WHAT IS A LIVING THING?
1.
Scientists use a classification system to group animals
and plants into different species.
2.
Scientists use a classification system that groups living
things based on their similarities, (eg. appearance,
body structure, and reproductive system)
3.
Another name for classification system is taxonomy.
4.
All living things are grouped in six kingdoms.
• archaebacteria (ancient bacteriaX
• eubacteria (true bacteria)
• protists (include algae)
fungus
- simple one celled organisms
-protozoa/algae
. mushrooms, lichens
• plants
.fem
(must be able to make its own food)
• animals
. monkey
(gets its foods from other organisms)
5.
Each kingdom is broken into a series of smaller
subgroups based on similarifies of characteristics.
6.
Most common subgroups of kingdom are based on
phylum/division, class, order, family, genus and
species.
7.
The more levels of a kingdom they share the more
characteristics they have in common.
8.
What criteria do scienfists use to classify organisms?
•
•
•
anatomical features - arms, legs, tentacles -appendages
- purpose)
intemal structure - respiratory system - lungs or gills
nutrition
reproduction
Every living organism that is classified is given a two part
scientific name.
Genus & Species
Binomial nomenclature - 2 part name (Greek & Latin)
Scientific names are always written in italics.
The genus begins with a capital letter.
A classification system is a common language for
describing things.
Classification of Living Things
There are amazing numbers of living things on Earth. Scientists use the word
organism to describe anything that is alive. They also need a way to identify an
individual species from among the millions of organisms that exist. To do this,
they divide living things into groups. This is called classification, or taxonomy.
Carl von Linne (1707 - 1778), a Swedish scientist, gave every living thing a twopart Latin name. For example, a tiger Is Panthers tigris. The two parts work like
your first and last name, to show which family the organism belongs to and then
to identify it as an Individual. Von Linne even changed his name to Latin, thus
becoming Carolus Linnaeus.
Many living things have a common name as well as a scientific name. But the
same common name might refer to several different animals. For example, you
find badgers in Europe and the United States. But they are not the same species.
Using their scientific names - Meles meles for the European badger, and
Taxidea taxus for the American badger - avoids any confusion.
The Six Kingdoms
The largest group of classification is the kingdom. At one time, scientists only
recognized two kingdoms of living things, the plant and the animal kingdom. But
many organisms do not fit into these two groups. They are neither plants nor
animals, or they have features of both. Today, we divide living things into six
kingdoms.
1. Archaebacteria kingdom
2. Eubacteria kingdom
3. Protlst kingdom
4. Fungi kingdom
5. Plant kingdom
6. Animal kingdom
I
Name
A I&if for Crt^iures
Use the key to identify the creatures.
When a creature stands alone, place its
letterin the circle.
, ^
^^^^,^
tail
wings
no tail
B
no wings
o
o
o
TeeT
antenna
no ar\1^er\r\Q
teeth
no feet
no wheels
two eyes
or less
horn
no horn
no teeth
more than
two eyes
lips
no ll
o
o
o
o
-<F)
HF)
classifying Candid
You have several jobs in this project. Complete all the jobs and hand the
whole package in together. Do ail the work on loose leaf or the sheets
provided. Use full sentences when you have to write out answers.
(1)
List all the candy in your bag. (make sure to be specific) Describe
each type of candy in 2-3 sentences.
(2)
List all the ways that you can divide the candy in your bag into two
, --^
categories
(3)
List all the ways you can divide the candy in your bag into 4
categories
(4)
Use a chart to split your candy into two groups. Make sure to list
your criteria in each column of the chart. Write how many of each
candy are in each column
(5)
Use a Venn Diagram to split your candy. List your criteria in each
portion of the category. Write how many of each candy are in each
section.
(6)
Make 2 bar graphs showing ways you split your candy into 4 or
more groups. One axis of your graph should be number of candles,
the other should list the categories
(7)
Make 1 other graph showing a different way of splitting your
candy. I t can have as many categories as you want, but must be
neatly labelled
(8)
Compare your graphs with a friend. In a paragraph (at least 10
lines) explain how you divided your candies differently. How would
your friends' criteria made your graphs look different. How did
your friend describe their candy differently
Diversity at the Zoo
started
Every day you see a diversity or variety of living things in your
life. If you look around your classroom you will see and hear your
classmates, your teacher, and maybe even a classroom pet like
a hamster. If you look out a window you will probably see trees,
birds, weeds, or ffowers. Of course, what you see depends on
the time of year and even the time of day.
How can you keep track of all these living things?
One of the best places to observe diversity Is at the zoo. Look at
the organisms on these pages. "Organism" is just another word
for "living thing." How can you arrange these organisms into
groups in a way that makes sense to you? Share your Ideas with
your classmates.
On It
PW»
1. Work with a partner. On sheets of paper,
list alJ of the non-living things you notice
at the zoo. How do you know they are
non-living?
2. On sheets of paper, list all of the living
tilings you notice at the zoo. How do you
know they are living?
3. Divide the living things or organisms on
your list into two groups. Label each
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 6
group. Identify and record one
characteristic that is shared by
cUl the organisms in each group.
4. Identify and record one characteristic
for each organism that is shared by
only a few other organisms in the group.
5. Use the characteristics you have just
identified in Step 4. Divide each group
of living things into two or three
subgroups. Make sure you record
the reason for each subgroup.
6. Use a large sheet of chart paper to display
all the groups you have made. Make sure
you include the characteristics you used
to group the living things.
Write
1. Post your completed work on a wall along
with your classmates* work. Look at your
classmates' work.
2. Describe some of the different ways your
classmates organized the living things.
Count how many different ways the living
things were grouped. Which way seems
most helpful? Why?
3. Start a mind map to record the new
scientific words you will leam in this urut
Begin with the word "living things" in the
centre. What new scientific words can you
add to your mind map? Keep adduig to
your mind map throughout this imit.
n n A T O C r r V r\T? rnrrxT/-. mrT.^.^.*
3 Classifying Trees
started
There are over 270 000 different plants known on Earth, cmd scientists
are discovering more each day. This is where a common classification
method is useful. Classification is importcmt for scientists all over the
world to communicate using the same special words or terms.
Coniferous Trees
LEAF FROM UNKNOWN TREE
Leaves Hke needles or scales
GOTO
.
OTHER CHART ^
I
Leaves like scales
I
I
Needles in bunches
Single needles
I
Leaf-covered
twigs are
flattish
Leaf-covered
twigs are
thin & look
1
a bit like a cord
I
4-sided
needles,
rough twigs
Bunches
of more
than 5
needles
I
I
I Spruce
I Larch |
r
I
T
Bunches
of 5
needles
Rough
twigs
I
I
|
|
Hemlock
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 6
|
Bunches
of 3
needles
i
i
| White Cedar |
1
Bunches
ofl
needles
[white Pine j | Pitch Pine |
1
Smooth
twigs
Balsam Fir
i
Juniper
I
Short needles
(3-5 cm)
Long needles
(12-15 cm)
I
|
I
Red Pine
I
|
|
Jack Pine
|
Deciduous Trees
LEAF FROM UNKNOWN TREE
Leaves like needles or scales
Wide eaves
.
GOTO
^OTHER CHART
r
I
Simple leaves
Compound leaves
I
Leaves opposite
on twig
1
r
Leaves alternate
on twig
Leaves opposite
on twig
1
Leaves alternate
on twig
I
I
Ash
I
I
Hickory ~~\
I
Walnut
I Maple I
I
I
Leaves without lobes Leaves with lobes
I
Butternut
|
I
Leaves with
single-toothed edge
Teeth close
together on edge
of leaf
Leaves with
double-toothed edge
Black Oak |
i
I White O a k H
Teeth far
apart on edge
of leaf
^ Beech H "
I Poplar H
|
Chestnut " H Chestnut Oak |
Birch |
DIVERSITY OF LIVING THINGS
The Diversity oi Living T h i n g s
The Animal Kingdom
Information Cord #1
}
Bockbone or No Backbonel
All animals belong to the animal kingdom. Scientists have classified over a million
different kinds of animals and new ones are discovered everyday. Scientists
think there may be another million species of animals that haven't been
discovered yet.
When animals are classified today, they are arranged from the simplest
organisms to the most complex. The simplest organisms are sponges and the
most advanced are mammals. The next phylum after sponges is Cnldarka. The
old name for the phylum Cnldaria Is Coelenterota. The organisms In this phylum
ore more advanced than sponges. Each phylum Is more advanced than the
phylum before It.
The animal kingdom is divided into two major groups: vertebrates and
invertebrates. One of the first characteristics a taxonomlst looks for when
scientifically classifying an animal is whether or not it has a backbone. If it txis a
backbone then the animal is placed in the phylum Ctiordata. If the animal
doesn't hove a backbone it Is an invertebrate and placed In a phylum of
animals with which It shares the most characteristics.
Invertebrates make up ninety-five per cent of the animals living today. They are
found in most environments all over the world. The most common Invertebrate phyla (
plural for phylum ) of the animal kingdom ore shown in the box below.
Porlfera - sponges
Cnldaria - jellyfish, corals, hydro, sea anemones
Platyhelmlnthes - flotworms, flukes, tapeworms
Nemertea - ribbon worms
Nematoda -roundworms
Annelida - segmented worms: earthworms, leeches
MoIIuse a - snails, slugs, clams, oysters, squids, octopuses
Arthropoda - horseshoe crabs, ticks, mites, scorpions, spiders, water fleas,
copepods. barnacles. lobsters, shrimp, millipedes, centipedes. Insects
Echlnodermata (starfish, sand dollars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers)
The phylum Chordata includes animals with backbones as well as two classes of
animals, lancelets and tunicates. that have something like a backbone called a
D 1999 S & S Leaming Materials
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The Diversity of Living Things
The Animal Kingdom
Information Card #1 cont'd
notochord. A notochord is a stiff rod made of gristle that runs along the animal and stiffens
and supports the body. Chordotes also have gill slits and a hollow nerve cord. Gill slits are
openings in the side of the organism. Tunicates and lancelets use them to filter food. Young
fish and amphibians breathe through gill slits and later develop gills.
fVlost chordotes with a true backbone ore placed in a sub-phylum of the
phylum Chordata called Vertebroto. In vertebrates the notochord is present only
in the embryo. Most mammals, birds and reptiles hove gill slits only during their
embryonic development.
In adult vertebrates, the notochord is enclosed in a strong bony structure called
the spine. Vertebrates also hove on entire skeleton mode of t>one or cartilage.
The skeleton supports and protects the organs and helps the animal to move
more powerfully. Vertebrates also hove a well-developed nervous system. They
hove a "head" end to their body where the brain and sense organs ore located.
Their brain Is protected by a skull and their spinal chord is protected by a
backbone. Vertebrates take in food at the head end of their body, digest It
through a long tube and eliminate at the other end of the body. All vertebrates
hove a toil. If you ore a vertebrate, what happened to your tail?
Vertebrates also hove "bilateral symmetry". This means that if you cut a
vertebrate in half lengthwise, one side will be identical to the other. Con you
draw on imaginary line of symmetry along the backbone to the right?
Vertebrates are divided into five classes. There ore over fifty thousand different
species of vertebrates living today. The numbers of different species of vertebrates Include
atx)ut 30 000 fish; 3 000 amphibians; 6 000 reptiles; 9 000 birds; and 4 000 mammals.
Pisces - fish
Amphibia - frogs, toads, newts, slomonders.
Reptllla - snakes, lizards, turtles, tortoises, alligators, crocodiles
Aves - birds
Mammalia -mammals
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The Diversity of Living T h i n g s
The Animal Kingdom
Info Check p.l
Backbone or No Backbonel
Vocabulary
complex
advanced
vertebrate
invertebrate
environment
notochord
gristle
chordote
embryo
enclosed
cartilage
eliminate
bilateral
symmetry
lengthwise
gill
1. Nome hvo organisms for each phylum or sub-phylum.
Phylum / Sub-Phylum
Example 1
Example 2
Mollusca
Echlnodermata
Cnldaria
Mammalia
Arthropoda
Annelida
Reptilla
Amphibia
Aves
Pisces
2. Explain fhe difference behveen a vertebrate and a chordote.
3. Which phylum contains fhe simplest animals?
4. What structural characteristic does a taxonomlst look for when classifying an animal?
5. Approximately how many species of fish are living today?
© 1999 S & S Learning Materials
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The Diversity of Living T h i n g s
The Animal Kingdom
Info Check p.2
Backbone or No Backbonel
1. Using the information card and the circle below, make a pie graph which shows the
number of species of vertebrates In the animal kingdom. Give your graph a title.
2. Two functions of the spine are:
a)
b)
3. On the back of this paper, draw on organism, showing a bilateral line of symmetry.
4. Do some research to find out what the small bones which moke up the spine are
called.
1999 S & S Learning Materials
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• All insects have:
o A hard exoskeleton
o A body with three segments - head, thorax, and abdomen
o Six jointed legs (three pairs)
•
Most insects have one or two pairs of wings.
•
Be prepared to label the body parts of an insect.
)orax
omen
Wings
Antenna
Jointed Leg
The Diversity of L i v i n g T h i n g s
Classification
)
Information Card # 2
The Five Kingdoms
Did you know that you shore the earth with over 3 000
000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 other living things? The
world is full of Ih/Ing things. Living things ore found almost
everyrwhiere: In water, on land, in hot deserts, in deep oceans
and in the polar regions of the earth. They con even be found
living inside youl. Living things come In a variety of shapes,
colours and sizes. The smallest living things, such as bacteria
con only be seen under a microscope. The largest Is the blue
whale which measures over thirty metres (approximately 100
feet) in length.
At one time scientists grouped all living things into hvo
kingdoms: the Plant Kingdom and the Animal Kingdom. Since the
1960's scientists hove grouped all living things into one of five
kingdoms. The five kingdoms ore protists, monerons, fungi, plants,
and animals. Differences In cell structure help to determine which
kingdom each living thing belongs to.
The two largest kingdoms ote plants and animals. The
largest group of living things on the earth is animals. There ore
more than one million different kinds or species of animals living
on the earth. This number does not include the enormous number
of extinct species which ore known atx>ut only from their fossil remains. Over half of the
animals that hove ever lived ore already extlnctl
The second largest group of living things on the earth Is plants.
There are hundreds of thousands of different kinds of plants. They
range from tiny, simple algae to large plants such as trees. Plants con
be found growing almost anywhere on earth where there is light and
water. Plants ore different from animals because they trap energy from
the sun to make their own food and so they ore
placed In a kingdom of their own.
There ore some living things that do not
seem to fit Into either the Plant Kingdom or the Animal Kingdom. Many
organisms ore rooted to the ground but ore not green and cannot moke
their own food. They are called fungi. Mushrooms, yeasts, toadstools and
moulds are all forms of fungi. Fungi are responsible for most of the waste
disposal and recycling In nature, because they break down dead
mushroom
animal and plant remains. The
© 1999 S & S Learning Materials
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The Diversity of L i v i n g T h i n g s
Classification
Information Card # 2 cont'd
fungi form a hidden network of threads on the underside of dead plant and animal
remains. These threads excrete digestive juices cn the dead material and help U to decay.
They absorb the nutrients they need for growth and wtKit is left forms port of the soil which Is
used by other plants and animals. In some fungi the cell walls ore mode of chltin, a
substance found in insects.
You hove most probably heard the word bacteria before. Bacteria are living
organisms and con only be seen with a microscope.
They belong to the kingdom of monerons. Monerons ore
bacteria
the simplest life forms of life. They are single-celled
organisms and there ore two main types. These ore
bacteria and cyonobacterlo, which you will also find
referred to as blue-green algae. Bacteria con be found
almost anywhere on earth. It con grow in very hot or very
cold places, at the bottom of the ocean and on other
biue-green algae
living things. It con even grow inside other living things.
(cyanobacteria)
The cells of monerons do not hove on nucleus. Bacteria feeds on
many different things.
Most members of the Protlst kingdom ore also single-celled
animals. They ore one-celled, but their cells ore more complicated
than bacteria and cyonobacterlo. Single-celled organisms which
hove many onimol-like characteristics ore called protozoans Most
protozoa, single-celled organisms such as omoebos and
Parameciums, ore usually so small they con only be seen with the
help of a microscope. Some live in water or
soil and others live in the bodies of animals.
They ore usually parasites and con cause
disease and death. Some of these organisms
feed like animals. Others ore like plants
Paramecium
because they trap energy from the sun to
amoeba
moke food.
W/////////////////////////////////////////y///////////A
Research Challenge
^
""^ Part of the word 'cyonobacterlo Is 'cyan'. Where might you have heard this
^y word before? What does it mean? Why do you suppose blue-green algae has V
^ been renamed cyonobacterlo?
1999 S & S Learning Materials
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BM06
The Diversity of Living T h i n g s
Classification
The Five Kingdoms
Info Check p.l
Vocabulary
organism
bacteria
bacterium
kingdom
protlst
moneron
fungi
Paramecium
extinct
olgoe
yeast
mould
absorb
nutrients
chitin
nucleus
amoekxa
parasite
protozoa
microscope
1. Fill in the chart by naming the five kingdoms of living things and drawing on organism
from each kingdom.
Kingdom
Picture
2. What determines which kingdom a living thing belongs to?
3. What does the term "extinct" mean?
4. What is the second largest group of living things?
5. How ore plants different from animals?
6. What organisms do not fit into either the Plant or Animal Kingdom?
7. Write three facts about fungi.
a)
b)
c)
© 1 999 S & S Learning Materials
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The Diversity of L i v i n g T h i n g s
Classification
The Five Kingdoms
Info Check p.2
8. What is the difference behveen monerons and other one-celled organisms?
9. Where would you look for algae?
10. To what kingdom do protozoans belong?
11. Write a short paragraph entitled 'Bacteria'. Use the knowledge you already hove as
well OS what you've learned from the Information cord.
© 1999 S & S Learning Materials
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CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS
There are seven groups in the present classification system. As you
go down the table below from kingdom to species, each group has
more characteristics in common. Animals in a species have so many
characteristics in common that they look much alike.
KINGDOM CharacterlsticsK
A
^—^Vs
/-^Animals
^
')
Animalia
PHYLUM
Chordata
backbones
CLASS
Mamalia
backbones, nurse their young
ORDER
"^rlmate
backbones, nurse their young,
have fingers, stand nearly erect
FAMILY
Homlnidae
GENUS
Homo
SPECIES
sapiens
backbones, nurse their young, have
fingers, stand erect, have a special brain
backbones, nurse their young, have
fingers, stand erect, have larger brain,
long life span
backbones, nurse their young, have
fingers, stand erect, even larger brain,
long life span, high foreheads, thin
skull bones
Scientific name for man — Homo sapiens (wise man)
At what point in the classification table above do the ape and man
differ?
Name three characteristics of the fish from Animalia that are different
from the man in sapiens
,
The Diversity of L i v i n g T h i n g s
Classification
Information Card # 3
THE SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS
KINGDOM
Today, scientists classify plants and animals by t>eglnnlng with tho largest grouping and then
working downward to smaller groups. Thetargestgroup is called a kingdom. Every living thing fits Into
one of five kingdoms. The five kingdoms are protists, monerons. fungi, plortts, and onlnrxals.
PHYLUM
The five kingdoms ore divided Into targe groups called phyta. Animals hove been dIvteJed
into twenty-five phyta. The animals In one phylum may live In different ports of the worid and be of
different sizes, shapes and colours. The way they live and rT>ove rrxay be different but they ore
simitar In basta structure. For example, the elephant, the fish and the potar bear nnay be In the
same phylum Chordata t>ecause they all hove a bocWbone.
CLASS
A phylum is broken down into the next smaller divisions called classes. Ctass memk)ers
hove more characteristics tn common than the members of a phylum. For example the
phylum Chordata. onlnrxals with backbones. Is broken down Into classes of reptiles, birds, fish.
rTKimrrxals and amphibians. All the animals in a ctass share the same chorocterlsttas but ore
separated by the others by the way they live. For example, birds and omphlbtans ore both
members of the class Chordata but omphlbtans spend most of their time in water while nnost
birds don't.
ORDER
The next tower ctassiflcatlon after class is order. An order consists of groups
thai are more alike than those in a class, in the ctass Momnnaita, for instance, oil the
animals produce milk for their young. Dogs and cots ore nnammols, but they also eat
meat and so they ore grouped together in the order Cornivora.
FAMILY
A family is nnode up of groups that ore even more alike than those in
the order. For example, wolves and tigers ore both of the order Cornivora.
but wolves ore In the family ConWoe. All members of the Canidoe family
hove tong snouts and bushy toils.
GENUS
Genus is mode up of groups that ore very simitar, but the
groups cannot breed together. Coyotes and wolves ore both of the
genus Conls but do not usually breed with one another.
SPECIES
Species is the smallest group. Members of species hove
nnany comnnon characteristics, but they differ from oil other
forms of life In one or nnore ways. A species is not on indivtaual
animal, it is a poputation of animals. They con breed with one
another and the young grow up to look like the parents.
1999 S & S Learning Materials
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CLASSIFYING LIVING THINGS
Biology is the science of living things. Bio is from the Greek
language and means life; ology means the scientific study of, so
biology is the scientific study of living things. Each living thing must
have most of the following characteristics:
1. move from place to place or make things inside it move around
2. eat to get energy to breathe, move and grow
3. grow during its lifetime
4. breathe in gases needed by its cells to grow, move and use food
5. change as it reacts to changes in the environment and body needs
6. reproduce its own kind to make the next generation.
All living things are biological forms of matter.
ACTIVITY
Place an X in each space in a row which describes the thing
named. Place an O in each space in a row which does not
describe the thing named.
takes in food
grows
tree
snake
water
horse
salt
mushroom
soil
grapevine
air
rock
Biological forms of matter (living things) are:
breathes
reacts
reproduces
Date:
Name:
Animal Adaptations
Labelled diagram
Labelled diagram
Physical Characteristics
Physical Characteristics
Behaviours
Behaviours
Habitat
Habitat
70-1.6.2
The Protist Kingdom
86-1.8.6
The Moneran Kingdom
1.9.2-91
Date:
Name:
Microorgansims
1. Draw a labelled diagram of what you observe under the
microscope.
2. Label any microorganisms that you can identify.
The one I find most interesting is the
because
1.8.7-87
REVIEW OF LIVING AND NONLIVING THINGS
^
n
r^
U
ACROSS
forms of matter.
1. Rocks are nonliving,
4. A living thing
during its lifetime.
7. Matter that takes the shape of its container-it flows
8. The science of living things
DOWN
2. The arrangement of parts of an organism
3. A mixture of gases needed by plants and animals
5. You
-. things when you classify them.
6. Anything that has a definite shape or form.
solid
grows
liquid
Structures
biology
air
physical
group
The Animal Kingdom
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MILLIPEDE
CENTIPEDE
MOLLUSC
SNAIL
CORAL
GENUS
ORDER
ANIMAL
CEPHALOPOD
E
R
T
E
B
R A
T
E G
R
B
B
T
1 A
N
D
E
R
B
Y G
R
E
P
T
1
L
E
1 G
V
R
E
S
A
B
T G O
R D
E
R
T
P
H
Y
L
U
B
R
N
T O
L
E
P
U
1
K
H
S
U
1
T
F A C
O
R A
L
N
A
1
L
1 O M
1 A
1
L
T G
H G
A
S
E V
L
L
S C
B G
N
A
B C
C
1
P
E D
E M
S A
E C
U
S
L A M A
D
E N
1
LEECH
EARTHWORM
REPTILE
SALAMANDER
INVERTEBRATE
TURTLE
ARTHROPOD
SHARK
NEMATODA
© 1999 S & S Learning Materials
E R
T
S
P
E
H
R
T
R D
E
S
R
S
V
T
1
P
E D
E
1
E
E
L
L
1
P A N
E
L
Y
LINNAEUS
CLAM
ECHINODERMATA
CHORDATE
ORGANISM
AMPHIBIAN
MAMMAL
LAMPREY
PHYLUM
96
SPONGE
AVES
BIRDS
ARISTOTLE
LIZARD
JELLYFISH
CNIDARIA
FOSSIL
SPECIES
81-106