31, 2009
Additional PSC, 1/1/2010
Balance, Jan. 1, 2010
Service cost
Interest cost**
Actual return
Unexpected loss
Amortization of PSC
Contributions
Benefits
Journal entry for 2010
Accumulated OCI, Dec. 31, 2009
Balance, Dec. 31, 2010
*$2,500,000 X 10%
**$2,960,000 X 10%
General Journal Entries
OCI—Prior
OCI—
Postretirement
Cash
Service Cost Gain/Loss Asset/Liability
0
75,000 Dr.
250,000 Dr.
140,000 Cr.
60,000 Cr.
Memo Record
Plan
APBO
Assets
2,500,000 Cr. 2,500,000 Dr.
75,000 Cr.
250,000 Cr.
140,000 Dr.
60,000 Dr.
15,000 Cr.
40,000 Dr.
125,000 Dr.
15,000 Cr.
0
0
60,000 Dr.
0
60,000 Dr.
175,000 Dr.
85,000 Dr.
296,000 Dr.
120,000 Cr.
36,900 Cr.
15,000 Dr.
170,000 Cr.
170,000 Cr. 2,785,000 Cr. 2,615,000 Dr.
175,000 Cr.
2,960,000 Cr.
85,000 Cr.
296,000 Cr.
120,000 Dr.
36,900 Dr.
15,000 Cr.
35,000 Cr.
45,000 Dr.
239,100 Dr.
15,000 Dr.
40,000 Cr.
35,000 Cr.
160,000 Dr.
0
160,000 Dr.
36,900 Dr.
60,000 Dr.
96,900 Dr.
35,000 Dr.
45,000 Cr.
401,000 Cr.
571,000 Cr. 3,296,000 Cr. 2,725,000 Dr.
*PROBLEM 20-14 (Continued)
Annual
Expense
TIME AND PURPOSE OF CONCEPTS FOR ANALYSIS
CA 20-1 (Time 30–35 minutes)
Purpose—to provide the student with the opportunity to discuss some of the more traditional issues
related to pension reporting. Specifically, the student is asked to define a pension plan, distinguish between a
funded and unfunded plan, differentiate between accounting for the employer and the pension fund. In
addition, justification for accrual accounting must be developed, as well as a determination of the relative
objectivity of the accrual versus the cash basis.
CA 20-2 (Time 25–30 minutes)
Purpose—to provide the student with the opportunity to discuss the terminology employed in FASB
standards.
CA 20-3 (Time 20–25 minutes)
Purpose—to provide the student with the opportunity to discuss the reasons why accrual accounting is
followed for pension reporting. In addition, certain terms are required to be explained and the proper
footnote disclosures identified.
CA 20-4 (Time 30–35 minutes)
Purpose—to provide the student with the opportunity to study some of the implications of FASB
Statement No. 87. The student is required to identify the five components of pension expense, the
major differences between the accumulated benefit obligation and the projected benefit obligation, and
how to report actuarial gains and losses.
CA 20-5 (Time 50–60 minutes)
Purpose—to provide the student with the opportunity to discuss the implications of FASB Statement
No. 87, given a number of different factual situations. This case is quite thought-provoking and should
stimulate a great deal of class discussion.
CA 20-6 (Time 30–40 minutes)
Purpose—to provide the student with the opportunity to explain gains and losses, including the use of
corridor amortization.
CA 20-7 (Time 20–30 minutes)
Purpose—to provide the student with the opportunity to consider the ethical implications of the impact
of pension benefits and their impact on financial statements.
20-64
SOLUTIONS TO CONCEPTS FOR ANALYSIS
CA 20-1
(a)
A private pension plan is an arrangement whereby a company undertakes to provide its retired
employees with benefits that can be determined or estimated in advance from the provisions of a
document or from the company’s practices.
In a contributory pension plan the employees bear part of the cost of the stated benefits whereas
in a noncontributory plan the employer bears the entire cost.
(b)
The employer is the organization sponsoring the pension plan. The employer incurs the costs
and makes contributions to the pension fund. Accounting for the employer involves: (1) allocating
the cost of the pension plan to the proper accounting periods, (2) measuring the amount of
pension obligation resulting from the plan, and (3) disclosing the status and effects of the plan in
the financial statements.
The pension fund or plan is the entity which receives the contributions from the employer, administers
the pension assets, and makes the benefit payments to the pension recipients. Accounting for the
fund involves identifying receipts as contributions from the employer sponsor and as income from
fund investments and computing the amounts due to individual pension recipients.
(c)
(d)
1.
Relative to the pension fund the term “funded” refers to the relationship between pension
fund assets and the present value of expected future pension benefit payments; thus, the
pension fund may be fully funded or underfunded. Relative to the employer, the term
“funded” refers to the relationship of the contributions made by the employer to the pension
fund and the pension expense accrued by the employer; if the employer contributes
annually to the pension fund an amount equal to the pension expense, the employer is fully
funded (a liability could still appear due to the recognition of a minimum liability).
2.
Relative to the pension fund, the pension liability is an actuarial concept representing an
economic liability under the pension plan for future cash payments to retirees. From the
viewpoint of the employer, the pension liability is an accounting credit that results from an
excess of amounts expensed over amounts contributed (funded) to the pension fund.
1.
The theoretical justification for accrual recognition of pension costs is based on the matching
concept. Pension costs are incurred during the period over which an employee renders
services to the enterprise; these costs may be paid upon the employee’s retirement, over a
period of time after retirement, as incurred through funding or insurance plans, or through
some combination of any or all of these methods.
2.
Although cash (pay-as-you-go) accounting is highly objective for the final determination of
actual pension costs, it provides no measurement of annual pension costs as they are
incurred. Accrual accounting provides greater objectivity in the annual measurement of
pension costs than does cash accounting if actuarial funding methods are applied to actuarial
valuations to determine the provision for pension costs. While cash accounting provides a
more precise determination of the final cost, accrual accounting provides a more objective
measure of the annual cost.
20-65
CA 20-1 (Continued)
(e)
Terms and their definitions as they apply to accounting for pension plans follow:
1.
Service cost is the actuarial present value of benefits attributed by the pension benefit formula
to employee service during that period. The service cost component is a portion of the
projected benefit obligation and is unaffected by the funded status of the plan.
2.
Prior service costs are the retroactive benefits granted in a plan amendment (or initiation).
Retroactive benefits are benefits granted in a plan amendment (or initiation) that are
attributed by the pension benefit formula to employee services rendered in periods prior to
the amendment.
3.
Vested benefits are benefits that are not contingent on the employee continuing in the service
of the employer. In some plans the payment of the benefits will begin only when the
employee reaches the normal retirement date; in other plans the payment of the benefits
will begin when the employee retires (which may be before or after the normal retirement
date). The actuarially computed value of vested benefits represents the present value: (a) the
benefits expected to become payable to former employees who have retired, or who have
terminated service with vested rights, at the date of determination; and (b) the benefits
(based on service rendered prior to the date of determination) expected to become payable
at future dates to present employees, taking into account the probable time that employees
will retire.
CA 20-2
1.
Pension asset/liability in the asset section is the excess of the fair value of pension plan assets
over the projected benefit obligation.
2.
Pension asset/liability in the liability section is the excess of the projected benefit obligation over
the fair value of the pension plan assets.
3.
Accumulated OCI—PSC arises when an additional liability is recognized in the PBO due to prior
service cost. This account should be reported in the stockholders’ equity section as a component
of accumulated other comprehensive income. In addition, it should be shown as part of other
comprehensive income.
4.
Net periodic pension expense is the amount recognized in an employer’s financial statements as
the expense for a pension plan for the period. Components of net periodic pension expense are
service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of gain or loss, and
amortization of prior service cost. It should be noted that FASB Statement No. 87 uses the term
net periodic pension cost instead of net periodic pension expense because part of the cost
recognized in a period may be capitalized along with other costs as part of an asset such as
inventory.
20-66
CA 20-3
(a)
(b)
(c)
1.
The theoretical justification for accrual recognition of pension costs is based on the matching
concept. Pension costs are incurred during the period over which an employee renders
services to the enterprise; these costs may be paid upon the employee’s retirement, over a
period of time after retirement, as incurred through funding or insurance plans, or through
some combination of any or all of these methods.
2.
Although cash (pay-as-you-go) accounting is highly objective for the final determination of
actual pension costs, it provides no measurement of annual pension costs as they are
incurred. Accrual accounting provides greater objectivity in the annual measurement of
pension costs than does cash accounting.
Terms and their definitions as they apply to accounting for pensions follow:
1.
Market-related asset value, when based on a calculated value, is a moving average of
pension plan asset values over a period of time. Considerable flexibility is permitted in
computing this amount. In many cases, companies will undoubtedly use the actuarial asset
value employed by the actuary as their market-related asset value for purposes of applying
this concept to pension reporting.
2.
The projected benefit obligation is the present value of vested and nonvested employee
benefits accrued to date based on employees’ future salary levels. This is the pension
liability adopted by the FASB in Statement No. 87.
3.
The corridor approach was developed by the FASB as the method for determining when to
amortize the balance in the Accumulated OCI (G/L) account. The net gain or loss balance
is amortized when it exceeds the arbitrarily selected FASB criterion of 10% of the larger of
the beginning-of-the-year balances of the projected benefit obligation or the market-related
value of the plan assets.
The following disclosures about a company’s pension plans should be made in financial
statements or their notes:
1.
A description of the plan including employee groups covered, type of benefit formula,
funding policy, types of assets held, and the nature and effect of significant matters affecting
comparability of information for all periods presented.
2.
The components of net periodic pension expense for the period.
3.
A reconciliation showing how the projected benefit obligation and the fair value of the plan
assets changed from the beginning to the end of the period.
4.
Pension-related amounts recorded In Accumulated OCI and the impact of amortization of
these items on pension expense in the current and next year.
5.
A table is required indicating the allocation of pension plan assets by category (equity
securities, debt securities, real estate, and other assets), and showing the percentage of
the fair value to total plan assets. In addition, a narrative description of investment policies
and strategies, including the target allocation percentages (if used by the company), must
be disclosed.
6.
The company must disclose the expected benefit payments to be paid to current plan
participants for each of the next five fiscal years and in the aggregate for the five fiscal
years thereafter, based on the same assumptions used to measure the company’s benefit
obligation at the end of the year. Also required is disclosure of a company’s best estimate
of expected contributions to be paid to the plan during the next year.
20-67
CA 20-4
(a)
(b)
Pension benefits are part of the compensation received by employees for their services. The
actual payment of these benefits is deferred until after retirement. The net periodic pension
expense measures this compensation and consists of the following five elements:
1.
The service cost component is the present value of the benefits earned by the employees
during the current period.
2.
Since a pension represents a deferred compensation agreement, a liability is created when
the plan is adopted. The interest cost component is the increase in that liability, the projected
benefit obligation, due to the passage of time.
3.
In order to discharge the pension liability, an employer contributes to a pension fund. The
return on the fund assets serves to reduce the interest element of the pension expense.
Specifically, the expected return reduces pension expense. Expected return is the expected
rate of return times the market-related value of plan assets.
4.
When a pension plan is adopted or amended, credit is often given for employee service
rendered in prior years. This retroactive credit, or prior service cost, is charged to other
comprehensive income (PSC) in the year the plan is adopted or amended, and then is
recognized as pension expense over the time that the employees who benefited from this
credit worked.
5.
The gains and losses component arises from a change in the amount of either the projected
benefit obligation or the plan assets. This component is amortized via corridor amortization.
The major similarity between the accumulated benefit obligation and the projected benefit
obligation is that they both represent the present value of the benefit attributed by the pension
benefit formula to employee service rendered prior to a specific date. All things being equal,
when an employee is about to retire, the accumulated benefit obligation and the projected benefit
obligation would be the same.
The major difference between the accumulated benefit obligation and the projected benefit
obligation is that the former is based on present salary levels and the latter is based on estimated
future salary levels. Assuming salary increases over time, the projected benefit obligation should be
higher than the accumulated benefit obligation.
(c)
1.
Pension gains and losses, sometimes called actuarial gains and losses, result from changes
in the value of the projected benefit obligation or the fair value of the plan assets. These
changes arise from the deviations between the estimated conditions and the actual
experience, and from changes in assumptions. The volatility of these gains and losses may
reflect an unavoidable inability to predict compensation levels, length of employee service,
mortality, retirement ages, and other relevant events accurately for a period, or several
periods. Therefore, fully recognizing the gains or losses on the income statement may result in
volatility that does not reflect actual changes in the funded status of the plan in that period.
2.
In order to decrease the volatility of the reporting of the pension gains or losses, the FASB
had adopted what is referred to as the “corridor approach.” This approach achieves the
objective by amortization of the accumulated OCI (G/L) in excess of 10% of the greater of
the projected benefit obligation or the market-related asset value of the plan assets.
20-68
CA 20-5
1.
This situation can exist because companies vary as to whether they are using an implicit or
explicit set of assumptions when interest rates are disclosed. In the implicit approach, two or
more assumptions do not individually represent the best estimate of the plan’s future experience
with respect to these assumptions, but the aggregate effect of their combined use is presumed to
be approximately the same as that of an explicit approach. In the explicit approach, each
significant assumption reflecting the best estimate of the plan’s future experience solely with
respect to that assumption must be stated. As a result, some companies are presently using an
implicit approach, others an explicit approach. FASB Statement No. 158 requires yet more
consistency in discount rates. It requires companies to use rates on high quality fixed income
investments currently available whose cash flows match the timing and amount of the expected
benefit payments. As a result, this large variance in interest rates will probably disappear to some
extent. However, it should be noted that companies will have some leeway in establishing settlement
rates. In addition, the expected return on assets will also be different among companies.
2.
This situation will occur because the net funded position of the plan is required to be reported.
That is, companies are required to report as a liability the excess of their projected benefit
obligation over the fair value of plan assets. In the past, the basic liability companies reported
was the excess of the amount expensed over the amount funded.
3.
This statement is questionable. If a financial measure purports to represent a phenomenon that is
volatile, the measure must show that volatility or it will not be representationally faithful. Never-the
less, many argue that volatility is inappropriate when dealing with such long-term measures as
pensions. A good example of where dampening might be useful is the recognition of gains and
losses. If assumptions prove to be accurate estimates of experience over a number of years,
gains or losses in one year will be offset by losses or gains in subsequent periods, and amortization
of gains and losses would be unnecessary. The main point is that volatility per se should not be
considered undesirable when establishing accounting principles. Although some managements
may consider volatility bad, this belief should not influence standard-setting. However, it is clear
from some of the compromises made in FASB Statement No. 87 that certain procedures were
provided to dampen the volatility effect.
4.
(a)
In a defined contribution plan, the amount contributed is the amount expensed. No significant
reporting problems exist here. On the other hand, defined benefit plans involve many difficult
reporting issues which may lead to additional expense and liability recognition.
Significant amendments will generally increase prior service cost which may lead to
significant adjustments to pension expense in the future.
5
(b)
Plan participants are of importance, because the expected future years of service computation can have an impact on the amortization of the prior service cost and gains and losses.
(c)
If the plan is underfunded, pension expense will generally increase (all other factors
constant). If the plan is overfunded, pension expense will generally decrease (all other
factors constant). The reason is that the expected return on plan assets will be less if the
plan is underfunded and vice versa.
(d)
If the company is using an actuarial funding method different than the one prescribed
in FASB Statement No. 87 (benefits/years-of-service approach), some changes in the
computation of pension expense will occur for the company.
The corridor method is an approach which requires that only gains and losses in excess of 10%
of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or market related plan asset value be allocated.
This excess is then amortized over the average remaining service period of current employees
expected to participate in the plan.
The corridor’s purpose is to only recognize gains and losses above a certain amount, on the
theory that gains and losses within the corridor will offset one another over time.
20-69
CA 20-6
To:
Rachel Avery, Accounting Clerk
From:
Good Student, Manager of Accounting
Date:
January 3, 2011
Subject:
Amortization of gains and losses in pension expense
Pension expense includes several components; one occasionally included is the amortization of
cumulative gains/losses. These gains/losses occur for two reasons. First, the plan assets may provide a
return that is either greater or less than what was expected. Second, changes in actuarial assumptions
may create increases or decreases in the pension liability. If these gains/losses are small in relation to
the projected benefit obligation (PBO) or the market related value of the Plan Assets (PA), then do not
include them in annual pension expense.
If, in any given year, the gains or losses become too great, then at least a portion must be included in
pension expense so as not to understate or overstate the annual obligation. This is done through a
process called amortization.
To decide whether or not you should include gains/losses in annual pension expense, calculate 10 percent
of either the PBO or the PA (whichever is greater) as a “corridor.” Amortize the amount of any gain or
loss falling outside the corridor over the average remaining service life of the active employees. Note: these
gains/losses must exist at the beginning of the year for which amortization takes place [see (a) on the
schedule below].
Thus, in the attached schedule, no amortization of the $280,000 loss in 2007 was required because the
balance in the gain/loss account at the beginning of that year was zero. However, at the beginning
of 2008, the balance in that account was $280,000. The 10 percent corridor is $260,000, so the loss
exceeds this corridor by $20,000. Since the remaining service life of employees is 10 years, you derive
the amortized portion by dividing 10 into $20,000: $2,000 [see (b) on the schedule below].
Note that the unamortized portion of the gain/loss from the previous year is combined with the current
gain/loss. Check this new sum against a newly calculated 10 percent corridor. If the sum exceeds this
corridor, then amortize the excess.
In the attached schedule, the unamortized loss from 2008 ($278,000) was added to the 2008 loss
of $90,000, resulting in a cumulative loss of $368,000 (see (c) below). This amount exceeds the new
corridor ($290,000) by $78,000. However, the remaining service life has been changed to 12 years,
resulting in annual amortization of only $6,500 [see (d) below].
Finally, if the losses from 2009 are added to the unamortized portion of the loss from prior years, the
sum ($373,500) falls within the 2010 corridor ($390,000) and does not need to be amortized at all.
Corridor and Minimum Loss Amortization Schedule
Year
Projected Benefit
Obligation (a)
Plan Asset
Value (a)
10% Corridor
2007
2008
2009
2010
$2,200,000
2,400,000
2,900,000
3,900,000
$1,900,000
2,600,000
2,600,000
3,000,000
$220,000
260,000
290,000
390,000
20-70
Accumulated
OCI (G/L) (a)
Minimum
Amortization
of Loss
$
$
0
280,000
368,000 (c)
373,500 (e)
0
2,000 (b)
6,500 (d)
0
CA 20-6 (Continued)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
As of the beginning of the year.
($280,000 – $260,000) ÷ 10 years = $2,000
$280,000 – $2,000 + $90,000 = $368,000
($368,000 – $290,000) ÷ 12 years = $6,500
$368,000 – $6,500 + $12,000 = $373,500
CA 20-7
While Selma may be correct in assuming that the termination of nonvested employees would decrease its
pension-related liabilities and associated expenses, she is callous to suggest that firing employees is a
reasonable approach to correcting the underfunding of College Electronix’s pension plan. Arbitrarily dismissing productive employees on the basis of being vested or not vested in the pension plan in order to
avoid capitalizing a liability and recognizing expenses is a capricious and unsound business decision.
Richard Nye should discuss the ethical, legal, and financial implications of the alternatives available as well
as the accounting requirements relating to this situation. This obligation and its effect on the financial
statements should have been known to Cardinal Technology when it performed its due diligence audit of
CE at the time of merger negotiations. Cardinal Technology should capitalize the pension obligations of
CE as required by GAAP.
20-71
FINANCIAL REPORTING PROBLEM
(a)
P&G offers various postretirement benefits to its employees. The most
prevalent employee benefit plans offered are defined contribution plans,
which cover substantially all employees in the U.S. Under the defined
contribution plans, the company generally makes contributions to participants based on individual base salaries and years of service.
The company maintains the Procter & Gamble Profit Sharing Trust
and Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) to provide a portion of
the funding for the U.S. defined contribution plan, as well as other
retiree benefits.
Certain other employees, primarily outside the U.S., are covered by local
defined benefit plans.
(b)
2004
2003
2002
Pension expense
Pension expense
Pension expense
(c)
In 2004, P&G reports a $1,401,000,000 Accrued Pension Cost on its
balance sheet. It reports $239,000,000 as pension expense on its income
statement. It also reports a postretirement liability of $160,000,000.
(d)
P&G provides the following disclosure of its asset allocations for the
pension fund and the fund for Other Retiree Benefits.
$239,000,000
$192,000,000
$151,000,000
Plan Assets. The Company’s target asset allocation for the year ending
June 30, 2005 and actual asset allocation by asset category as of June 30,
2004, are as follows:
Asset Category
Equity securities
Debt securities
Real estate
Total
Target Allocation
Pension Benefits Other Retiree Benefits
2005
2005
64%
99%
32%
1%
4%
—%
100%
100%
20-72
FINANCIAL REPORTING PROBLEM (Continued)
Asset Category
Equity securities
Debt securities
Real estate
Total
Plan Asset Allocation at June 30
Pension Benefits Other Retiree Benefits
2004
2004
64%
99%
32%
1%
4%
—%
100%
100%
These allocations appear in-line with the expected return assumptions
for these two funds:
2004 Assumptions used to
determine net periodic cost
Expected return on
plan assets
Pensions
Other Retiree
7.4%
9.5%
As indicated, almost all of the assets in the Other Retiree Benefit fund
are equity investments, which should earn higher (if not also riskier)
returns than debt investments. The differences are consistent with the
higher expected return assumption for Other Retiree Benefit funds.
Thus, this information is useful to users of the financial statements in
evaluating the pension plan’s exposure to market risk and possible
cash flow demands on the company. In addition, it will help users to
better understand and assess the reasonableness of the company’s
expected rate of return assumption.
20-73
FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS CASE
(a)
The components of postretirement expense are service cost, interest
cost, return on plan assets, amortization of prior service cost, and
gains and losses. The expense for these plans is reporting in income
from operations. Similar to pensions, the net pension asset for the
postemployment benefit plan will be reported in Peake’s balance sheet,
depending on whether there is a net debit or credit balance in the
memorandum accounts related to the plan.
(b)
The accounting for defined benefit plans and OPEBs is very similar.
For example, the measures of the obligation are similar and the
components of expense and their calculation are the same (with
similar smoothing mechanisms employed for both types of plans with
respect to gains and losses.) There are, however, a number of
differences between Postretirement HealthCare Benefits and Pensions:
Item
Funding
Benefit
Pensions
Generally funded.
Well-defined and level
dollar amount.
Beneficiary
Retiree (maybe some
benefit to surviving
spouse).
Benefit Payable Monthly.
Predictability
Variables are reasonably
predictable.
HealthCare Benefits
Generally NOT funded.
Generally uncapped and
great variability.
Retiree, spouse, and
other dependents.
As needed and used.
Utilization difficult to
predict.
Level of cost varies
geographically and
fluctuates over time.
Additionally, although healthcare benefits are generally covered by
the fiduciary and reporting standards for employee benefit funds under
ERISA, the stringent minimum vesting, participation, and funding
standards that apply to pensions do not apply to healthcare benefits.
The lack of required funding is particularly relevant for OPEB plans
compared to pensions. Generally, this results in a much higher
unfunded OPEB obligation reported in the balance sheet. In addition,
with fewer assets in OPEB plan, there is a lower credit associated
with the return-on-asset component of OPEB expense.
20-74
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS CASE
(a) Coca-Cola sponsors and/or contributes to pension plans covering
substantially all U.S. employees and certain employees in international
locations. Coca-Cola also sponsors nonqualified, unfunded defined
benefit plans for certain officers and other employees.
PepsiCo sponsors noncontributory defined benefit pension plans covering substantially all full-time U.S. employees and certain international
employees.
(b) Coca-Cola reported “net periodic benefit cost” of $122 million in 2004.
PepsiCo reported “pension expense” of $245 million in 2004 for U.S. plans.
(c)
2004 Funded Status ($millions)
Coca-Cola
PepsiCo
Pensions
($403)
($930)
OPEB
($791)
($1,319)
(d) Relevant rates used to compute pension information:
Discount rate (expense)
Rate of increase in compensation levels
Expected long-term rate of return on plan
assets
20-75
Coca-Cola
PepsiCo
6.0%
4.25%
7.75%
6.1%
4.4%
7.8%
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS CASE (Continued)
(e) Coca-Cola and PepsiCo provide the following disclosures on expected
contributions and benefit payments (amounts in millions):
Coca-Cola
Cash Flows
Information about the expected cash flow for our pension and other
postretirement benefit plans is as follows:
Pension Benefits
Expected employer contributions:
2005
Expected benefit payments:
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010–2014
Other Benefits
$114
$
130
121
126
128
129
706
9
30
32
35
37
40
236
PepsiCo
Future Benefit Payments
Our estimated future benefit payments to beneficiaries are as follows:
Pension
Retiree medical
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
$215
$ 85
$220
$ 80
$235
$ 85
$255
$ 90
$280
$ 95
2010–
2014
$1,855
$ 515
These benefit payments to beneficiaries include payments made from
both funded and unfunded pension plans. The above payments exclude
any discretionary contributions we may make. We expect such contributions to be approximately $400 million in 2005.
PepsiCo appears to have a much higher cash claim related to its postretirement benefit plans with expected benefit payments than CocaCola’s. Thus, these disclosures provide information related to the cash
outflows of the company. With this information, financial statement
users can better understand the potential cash outflows related to the
pension plan. As a result, users can better assess the liquidity and
solvency of the company, which helps in assessing the company’s
overall financial flexibility.
20-76
INTERNATIONAL REPORTING CASE
(a) The key differences arise from the use of shorter amortization periods
for (1) unrecognized prior service costs, and (2) unrecognized actuarial
differences. These latter items likely reflect unrecognized gains and
losses, and would include asset gains and losses. Under U.S. GAAP,
amortization periods are based on remaining service lives of employees,
which is probably longer than five or ten years.
One other difference that students might note are the relatively low
discount rate and expected return assumptions used by this Japanese
company. For example, Procter and Gamble (and many U.S. companies)
use rates up to three times as high as the rates used by this Japanese
company.
It should be noted that there are several similarities. Under Japanese
GAAP, the pension obligation is measured based on the projected
benefit obligation and amount recognized is based on an amount net
of the liability and plan assets. There is smoothing of gains and
losses. Also, the components of pension expense are similar.
(b) Shorter amortization periods will result in higher pension expense with
respect to prior service costs. Depending on whether the company has
unrealized gains or losses, the shorter amortization period for the
actuarial differences may result in either higher or lower reported
income. On the balance sheet, there will be less non-recognition of the
prior service costs and gains and losses. So the net pension asset or
liability will be measured closer to the net of the liability and fund assets.
The reported amounts on Japanese balance sheets will be more volatile,
since the smoothing period is shorter.
(c) As indicated above, income and equity likely will be lower due to higher
pension expense and lower net income. If there are significant asset
gains (which is possible given the low expected return assumptions),
then income could be higher as the gains are amortized into income
more quickly. The lower discount rate used to measure the pension
obligation will result in lower interest cost in income, but gives a higher
measure of the projected benefit obligation.
20-77
RESEARCH CASES
CASE 1
Students’ answers will vary based on the companies selected.
CASE 2
(a) Companies record a credit to pension expense by applying an
expected rate of return to the fair value of the pension assets. When the
market does well the value of the plan assets increase and the pension
credit is larger. The higher returns also factor into the expected return,
resulting in a higher return, lower expense, and higher income.
In the short term, managers and directors get more benefits and possibly
higher salaries, to the extent that pension credits increase earningsrelated bonuses. However, in the wake of a bear market, the pension
surpluses will dissipate and the company may not have the resources to
fund its benefit obligations and/or have competitive benefit packages to
attract high-quality employees.
(b) Because it can be costly to withdraw excess pension assets from overfunded pension plans, companies could choose to use the excesses to
(1) provide additional pension benefits for current employees, (2) provide
additional other post-retirement benefits (healthcare, life insurance, etc.),
(3) increase pension benefits to current retirees, or (4) maintain the pension
surplus by changing to cash-balance or similar plans, which reduce
the overall benefit obligation. The article indicates that many companies
are “letting the surplus ride,” in order to reap continued pension
expense credits.
(c) The major disadvantage of overfunding is the loss of flexibility for uses
of the monies invested in the pension fund. Excess funds can only be
used on employee-related costs and companies may have to pay an
excise tax if they contribute too much.
20-78
RESEARCH CASES (Continued)
(d) The ethical issue relates to the fairness of reducing or holding steady
benefits to current (via switches to cash balance plans) and retired
employees while at the same time protecting or increasing benefits to
top management. The use of so-called “top hat” benefit plans for top
management could increase management’s welfare at the expense of
employees and shareholders.
20-79
PROFESSIONAL RESEARCH: FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING
Search Strings: “environment,” “pension cost;” “asset gains and losses;” “recognition of gains and losses,”
“components of net pension cost;” “recognition of liabilities and assets,” “pension cost”
(a)
FAS 87, Par. 31: Asset gains and losses are differences between the actual return on assets
during a period and the expected return on assets for that period. Asset gains and losses
include both (a) changes reflected in the market-related value of assets and (b) changes not yet
reflected in the market-related value (that is, the difference between the fair value of assets and
the market-related value). Asset gains and losses not yet reflected in market-related value are
not required to be amortized under paragraphs 32 and 33.
FAS 87, Par. 32: As a minimum, amortization of an unrecognized net gain or loss (excluding
asset gains and losses not yet reflected in market-related value) shall be included as a
component of net pension cost for a year if, as of the beginning of the year, that unrecognized
net gain or loss exceeds 10 percent of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the
market-related value of plan assets. If amortization is required, the minimum amortization shall
be that excess divided by the average remaining service period of active employees expected
to receive benefits under the plan. If all or almost all of a plan’s participants are inactive,
the average remaining life expectancy of the inactive participants shall be used instead of average
remaining service.
(b)
FAS 87, Par. 29: Gains and losses are changes in the amount of either the projected benefit
obligation or plan assets resulting from experience different from that assumed and from
changes in assumptions. This Statement does not distinguish between those sources of gains
and losses. Gains and losses include amounts that have been realized, for example by sale of a
security, as well as amounts that are unrealized. Because gains and losses may reflect
refinements in estimates as well as real changes in economic values and because some gains
in one period may be offset by losses in another or vice versa, this Statement does not require
recognition of gains and losses as components of net pension cost of the period in which they arise.
(c)
FAS 87, Par. 4: After 1966, the importance of information about pensions grew with increases
in the number of plans and amounts of pension assets and obligations. There were significant
changes in both the legal environment (for example, the enactment of ERISA) and the economic
environment (for example, higher inflation and interest rates). Critics of prior accounting requirements, including users of financial statements, became aware that reported pension cost was not
comparable from one company to another and often was not consistent from period to period for
the same company. They also became aware that significant pension-related obligations and
assets were not recognized in financial statements.
20-80
Measurement
(a)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
6
7
General Journal Entries
Items
20-81
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Balance, Jan. 1, 2010
Service cost
Interest cost
Actual /Expected return
Amortization of PSC
Contributions
Benefits
Liability increase
Journal entry for 2010
Accumulated OCI, Jan. 1, 2010
Balance, Dec. 31, 2010
Annual
Pension
Expense
Cash
OCI—Prior
Service Cost
OCI—
Gain/Loss
Pension
Asset/Liability
(145,000.00)
90,000.00
56,250.00
(52,000.00)
19,000.00
Memo Record
Projected
Benefit
Plan assets
Obligation
(625,000.00)
(90,000.00)
(56,250.00)
(5,000.00)
57,000.00
(19,000.00)
(99,000.00)
113,250.00
480,000.00
(99,000.00)
85,000.00
(76,000.00)
(19,000.00)
76,000.00
71,000.00
(66,250.00)
100,000.00
81,000.00
0.00
71,000.00
(211,250.00)
(762,250.00)
99,000.00
(85,000.00)
551,000.00
PROFESSIONAL SIMULATION
5