USHG Regents Review
Unit 2
After the Constitution
Washington-Civil War
The Beginning…
• Constitution went into effect 1789
• George Washington became first President
▫ Had a cabinet- group of advisors
• Alexander Hamilton-began a national bank
• Whiskey Rebellion- group of farmers refused
to pay taxes. Pres. Washington used state
militaries to crush the rebellion. Proved the
strength of the new gov’t.
Washington’s Foreign Policy
• 1793 Proclamation of Neutrality- US would
not get involved in alliances
• 1796 Farewell Address-US should stay neutral in
foreign affairs.
• Wanted to keep the US out of war.
Questions of Power
• Strict constructionists- believe the
Constitution can only do what is specifically
spelled out.
• Loose Constructionists-believes the gov’t
needs more ability to take action and change as
needed
Essential Questions
• Why would Washington want the US to stay
neutral in foreign policy?
• Adding amendments to the Constitution is an
example of strict or loose construction? Explain.
Louisiana Purchase
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1803 under Pres. Jefferson
Example of loose construction
Doubled the size of the USA
Access to Mississippi River and city of New
Orleans
• Started westward expansion and exploration
• Lewis & Clark
Louisiana Purchase
• http://www.history.com/topics/louisianapurchase/videos#louisiana-purchase-doublessize-of-america
Marshall Court
• Supreme Court judge John Marshall
• Strengthened the national gov’t
• Marbury vs. Madison
▫ judicial review-SC can declare laws
unconstitutional
• McCulloch vs. Maryland
▫ Federal gov’t stronger than state gov’t
▫ Upheld the national bank
• Gibbons vs. Ogden
▫ Congress can regulate interstate trade
Political Parties
• Federalists
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Alexander Hamilton
Strong federal gov’t
Loose interpretation
Favored national bank
Political Parties
• Democratic-Republicans
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Thomas Jefferson
Strong state’s rights
Individual rights
Opposed national bank
Essential Questions
• How is the Louisiana Purchase a significant
event in US history?
• Why was it ironic that Jefferson was the
president at the time of the purchase?
War of 1812
• Britain and France were still at war
• Britain took over American ships going to
France
• Congress declared war on Britain
• Significant results
▫ Reinforced idea of neutrality
▫ Manufacturing grew in the North
▫ Native Americans weakened b/c of their alliance
with Britain
Monroe Doctrine 1823
• Basis of US foreign policy
• End European colonization in W. hemisphere
• Europe would not interfere in the Western
Hemisphere
• “non- interference” in European affairs &
colonies
Monroe Doctrine
Essential Questions
• How is the Monroe Doctrine an example of
neutrality?
US in the 19th Century 1800’s
• “American System”- promoted unity
▫ improved transportation
▫ setting protective tariffs/taxes on foreign goods
▫ created a second national bank
Industrialization in the North
• 70% of factories were in the North
• Transportation Revolution
▫ Erie Canal connected NYC to Gr Lakes
▫ Railroads led to westward expansion
• Factory System
▫ Change from home to factories
▫ Employed immigrants
• Immigration
▫ Came from N and W Europe (Irish, Italian,
Germans, Jews,)
Immigration
• Causes
▫ Irish potato famine
▫ Revolutions in Europe
• Effects
▫ Settled in cities
▫ Discrimination- Nativism & Know Nothing
Party
Industrialization Video
• http://www.history.com/topics/industrialrevolution
Agriculture in South
• Farming economy
▫ Cotton, indigo
▫ Relied on slave labor
▫ Plantations
• Farmers moved West with slaves
• Some attempts at Slave uprisings
▫ Nat Turner 1831
• Dependent on North to buy cotton and make it
into clothing
Essential Questions
• How did the North and South begin to grow
apart during the 19th century?
• How did immigration lead to growth of the
North?
Andrew Jackson
• President 1829-1837
▫ Spoils system-giving jobs to friends
• Tariffs-taxes on imported goods
▫ South opposed them
▫ J Calhoun (the VP from S. Carolina) argued that states
could nullify/ignore them
▫ Jackson declared that action treasonous
• Closed the National Bank
• Forced Native Americans to leave their homeland
“King” Andrew Jackson
• Many thought Jackson
overstepped his powers as President
Native Americans
• Conflict with settlers moving West
• Jackson’s Removal Policy-N Americans forced to
move West of Mississippi R
• Worcester vs. Georgia- Supreme Court ruled
that Georgia could not take away Indian lands
• Trail of Tears-rounded up Cherokee and
forced them to march West in defiance of the
Supreme Court ruling
Trail of Tears
Essential Questions
• How did Andrew Jackson impact Native
American tribes?
Reform Movements
• Public Education
▫ Horace Mann
• Mental Illness
▫ Dorthea Dix
▫ Mental hospitals began
Reform Movements
• Abolition
▫ Frederick Douglass
▫ Underground Railroad (Harriet Tubman)
• Women’s Rights
▫ Elizabeth Cady Stanton
▫ Susan B Anthony
▫ Used protests, marches, jail
Expansion
• Manifest Destiny▫ US should expand to the Pacific ocean
▫ Spread democracy & freedom
▫ Led to conflicts with N. Americans & Mexicans
▫ Examples:
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Louisiana Purchase 1803
Florida 1819
Texas 1845 (as a slave state)
Oregon (1846)
The Slavery Debate
• Northern Views
▫ Wanted to prevent slavery from spreading into
new states/territories
▫ Uncle Tom’s Cabin-novel about evils of slavery
• Southern Views
▫ Wanted slavery to be able to spread into new
states and territories
Video on Sectionalism
• http://www.history.com/topics/slavery/videos#
america-divided
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Missouri Compromise
• Stated that slavery could not spread north of the
36 30’ latitude line in the Louisiana Purchase
Compromise of 1850
• California entered the US as a free state
• Fugitive Slave Law-stated that all runaway
slaves must be returned to their owners
• Slave trade stopped in Washington DC
• Popular Sovereignty- people would vote on
whether to be slave/free in new territories
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
• Allowed Kansas/Nebraska to decide slavery
based on popular sovereignty
• Bleeding Kansas▫ mobs destroyed businesses
▫ John Brown & group killed pro-slavery people
• Led to the rise of the Republican party
▫ Anti-slavery
Dred Scott vs. Sandford
• Supreme Court decided that African-Americans
(slave or free) were NOT citizens and not
protected by the Constitution
• Slavery could not be banned in any territory
Essential Questions
• How did compromises contribute to
sectionalism between North & South?
• How did the Supreme Court help the cause of
continuing slavery?
Election of 1860
• Lincoln won Presidency as a Republican in Nov.
• Led to S. Carolina seceding from the US in Dec.
• Other states followed in Feb. and formed the
Confederate States of America
Battles and Leaders
• Union-North
▫ Led by Ulysses S Grant
• Confederacy-South
▫ Led by Robert E Lee
• Battle of Antietam
• Battle of Gettysburg
▫ Gettysburg Address
Impact of Civil War
• Increased industrialization in North
▫ Women and African-Am got jobs in factories
• South was devastated
▫ Burned cities, plantations, fields
▫ Massive population losses