NAVIGATING
BY THE SUN:
U.S. Department of Defense
Takes Aggressive Lead as Early
Adopters of Solar Energy
AUTHORS: Rebecca “Becky” Halstead, Brigadier General (retired)
Michael Gorton—CEO and Chairman, Principal Solar
© 2012 Definitive Solar | All rights reserved.
INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has a long-standing tradition of accelerating technological innovation, serving
as early adopters and impacting the broader commercial market in such areas as aviation, computing and global
positioning systems (GPS). For the past several years, the DoD has been playing this same role in the renewable energy
space. In fact, The Pew Charitable Trusts reports that the DoD clean energy investments increased 300 percent between
2006 and 2009, from $400 million to $1.2 billion Projections for 2030 are set to eclipse $10 billion annually,1 with an overall
target of obtaining 25 percent of the DoD’s energy from renewable sources by 2025.2
Driven by climate change and the need for energy security, the DoD’s plans are designed to strategically maximize
effectiveness during military, disaster relief and humanitarian engagements. As initiatives unfold, the DoD will serve as a
huge laboratory, laying the groundwork for widespread adoption of new ideas for optimizing efficiency and creating “zero
energy” environments, meaning they consume only as much energy as they generate.
Efficiencies gained from a greater reliance on solar energy technologies have the potential to create energy independence, shrink risks for military personnel in the field, reduce the DoD’s carbon footprint and drive clean energy innovation
for the entire nation.
THE CHALLENGES
As this large-scale mission unfolds, the DoD will have a direct influence on national security and the health of the U.S.
economy, with strategies shaped around overcoming two critical challenges: energy usage and strategic vulnerability.
ENERGY USAGE
The DoD is a massive energy spender, with Deloitte
reporting a 175-percent increase in gallons of fuel
consumed per U.S. Soldier per day since the Vietnam
conflict.3 With 300,000 buildings on its installations, covering
2.2 billion square feet of space, the DoD spends nearly $4
billion a year on the energy needed to power them.4
In FY09, the DoD spent $13.2 billion on energy for fixed
1
2
An independent non-profit, non-governmental organization (NGO), founded in 1948, with the mission to serve public interest by improving public policy,
informing the public and stimulating civic life.
NAVIGATING BY THE SUN: U.S. Department of Defense Takes Aggressive Lead as Early Adopters of Solar Energy | Definitive Solar
The US Military Energy Consumption in FY2009 (in trillion Btu)
Electricity RES, 3.7
Others, 7.8
Nonspec Liquids, 60.1
Gasoline, 19.4
Fuel Oil, 19.1
Biofuels, 1.0
LPG, 1.8
Distillate, 129.2
Electricity,
Electricity,98.2
98.2
Oil, 731.4
Nat Gas, 74.2
Jet Fuel, 500.6
Coal, 16.2
Source: karbuz.blogspot.com, calculations are based on data from DoD FEMR FY2009
installation, equipment and vehicle fuels.5 Federal government energy goals have mandated energy reduction of 30
percent by 2015, with electric energy consumption from renewable energy increased to no less than 7.5 percent beginning
FY 2013.6
The DoD’s energy portfolio includes the energy used at military installations around the world and energy used by
military forces executing their operational responsibilities, such as fueling ships, ground vehicles and airplanes. It costs
significant amounts of money to acquire, manage, transport, protect and consume fuel at this level. The true cost of fuel
use ranges from $10 to almost $400 per gallon depending on distance and delivery method.7
This level of dependence threatens energy security and inhibits the ability for military personnel to move freely, which
puts constraints on strategic decision-making. In fact, an overwhelming percent of ground supply chain movements for
current U.S. military operations are dedicated to moving fuel—a tremendous logistical burden and major vulnerability for
attack.8
www.DefinitiveSolar.com | All rights reserved.
3
Strategic Vulnerability
At its current pace of consumption, the DoD is paying too great a cost in lives, expense and compromised capability
in response to three major forces:
1 CLIMATE CHANGE 2
OIL-DEPENDENCE
&
3
HEAVY RELIANCE ON AN
INCREASINGLY FRAGILE
ELECTRICITY GRID.9
CLIMATE CHANGE—The Pentagon leadership has ranked global warming as a destabilizing force, and has advised
military strategists to stay abreast of climate science and factor global warming into their long-term planning. Heat waves
and catastrophic storms put more pressure on the military to respond to humanitarian crises or natural disaster, and a
number of U.S. bases are threatened by rising sea levels.10 In particular, bases located on the East Coast are especially
vulnerable to frequent and powerful hurricanes. If sea levels were to rise by one meter, Norfolk, Virginia, an important
base of the U.S. Navy, would be flooded.11 While climate change alone is not likely to lead to future conflict, it may be an
influencing force. Climate change is affecting, and will continue to affect, U.S. military installations and access to natural
resources worldwide.12
OIL DEPENDENCE—In 2011, the Center for Naval Analysis’ Military Advisory Board2 called for “immediate, swift and
aggressive action” over the next decade to reduce U.S. oil consumption 30 percent in the next ten years, stating that U.S.
dependence on oil constitutes a significant threat to the economy, global leadership position, environment and military.
Even a small interruption of the daily oil supply impacts the nation’s economic engine, but a sustained disruption has the
potential to alter essential economic elements, from food costs and distribution to manufacturing goods and services, and
freedom of movement.13
Instability of the global oil supply also plays an important role, with the need for
fuel-independence becoming more imperative every year. The Energy Information
Administration3 predicts the percentage of total oil consumed by the U.S. that is
imported will decline minimally in the next two decades—to 53 percent in 2020
and 56 percent by 2030.14 As the worldwide demand for oil increases, competition
for these supplies will increase.
The value of oil that is at risk around the world is high, and a major disruption is an ongoing threat. One study estimated
a 25-percent probability that one substantial disruption would occur at a chokepoint before 2014.15 Chokepoints, narrow
4
2
An elite group of retired three- and four-star flag and general officers from the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps that studies pressing issues of the day to
assess their impact on America’s national security.
3
The statistical and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy, which collects, analyzes, and disseminates independent and impartial energy information to promote sound policymaking, efficient markets and public understanding of energy and its interaction with the economy and the environment.
NAVIGATING BY THE SUN: U.S. Department of Defense Takes Aggressive Lead as Early Adopters of Solar Energy | Definitive Solar
channels along widely used global sea routes, are a critical part of global energy security due to the high volume of oil
traded through these narrow straits.
Source: Petroleumworld.com; 2011 16
on diesel generators for back-up but, typically, these generators are oversized, poorly maintained, dedicated to only
FRAGILE ELECTRICITY GRID—Ninety-nine percent of
the DoD’s electric energy infrastructure is commercially
owned.
17
Widespread disruption of electric service can
one building or facility, and cannot share power with other
buildings. Additionally, many of these generators have demonstrated low reliability in time of emergency.19
quickly undermine the U.S. government, national security,
In short, the DoD faces the same reliability and fuel issues
military operations, and the economy, as well as endanger
as the civilian sector: aging infrastructure and grids that are
the health and safety of millions of citizens.18 The DoD relies
susceptible to terrorist attacks and natural disasters. In the
event of a large-scale power disruption, fuel resupply on
FINDING SOLUTIONS, DRIVING INNOVATION
military installations could be seriously compromised because of competing demand for fuel distribution.20
THE DOD’S ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY TECHNOLOGY CERTIFICATION PROGRAM (ESTCP) is comprised of 27 “test
bed” projects designed to test, evaluate and scale up new and innovative energy technology to reduce the $4 billion
cost of powering its facilities and to improve security.21 The programs main areas include:
• smart micro grids and energy storage at installations
• advanced component technologies to improve building energy efficiency
• advanced building energy management and control technologies
• tools and process for design, assessment and decision-making associated with energy use and management, and
www.DefinitiveSolar.com | All rights reserved.
5
technologies for renewable energy generation
Under this program, Skyline Solar, a concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) company, has broken ground on solar power
plants at two military bases, Edwards Air Force Base in Southern California and Fort Bliss in Texas. Skyline Solar is using
CPV technology, which differs from standard rooftop solar panels in that it uses an optical system to focus sunlight onto
each cell, to concentrate the sun’s energy onto photovoltaic cells. Fort Bliss, which spans more than one million acres of
land in west Texas and New Mexico, is one of several bases moving forward with plans to be “net zero.”
Cogenra Solar, provider of distributed solar cogeneration systems and renewable energy service solutions, was chosen
by the ESTCP for a $2M contract for two military sites, a U.S. Navy and a U.S. Army facility that were specifically selected
based on diverse building types, climates, and hot water usage to expedite adoption of solar cogeneration at other DoD
sites nationwide upon completion. Producing hot water and electricity, the installations will be evaluated throughout the
year to demonstrate high energy production and cost effectiveness of the technology for military applications.22
These test beds allow the DoD to evaluate technical validity, cost and the environmental impact of new technologies,
and serve as an important bridge between research and deployment. In addition, the DoD has initiated a number of other
ground-breaking projects:
SPIDERS
A three-phase, $30 million, multi-agency project known as the Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy
Reliability and Security (SPIDERS), is focused on reducing risks by building smarter, more secure and robust microgrids that
incorporate renewable energy sources. The goal for SPIDERS microgrid technology is to provide secure control of on-base
generation. If a disruption to the commercial utility power grid occurs, a secure microgrid can isolate from the grid and
provide backup power to ensure continuity of mission-critical loads. The microgrid can allow time for the commercial utility
to restore service and coordinate reconnection when service is stabilized. A smart, cyber-secure microgrid allows renewable
energy sources to stay connected and run in coordination with diesel generators.23
MOJAVE AND COLORADO DESERTS
A recent study determined that the DoD could generate 7,000 megawatts (MW) of
solar energy—equivalent to the output of seven nuclear power plants—on military bases
located in California’s Mojave and Colorado deserts.24 This solar-compatible area is large
enough to generate more than 30 times the electricity consumed by the California bases,
or about 25 percent of the renewable energy that the State of California requires utilities to
use by 2015.25
The DoD plans to develop solar, wind, geothermal and other distributed energy sources
on its bases. The combination of on-site energy generation, energy storage and smart-microgrid technology would allow
a military base to keep critical operations “off-grid” for weeks or months in the case of grid disruption. This presents an
opportunity to reduce a $4 billion-a-year energy bill and create a level of independence from the commercial electricity
grid.26 Furthermore, the study determined that private developers could tap the solar potential on these installations with
6
NAVIGATING BY THE SUN: U.S. Department of Defense Takes Aggressive Lead as Early Adopters of Solar Energy | Definitive Solar
no capital investment requirement from the DoD, with the development potentially netting the federal government up to
$100 million a year in revenue or other benefits, such as discounted power.27
NELLIS AIR FORCE BASE
At Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada, the Air Force finished installing more than 70,000 solar panels on 140 acres of unused
land in December of 2009. The solar panels, called “trackers,” follow the movement of the sun and are connected to the
base electrical grid, saving the military roughly $83,000 on its monthly electric bill.28 The Air Force is also investigating green
power, including ice storage systems that freeze water
at night and then melt it to cool buildings throughout
the day.29
Source: U.S. Air Force 30
CLARK ENERGY GROUP AND
ACCIONA SOLAR POWER
The Enhanced Use Lease (EUL) program enables commercial companies to fund, build, and operate projects
in exchange for long-term leases of Army land. This pro-
SAVING FUEL SAVES LIVES
32
• $21 billion: The DoD’s 2011 energy bill.
• $15-$40: Full cost of delivering a gallon of fuel to
troops in Afghanistan.
• 5 billion: Gallons of fuel per year used by the U.S.
military.
• 1.8 million: Gallons of fuel burned per day in
Afghanistan by the U.S. military.
• 70 percent: Convoys in Afghanistan delivering fuel
or water.
gram’s first renewable energy project is the Fort Irwin
www.DefinitiveSolar.com | All rights reserved.
7
Solar EUL partnership with Clark Energy Group and Acciona Solar Power to build a solar electric power plant with a potential for 1,000+ MW of solar power production, making it the largest renewable energy project in the DoD’s history.31
The DoD’s clean energy initiatives seek to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, including greater reliance on more efficient
generators and centralized power. Each branch of the military has developed energy-efficiency strategies based on their
particular needs:33
• THE NAVY AND MARINE CORPS is developing experimental forward-operating bases that use small-scale water
purification, energy-efficient lighting and photovoltaic energy harvesting to reduce the need to transport fuel and
water over long distances.
• THE AIR FORCE—the DoD’s largest energy consumer – is modifying how it flies its aircraft, changing aircraft
altitudes and routes and optimizing aircraft loading, which is predicted to save over $500 million in fuel.
• THE NAVY is executing a range of initiatives in ship coatings, propulsion options, a hybrid-electric drive and a new
amphibious ship that is dramatically more efficient. By 2016 the Navy plans to deploy a “Great Green Fleet” powered
entirely by alternative fuels.
• THE ARMY’S installation energy programs include efforts to reduce energy consumption on bases, find ways to
lower environmental impact, and implement innovative approaches for reducing energy consumption.
BEING PART OF THE SOLUTION: Investment Opportunities
The DoD’s budget for energy security initiatives has risen from $400 million to $1.2 billion in the past four years, and
market experts project steadily increased expenditures for energy innovation activities in the coming years.34 But flawed
incentives impede investment in energy efficiency for two main reasons:35
• The first user bears significant costs but gets the same return as followers, which is problematic for new
technologies intended to improve energy efficiency in a retrofit market.
• The DoD does not have an enterprise-wide energy information management system that can provide the
appropriate information on energy consumption at various levels of aggregation, including individual building,
installation, geographic region and military department, which hampers the DoD’s ability to: monitor, measure,
manage and maintain energy systems at their optimal performance levels; collect renewable energy generation and
performance data; and compare performance across facilities and departments.
8
NAVIGATING BY THE SUN: U.S. Department of Defense Takes Aggressive Lead as Early Adopters of Solar Energy | Definitive Solar
The DoD is investing more to improve the energy profile of its fixed installations, with financing from annually
appropriated funds, including military construction, operations and maintenance, and the Energy Conservation Investment
Program (ECIP).4 In addition, it has utilized third-party financing through Energy Savings Performance Contracts (ESPCs)5
and Utilities Energy Service Contracts (UESCs).6 The DoD is also pursuing other innovative financing approaches, such EULs 7
and Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs).8
Source: Langson Energy; 2011
THE DOD’S FUNDAMENTAL INVESTMENT STRATEGY SEEKS TO:
a) reduce demand for traditional energy through conservation and energy efficiency; and
b) increase supply of renewable and other alternative energy sources. Investments that curb demand are the most costeffective way to improve an installation’s energy profile.
4
Improves the energy and water efficiency of existing military services’ facilities with projects that help save on energy usage and cost.
5
Allow Federal agencies to accomplish energy savings projects without up-front capital costs and without special Congressional appropriations.
6
Offer Federal agencies an effective means to implement energy efficiency, renewable energy, and water efficiency projects.
7
Allow private sector entities to acquire and leverage value from non-excess real estate assets on Army and select DoD installations, based on a proposition that
is competitive on coast and speed of execution.
8
Exist between an entity that generates electricity for the purpose of sale to an entity looking to purchase electricity, with each agreement differentiated by the
source of energy harnessed, such as solar and wind.
www.DefinitiveSolar.com | All rights reserved.
9
CONCLUSION
Driven by climate change and the need for energy security, the DoD’s energy
effectiveness and efficiency plans are designed to strategically maximize
military performance and personnel safety.
As the single largest consumer of energy in the United States, the DoD is in a unique position to introduce innovative,
clean energy solutions on an enormous scale. Indeed, the DoD is navigating and pioneering much of the progress made
in this sector. By leading the way, they will create the very real potential for curbing staggering energy costs and optimizing
the nation’s overall defense strategy. These new policies will help to eliminate hesitation in the mainstream marketplace,
leading to accelerated innovation and the creation of new and profitable markets. By maintaining its current trajectory,
the DoD will increase demand for partnerships, private sector financing and a considerable influx of investment dollars
into leading-edge research, technology and business practices. For the solar energy world, the DoD’s energy conservation
investment program adds tremendous credibility to the conversation and helps the military increase power reliability,
lessen its need for diesel fuel and reduce its carbon footprint.
10
NAVIGATING BY THE SUN: U.S. Department of Defense Takes Aggressive Lead as Early Adopters of Solar Energy | Definitive Solar
About the Authors
REBECCA “BECKY” HALSTEAD BRIGADIER GENERAL (US ARMY, RETIRED)
Brigadier General (Ret) Becky Halstead is currently CEO/Founder of STEADFAST Leadership, a leader consultancy
company. Becky is an inspirational speaker, consultant and advisor. She served in the U.S. Army for 27 years, leading over
20,000 Soldiers and 5,000 civilians in Iraq, and commanding eight out of her last 11 years in the Army. She provides logistics
and leadership expertise to the Principal Solar team.
Becky Halstead brings a broad depth of knowledge to the Principal Solar team. As founder of STEADFAST Leadership, Becky
mentors the corporate sector in leadership training and inspirational speaking. As a member of the Board of Advisors for
several companies, Becky provides logistics and leadership expertise.
Becky’s tremendous success and passion for educating, training and inspiring leaders and developing cohesive teams
is rooted in her 27 years serving the United States Army, from which she retired as a Brigadier General. In Iraq, Becky led
over 20,000 soldiers and 5,000 civilians, and commanded eight out of her 11 years in the army. Becky has achieved historic
milestones, becoming the first female graduate of the United States Military Academy to achieve the rank of General
Officer, the first female Commanding General to command in combat at the strategic level and the Army’s first female Chief
of Ordnance.
Becky earned her B.S. in engineering at the United States Military Academy at West Point, her M.S. of Military Art and
Science, and her M.S. of National Resource Strategy (Manufacturing focus) from the Industrial College of the Armed Forces,
Washington D.C.
MICHAEL GORTON
Michael Gorton, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Principal Solar, is an entrepreneur, mentor and company
builder, applying proven strategies in the fields of renewable energy, telecommunications, music and healthcare. Drawing
on his extensive business expertise, scientific education and training, Michael serves as a strong voice and proponent of
solar power. Over the past two years, Gorton has become a prolific author of technical papers and articles in solar and
renewable energy.
Gorton has earned degrees in engineering from Texas Tech, physics from the University of Texas and law from Texas
Wesleyan University..
www.DefinitiveSolar.com | All rights reserved.
11
ENDNOTES
1. Montgomery, Christopher M.; U.S. military charts aggressive growth in renewable energy; Association of Corporate Counsel;
September 28, 2011;http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=5755046a-517d-4113-80c0-7b83cadf0374&utm_source=l
exology+daily+newsfeed&utm_medium=html+email+-+body+-+federal+section&utm_campaign=lexology+subscriber+dail
y+feed&utm_content=lexology+daily+newsfeed+2011-10-05&utm_term=; accessed January 19, 2012.
2. Montgomery; September 28, 2011.
3. Deloitte; Energy Security, America’s Best Defense; http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-UnitedStates/Local%20Assets/
Documents/AD/us_ad_EnergySecurity052010.pdf; accessed February 27, 2012.
4. SERDP; Department of Defense Announces New Installation Energy Technology Demonstrations for FY 2012; November 18,
2011; http://www.serdp.org/News-and-Events/News-Announcements/Program-News/Department-of-Defense-announcesnew-installation-energy-technology-demonstrations-for-FY-2012; accessed January 19, 2012.
5. Army Energy Program; January 4, 2012.
6. Army Energy Program; Renewable Energy; January 4, 2012; http://army-energy.hqda.pentagon.mil/renewable/renewable.asp;
accessed January 19, 2012.
7. IBM For the Business of Government; Reduce Energy Use: A New Paradigm – Energy for the Warfighter; July 27, 2011; http://
www.businessofgovernment.org/blog/strategies-font-color-redcut-costsfont-and-improve-performance/reduce-energy-usenew-paradigm-e; accessed February 28, 2012.
8. IBM; July 27, 2011.
9. Lovins, Amory B.; The THE DOD’s Energy Challenge as Strategic Opportunity; NDU Press; 2010; http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/
images/jfq-57/lovins.pdf; accessed February 28, 2012.
10. Goldenberg, Suzanne; Pentagon to rank global warming as destabilising force
The Guardian; January 31, 2010; http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/31/pentagon-ranks-global-warming-destabilisingforce; accessed February 27, 2012.
11. Environmental and Energy Study Institute; Climate Change Impacts and National Security; July 2010; http://files.eesi.org/
climate_security_072810.pdf; accessed March 2, 2012.
12. Department of the Navy memorandum; Navy Climate Change Roadmap; May 21, 2010; http://www.navy.mil/navydata/
documents/CCR.pdf; accessed February 27, 2012.
13. Femia, Francesco, Werrell, Caitlin; Military Advisory Board: Oil Dependency Achilles Heel of U.S. National Security;The Center for
Climate and Security; November 7, 2011; http://climateandsecurity.org/2011/11/07/military-advisory-board-oil-dependencyachilles-heel-of-u-s-national-security/; accessed March 2, 2012.
14. Zablocki, Curtis; Crafting the Department of Defense Energy Strategy; United States Airforce Reserve; 2010.
15. Komiss, William, Huntzinge, LaVar; The Economic Implications of of Disruptions of Maritime Oil Chokepoints; CAN; March
2011; http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/The%20Economic%20Implications%20of%20Disruptions%20to%20
Maritime%20Oil%20Chokepoints%20D0024669%20A1.pdf; accessed February 28, 2012.
16. Petroleumworld.com; World Oil Transit Chokepoints; March 5, 2011; http://www.petroleumworld.com/sati11030501.htm;
accessed March 2, 2012.
17. Tilford, Robert; Electric grid vulnerabilities present risks to U.S. defense assets; Examiner; February 4, 2012; http://www.
examiner.com/city-buzz-in-charlotte/electric-grid-vulnerabilities-present-risks-to-u-s-defense-assets#ixzz1ngww7AWi;
accessed February 28, 2012.
12
NAVIGATING BY THE SUN: U.S. Department of Defense Takes Aggressive Lead as Early Adopters of Solar Energy | Definitive Solar
ENDNOTES (CONTINUED)
18. Tilford; February 4, 2012.
19. Asmus, Peter; The Promise (and Perils) of Government Microgrid Markets; Pike Research blog; February 25, 2011; http://www.
pikeresearch.com/blog/articles/the-promise-and-perils-of-government-microgrid-markets; accessed February 27, 2012.
20. Stockton, Paul; Testimony of the Honorable Paul Stockton Assistant Secretary of Defense
Homeland Defense and Americas’ Security Affairs Department of Defense Before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power The
Committee on Energy and Commerce United States House of Representatives; May 31, 2011; http://democrats.energycommerce.
house.gov/sites/default/files/image_uploads/Testimony_EP_05.31.11_Stockton.pdf; accessed February 28, 2012.
21. SERPD; Department of Defense Announces New Installation Energy Technology Demonstrations for FY 2012; November 18,
2011; http://www.serdp.org/News-and-Events/News-Announcements/Program-News/Department-of-Defense-announcesnew-installation-energy-technology-demonstrations-for-FY-2012; accessed February 27, 2012.
22. Cogenra Solar; November 29, 2011.
23. Sandia National Laboratories; SPIDERS microgrid project secures military installations; February 22, 2012; https://share.sandia.
gov/news/resources/news_releases/spiders/; accessed February 27, 2012.
24. SERDP; The DoD Study Finds 7,000 Megawatts of Solar Energy Potential on The DoD Installations in Mojave Desert; January
13, 2012; http://www.serdp-estcp.org/News-and-Events/News-Announcements/Program-News/The DoD-study-finds-7-000megawatts-of-solar-energy-potential-on-The DoD-installations-in-Mojave-Desert; accessed February 27, 2012.
25. SERDP; January 13, 2012.
26. SERDP; January 13, 2012.
27. SERDP; January 13, 2012.
28. Mulrine; Anna; How the U.S. Military is Trying to Cut Its Enormous Energy Appetite; US News and World Report; March 16,
2009; http://www.usnews.com/news/energy/articles/2009/03/16/how-the-us-military-is-trying-to-cut-its-enormous-energyappetite?page=2; accessed February 27, 2012.
29. Mulrine; March 16, 2009.
30. Nellis Airforce Base PowerTracker; http://www.thelivingmoon.com/45jack_files/03files/Nellis_AFB_Solar_Array.html; accessed
March 2, 2012.
31. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Fort Irwin Solar Energy Enhanced Use Lease (EUL); http://www.clarkenergygroup.com/
irwinpressconference/Fort%20Irwin%20Solar%20Energy%20-%20Press%20Kit%20-%20FINAL.pdf; accessed January 19, 2012
32. Randazzo, Ryan; Defense Department Seeks Energy Advantage; USA Today; February 16, 2012; http://www.usatoday.com/
USCP/PNI/Business/2012-02-16-PNI0216biz-energy-defensePNIBrd_ST_U.htm; accessed February 27, 2012.
33. Pellerin, Cheryl; U.S. Department of Defense; Smaller Carbone Footprint Means Fewer Risks, Officials Say; January 19, 2012; http://
www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=66860; accessed February 27, 2012.
34. Robyn, Dr. Dorothy; Statement of Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Installations and Environment before the
House Armed Services Committee Subcommittee on Readiness; February 24, 2010; http://www.acq.osd.mil/ie/download/
robyn_testimony022410.pdf; accessed February 27, 2012.
35. SERDP; January 13, 2012.
36. Trabish, Herman K.; Will the Military Be the Bridge to the US Renewable Energy Future? News Policy; Langson Energy;
September, 2011; http://www.langsonenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Military-Bridge-to-Renewable-Energy.pdf;
accessed March 2, 2012. Reformatted by PSI.
www.DefinitiveSolar.com | All rights reserved.
13