220
ESA BULLETIN
threat to its host, and the ease and availability of control
measures.
In Chapter 2 an overview is given of arthropod pests
on ornamentals based on their biology and food habits:
aphids, scale insects and mealybugs, hoppers, cicadas, and
plant bugs; mites; borers; leaf-feeding caterpillars and
beetles; weevils; bark beetles; and leafminers. Arthropodinduced galls are examined in Chapter 3 and insect vectors of plant diseases, in Chapter 4. The remaining chapters treat pests of pines (Chapter S), turf (6), greenhouses and house plants (7), and the flower garden (8).
Students should appreciate the ample space provided
for making notes. The large number of illustrations borrowed from various sources are generally adequate (those
of Nantucket pine tip moth on p. 93 are exceptions).
In
some, however, the scientific name used in the original
source is now outdated and has not been corrected (e.g.,
spruce spider mite is listed in the genus Paratetranychus)
and in others, the common name does not agree with that
used in the species write-ups (e.g., gipsy/gypsy moth,
bag-worm/bagworm).
In the caption for the illustration
of a fall webworm larva and pupa, the plural forms larvae and pupae are used. As the authors state, more
original drawings had to be prepared than was the case
with other manuals in their series. Arwin Provonsha's
drawings, as always, are excellent.
Owing to the diversity of the arthropod fauna associated with ornamentals, the authors include detailed information only on selected pests. An entire page is devoted
to most species discussed in detail. Typically, data are
presented in S or 6 categories: description and seasonal
development, damage, importance, distribution, host plants,
and control. For some pests, data are either supplied or
omitted for all categories; for others, information is provided in only one or a few categories, and in only 2 of
28 maps is distribution of a pest indicated. Students probably will fill in missing data from material presented in
lecture, but the reader should have been alerted in the
foreword to expect omissions under the various headings.
Much biological information and illustrations are presented in tables for additional species.
Scientific names are omitted in nearly all species writeups, an approach some students might favor. If all common names used had been those approved by the Entomological Society of America, or used consistently, there
would have been little room for confusion. Hyphenation
is inconsistent in many of the common names, and the use
of common and scientific names for families would have
been helpful.
The authors have assembled useful data into several
tables without giving a source for their information. For
example, the list of insect-resistant ornamental plant species (p. 4) probably was compiled from the literature,
but the rating of honeylocust clones for their relative resistance to mimosa webworm (p. 41) might be based on
original work by the authors. For those wishing to consult original references, sources might well have been
mentioned also for data used to compile the number of
gall-making species associated with different groups of
plants (p. 64) and the distribution of gall makers by
insect order (p. 6S).
Too often the text is composed of irritatingly choppy
sentences in succession; wordiness is common (e.g., "black
in color," "oval in shape," "inexpensive in cost," "spotted
with black spots of excrement").
Some sentences clearly
need to be recast: "Currently used in vegetable production greenhouses, they studied this parasite as a control
agent .... " We could tolerate more easily the frequency
of typographical errors if loose editing had not allowed so
many other annoying errors in mechanics. Misspellings
are common; azalia, becomming, cemetary, compliment
(for .complement), dependant, independant, innoculated,
practlOner, sack (for sac), stolens (for stolons), whirls
(for whorls), wooly. The use of commas sometimes
merely reflects personal preference, and the style an au-
Vol. 24, no. 2 1978
thor employs rarely irritates the reader. In this volume,
however, commas often have been omitted from long introductory phrases and subordinate clauses and in situations where they are needed for clarity, and are used
where they are least expected. Commas and periods are
consistently misplaced in relation to quotation marks and
in one case a word of a single syllable is broken at the
end of a line. In at least four sentences subject does not
agree with verb, and there is one run-on sentence.
. As stated in the foreword, the list of references proVided at the end of each chapter is not literature cited
but selected or suggested reading. It is disturbing that
several papers cited in the text are omitted from the terminal list of references and that several unconventional
bibliographic procedures are employed. When two papers
have the same author, the most recent is cited first and
in one instance, a paper having two authors is list~d in
the text as "first author" et al.
Also tending to detract from the manual is a lack of
at~ention to accuracy. The authors state that holly leafmmer (presumably Phytomyza ilicis Curtis) is the most
important pest of hollies in the eastern states when Kulp
(1968. Univ. Md. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. A-ISS) has
shown that the introduced P. ilicis is known in North
America only from the Pacific Northwest and that the
native holly leafminer, P. ilicicola Loew is the Common
holly pest in the eastern U.S. The leafhopper vector of
aster yellows is referred to under the names M acrosteles
devisa and M. devisis, but this insect should have been
cited as M. fascifrons (Stal).
In the text of Chapter 4
aster yellows and elm phloem necrosis are said to b~
transmitted by a mycoplasma or mycoplasma-like organism, but in the accompanying table the causal agents are
listed as viruse~. In the. discussion of planthoppers, we
are told that thiS group mcludes not only fulgorids and
lantern flies but also membracids, even though the treehoppers (membra~ids) h3;d been covered in the preceding
paragraph.
The IllustratIOn of a box elder bug (family
R~opalidae) is us~d as an example of a "plant bug" when
Wilson et al. preViously seem to have restricted this common narpe to the Miridae. We also are told that adults
of the linden looper are beetles, that molts of the gypsy
moth feed in trees, and that few arthropod-induced
galls
are found on algaes (italics ours).
V'( e commend the authors for seeing the need of intro:!l.mg students to ornamental plant protection. We have
been critical only to point out the necessity for more regard to accuracy and detail. Because our students are
i~pression3;ble, we hope the authors will be able to proVide a reVised, more carefully written edition of their
manual.
A. G. WHEELER,JR.
KARL VALLEY
Bureau of Plant Industry
Pennsylvania Department
Harrisburg 17120
of Agriculture
THE COCKROACH.Volume II by P. B. Cornwell. 1976.
Associated Business Programmes
LTD, London: St.
Martin's Press, N.Y. SS7 pages. $20.00.
This book is the long-awaited companion to Cornwell's
The Cockroach, Volume I published in 1968. Both volumes were written primarily for the cockroach control
practitioner. This volume concentrates on a wide range of
information useful to such people in support of their day
to day control operations. Volume I provided similar information with emphasis on cockroaches as insects.
Volume II is a veritable gold mine of information. It
treats cockroaches as pests, practical cockroach control
formulations, equipment, safety, legal considerations, re~
pel!ents and repellency, the insecticides, mode of action,
reSistance, cockroach rearing, and insecticide testing.
Each chapter emphasizes practical, control-oriented information pertinent to the subject under consideration. The
Vol. 24, no. 2 1978
ESA BULLETIN
book is written in a manner that the reader does not have
to be a highly trained specialist to understand and appreciate what is being discussed. In addition, this volume is
abundantly illustrated which helps the reader to visualize
the concepts presented.
In spite of the major thrust of this work, it should also
be stated that there is a great deal of information which
the specialist will find of value. For example, Chapter 15
contains a chronological listing of major events in the
development of cockroach resistance to insecticides. The
period covered is 1951-1975, and the treatment is quite
thorough. Also, the book is a handy reference for toxicity
data on the insecticides covered, and provides badly-needed
comparisons on toxicity for several pest cockroach species.
Among the very few errors which this book contains,
one deserves mention. The author sometimes refers to
low toxicity of insecticides to humans when he means to
rats or other mammals from which one may infer low
human toxicity. For the informed reader this will present
no problem, but it could come as a shock to others.
This is a good book, and is one that should be read by
those involved with cockroach control. It is easily readable, essentially free of printing errors, has an extensive
list of references to the scientific literature which should
be helpful to the specialist, and a very useful index. The
author is to be commended for the thoroughness with
which this book was prepared. Likewise the publisher for
a reasonable price.
DONALDG. COCHRAN
Department of Entomology
Virginia Pol:l,tech/lic Institute
alld State University
Blacksburg 24061
NEW ZEALANDINSECT PESTS, edited by D. N. Ferro.
1976. The Caxton Press, Christchurch, New Zealand.
311 pp. $16.00 cloth.
This book was written by the entire faculty of the
Department of Entomology, Lincoln University College
of Agriculture, plus a few of its former graduates now
in government service. Each contributor wrote one or
two chapters, yielding a 16 chapter book covering all
phases of economic entomology. It was written primarily
as a text book for undergraduates at their University in
the College of Agriculture. However, it contains a wealth
of information useful to local growers, farm advisors, or
even lay perSOns interested in being better informed
about the pests encountered in New Zealand.
Chapters are commodity oriented, having a short introduction followed by individual write-ups on each of the
major pests that might attack the more important crops.
Each write-up follows the general format of Metcalf,
Flint, and Metcalf, i.e., (1) common name; (2) scientific
name; (3) description; (4) life history; (5) economic
importance; and (6) control. Many of the write-ups are
accompanied by illustrations of the adult or larval stage
of the pest. Numerous pictures of damage were also of
assistance to the reader. As in many entomological texts,
mites, slugs and nematodes are given the same coverage
as insects. The control portion of the write-ups is brief
and very general. Usually, specific chemicals are not
listed; rather, tips and procedures to follow in order to
achieve control or how to decide if control is needed.
Timing of spray applications is often mentioned.
After the last chapter is a 22 page section entitled
Chemical Control Procedures.
It follows the text chapter by chapter from the first insect pest to the last, suggesting chemicals which can be used, rate to use product,
along with additional remarks. This section of the book
is like a spray guide. It is quite useful for the moment
but will be the first portion of the book to become obsolete.
The book has a splendid index which is preceded by a
general glossary to assist with terms used in text.
221
As defined by the title, this book is primarily of interest
to the inhabitants of New Zealand. Many of the pests that
are discussed are only present in that country. The authors have accomplished their goal to provide the agricultural student at Lincoln University with an excellent
textbook on the pest species of the area and along with
that an insight into how these pests might be controlled
if need be.
'
In the editor's remarks the point is brought out that all
too often farmers, and perhaps more importantly, farm
advisors, are dependent on prophylactic techniques to solve
pest problems! This book contains splendid information
to help inform the farmer and farm advisor and thus
allow them to be more independent in making decisions
on pest control. And, after all, that's what its all about!
They are to be congratulated on a job done very well
indeed.
ROGERN. WILLIAMS
Department of Entomology
Ohio Agricultural Research
and Development Center
Wooster, Ohio 44691
THE ARTHROPODA
HABITS, FUNCTIONALMORPHOLOGY
AND
EVOLUTION,by S. M. MANTON, Clarendon Press, Oxford, xx
527 pages. $46.00.
This book was published in the United States on February 2, 1978. It contains eleven chapters: (1) introduction (pages 1-36; 19 figures), (2) habit divergences and
arthropodan food gathering in the palaeozoic and some
basic leg movements (pages 37-62; 12 figures), (3) the
evolution of arthropodan jaws (pages 63-133; 31 figures,
many in black and red), (4) the evolution of arthropodan
types of limbs and the effects of habits on the limbs of
Limulus and Crustacea (pages 135-198; 29 figures), (5)
special requirements of land arthropods:
stepping, legrocking; and joints in the Uniramia (pages 199-235;
19 figures), (6) the broad subdivisions of the Arthropoda (pages 236-291; 16 figures), (7) locomotory mechanisms of the U niramia (pages 293-343; 16 figures), (8)
habits and evolution of the Myriapoda together with the
basic skeleto-musculature
of the Uniramia (pages 344397; 17 figures), (9) habits and evolution of the hexapod
classes (pages 398-448; 17 figures),
(10) locomotory
habits and the evolution of the Chelicerata and Pycnogonida), pages 449-486; 9 figures and 8 photographic
plates), and (11) a further word on polyphyly (pages
487-494).
There is a classification of Arthropoda on
pages 495-500, a technical appendix on pages 501-507, and
a subject index. There are 140 references. The book was
completed in May of 1975.
Manton proposes that the Arthropoda should be divided
into 4 main groups (which she chooses to cal1 "phyla"),
as follows: (1) Trilobita, (2) Chelicerata, (3) Crustacea,
and (4) Uniramia.
She does not refer to the Pentastomida.
Manton invented the term Uniramia to refer to those
animals which possess (1) whole limb mandibles, (2)
a chitinous integument, (3) a hemocoele, and (4) segmentally arranged but unbranched (non-biramous)
appendages. She includes the fol1owing animals in the
Uniramia:
(1) Onychophora, (2) Tardigrada,
(3) Arthropleurida (extinct),
(4) Myriapoda (Chilopoda; Diplopoda, Symphyla, and Pauropoda), and (5) Hexapoda.
Although the Onychophora possess features in common
with the Uniramia, Manton does not point out that they
differ from all other Arthropoda in having nephridia alld
smooth muscles like those in the Annelida.
She does
point out that their jaws move in an entirely different
way from any other uniramian.
Manton divides the insects into 5 "classes": (1) Collembola, (2) Diplura, (3) Protura, (4) Thysanura, and
(5) "Pterygota."
Her classification on page 501 contains
several errors (she refers to classes Monura and Palaeodictyoptera, and she misspel1s Blatte/la and P sylla). She
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