Early Man
. The Stone Age and Early Cultures
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A. The First People
1. Scientists Study Remains
a) Scientists call the time before there was writing prehistory
(1) Mary Leakey
(2) Donald Johanson
b) Hominid - early ancestor of humans
c) An ancestor is a relative who lived in the past
2. Hominids and Early Humans
a) Australopithecus
(1) "southern ape"
(2) Appeared in Africa 4-5 million years ago
(3) stood upright and walsed on two legs
(4) Brain 1/3 the size of modern humans
b) Homo habilis
(1) "handy man"
(2) Appeared in Africa about 2.4 million years ago
(3) used early stone tools for chopping and scraping
(4) Brain 1/2 the size of modern humans
c) Homo erectus
(1) "upright man"
(2) Appeared in Africa 2-1.5 million years ago
(3) 86('($5/<6721(722/6/,.(7+(+$1'$;$1'&28/'&21752/>5(
(4) Migrated out of Africa to Asia and Europe
d) Homo sapiens
(1) "wise man"
(2) Appeared in Africa about 200,000 years ago
(3) Migrated around the world
(4) same species as modern humans
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(6) Developed language
3. Stone Age Tools
a) The First Tools
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(1) A tool,6$+$1'+(/'2%-(&77+$7+$6%((102',>('72+(/3$3(5621
accomplish a task
(2) "+(>5673$572)7+(!721(*(,6&$//('7+(Paleolithic Era, or Old Stone
Age
i) lasted until about 10,000 years ago
ii) oldest tools, found in East Africa, are about 2.6 million years old
b) Later Tools
(1) hand ax
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i) easy to shape and can be very sharp
(3) attach wooden handles
4. Hunter-gatherer Societies
a) Society
(1) a society is a community of people share a common culture
(2) hunter-gatherers - people who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds,
fruits, and nuts to survive
b) Language, Art, and Religion
(1) language
i) the most important development of early stone age culture
ii) developed to make hunting in groups easier
iii) made it easier for people to distribute food
(2) cave paintings
i) possibly used to teach people how to hunt
(3) religion
i) Archeologists have found graves that include food and artifacts
B. Early Human Migration
1. People Move Out of Africa
a) The Ice Ages - the freezing times
(1) lasted from 1.6 million 10,000 years ago
(2) people responded to the climate changes by migrating, or moving, to new
places.
(3) ice sheets formed from ocean water leave ocean levels lower than they are
now
(4) land bridge connected Asia to North America
i) allowed Stone Age people to migrate around the world
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Early Man
)
b) Settling New Lands
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(1) Migration around the world took hundreds of thousands of years
i) ancestors of modern humans migrated from Africa to Asia as early as 2
million years ago
ii) humans migrated from East Africa to southern Africa and southwestern
Asia around 100,000 years ago
iii) by 9000 BC, himans lived on all continents of the world except
Antarctica
2. People Adapt to New Evironments
a) Clothing and Shelter
(1) people learned how to sew animal skins together to stay warm in the colder
climate
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(3) built homes in pits or using animal skins and bones when caves were
unavailable
(4) later more permanent structures made of wood, stone, or clay
b) New Tools and Technologies
(1) smaller and more complex tools - bone and stone
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years ago
(3) New Technologies
i) canoes made of hallowed out logs - travel and hunting
ii) pottery - food storage
iii) pet dogs - hunting and protection
C. Beginnings of Agriculture
1. The First Farmers
a) The Neolithic or New Stone Age period - began as early as 10,000 years ago
in some places
(1) polished stones to make tools
i) drills and saws
(2) people learned to make>5(
(3) Ended in Egypt and SW Asia around 5,000 years ago
i) when toolmakers started using metal
b) Plants
(1) warming trend brought an end to the ice ages
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(2) wild barley and wheat spread throughout Southwest Asia
i) people followed the food
(3) Neolithic Revolution - shift from food gathering to food production
i) people learned to grow their own crops - started in SW Asia
ii) domestication - the process of changing plants or animals to make them
more useful to humans
iii) domestication of plants led to the development of agriculture, or
farming
(a) changed human society forever!
c) Animals
(1) domestication meant hunters no longer had to follow wild herds
i) sheep or goats - milk, food, wool
ii) large animals carry loads or used in farming
iii) greatly improved people's chance of surviving
2. Farming Changes Societies
a) Neolithic Revolution brought huge changes to people's lives
b) survival more certain means people focus on other activities
(1) domestication of plants and animals - clothing
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ii) wool from goats and sheep
iii) skins from larger animals for clothing
(2) permanent settlements - no need to follow the food
i) agriculture required societies to stay in one place to tend to farms
ii) control of food production
(a) leads to dramatic growth in world population
(b) communities develop into towns
iii) Religious ceremonies performed by groups of people
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(b) gods
6.1. Students describe what is known through archaeological studies of the early physical
and cultural development of humankind from the Paleolithic era to the
agricultural revolution.
6.1.1. Describe the hunter-gatherer societies, including the development of tools and
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6.1.2. Identify the locations of human communities that populated the major regions of
the world and describe how humans adapted to a variety of environments.
6.1.3. $#
environment that gave rise to the domestication of plants and animals and
new sources of clothing and shelter.
. Comic Strip
Panel.1 Early Hominids
Panel.2 Stone Tools and Fire
Panel.3 The Ice Ages
Panel.4 Migration and Adapting
Panel.5 Art and Religion
Panel.6 Domestication and Agriculture
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