Illinois Wesleyan University
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Honors Projects
American Studies
1974
The Success Ethic: A Study of 19th Century
American Attitudes in Fiction and Reality
Steve Marshall
Illinois Wesleyan University
Recommended Citation
Marshall, Steve, "The Success Ethic: A Study of 19th Century American Attitudes in Fiction and Reality" (1974). Honors
Projects. Paper 1.
http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/amstudies_honproj/1
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T II E
A
Study
of
S U C C n S S
/
E T if I
C:
19th Century ,Irlorical' ,\tti tudes
In Pi cti on and noality--
Wesleyan Univ. Lfbis�
61701:
Bloomington n 1
�no1B
,
American Studies 490
llay 14, 1974
1609
Illinois Wesleyan Univ. Libraries
Bloomington, Ill.
61701
10
CON 'rENT::>
Introrluc t i o n
•
•
Status of 1Vorkingmen During the Late 19th Ce ntury
•
•
1
10
Immigrantfi, linskillen. Lab0r and Success
15
Sta tus of lVorkers in Ill i n o i s 1 K82, 1892
18
S elf-Help Literature or' the 19th Century.
The Self-.larle Nan in the }lovel.
Conc lusion
•
Bibliography
Appendix
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
.-20-
.28
.45
2/
Workingmen in America have never tot".lly accepted their position in
society as fixed or permanent�
Generally spea.king, American workingmen in
the 19th century looked upon their position in society as temporary until
such a time carne when they were "ble to ascend into the middle class.
1
The idea of America as a land of boundless opportunity was, in the 19th
century, one of the most persistent and widely believed concepts in our
nation's self-image.
Scholars label this American ideology:
the success
ethic, up1<ard mobi lity, the self-made man ethic, the ideology of ",obili ty,
or, colloquially speft.l�ing,
"pulling one t s self up by his bootst.raps."
Abraham Lincoln, a self-made man in his own right, expressed the laboring
man's desires when he &aid that,
•
.
..
there is not, of necessity, any such thing as a free
hired laborer heing fixed to that comlition for life.
penilent men everY'"here in theRe States,
Nany inrle­
a few :rears back in their
lives, were hired laborers.
The prudent, j)enniless beginner in
the worln, labors for ,.,ar;es mol1lile, SClY8S a surplus with ''\>l"hich to
buy tools or land
for
hirilsclf; then Ip.bors on his own account another
This
whi le, and at length hires another new he(,inner to help him.
is the just, a.nd generous, and prosperous sy�tem which opens the way
to all--lriYes ho-pe to all, and c8nsequent energy, and progress, ,and
improvement of condition to all.
�
'rhe American worker hp.s been inclined to believe that this concept
1
Gerald Groll, \\lorh.pr!-i (tnft U'topin:
the PJ1H.';'ricnn Lahor �·lovcrl(>nt
Press,
A Studv of
1S(:5-1()UD (r;va.nston:
Idpolo!ti.enl Con f l ic t in
Northvestorn Univer�i ty
19(1), 189.
2
noy 1'. Basler, ed.,
New TIrunswir.k, New J{�rsey,
find Utopia, 1:19.
Tlie Collected \lorJ<s of AhrnhnPI Lincoln
1953-1951), V, 56,
(9
vol s :
a::; quote([ by (irob, \,forknrs
-----
Ameri c a was not like
waS almost exclusivp.ly indigenouF to American cuI titre.
{
Europe i n the sense that the
$
were no f i xed c lasses.
The existence of the
American succes ethic was based on freedom of opportunity and flui,] c lass
A
struc tur e , which P!eant for the energeti c and the d i l igent assured suc c e s s .
1
I t has been the boast of Arl e r i c an business that opportunity
to reach the top i s open to abi l i ty ,
c aste systems ,
and that , unlike hereeli tary
there are no le[;al or trad i t i onal limitations
upon the rise of the indivirlual up through our e c onorlic organization.
I n so far as tl!is i s true the governing c lass of a. capitali st.
society i s fertil ized b:' th2 introduction into i t of men who have
r i s e n by their mHl efforts.
Daniel 1febster i mp l i ed this American atti tude in an address he
presented at the c elebration of the completion of the Bunker H i l l Nonument
June
17, 1843:
Ameri c a has proved that i t i s prac t i c able to el evate the mass
of mankinrl; that portion whi c h ,
i n Europe,
is cal led the laboring
o r l ower c lass; to raise ther:1 t o self respect , to make them c om­
petent to a c t a part i n the great right and great duty of sel Pgovernment; and thi s , she has proved , may be done by the diffusion
of knowledge.
She hI..Jlds Qut an example a thousand times more
enchanting, than ever was presented before ,
of the human rac
heredi tary rank.
),
to those n ine-tenths
who a.re born without heredi tary fortune or
Ac c ording to Webs ter not only had .�eri c a proved the prac t i c a l i ty of
1
Irwi n Yellovi tz , ed . ,
1865-1B96 ( Englewood
2u
nOrlTJan
C l i Ns :
TlH� "Position of the Worker i n Ameri c<1,n Hoc iet;v
Prenti c e Hall ,
>.nre , JJab or i n Hodern Industrial
"
& Russel l , 1968), 7.
3
Nc Guffev ' fj Kelv Eclec tic Fifth ne-acler
1857), 271.
'
1')()9) , 1.
Society
( New
( C incinnati:
If.
York:
Russell
B . Smii(h & C o . ,
-3-
out a n
held
eXfLl!"Jple
to
the rest 0(' the human race born without h e rprli t<lr�!
statu s .
Labor was c ons i.dered
t o he the route to\{ard se l "-em p lo�rrlcnt.
1
'rhe
skills o ne learned at labor could he app lied to his O'vIl entArprise,
hut as
"
'
long as a man rer!1ain Ad a ,.,o rkingrlla n his 9Ppor tuni. tie.!'; ,.,ere 1 iPlited . �
can be
said
•
It
that,
•
•
the go al was e s c ape
,.,hich a . r;Jan' s e H rnings,
rroPl
a.
1"a;.:-e-eftrning T>()�i tion--i n
anrl t h e very opportuni t;T t o work ,
�
'.,rare set
by an en:ployer--to self'-ellrplo,Yed position ,.,here accorrplis r1ent
woulrl be de te rmine d h." the tal ent and
The success e th ic will
vision of ea.ch mnn.
serve as the btH!\holle of this ;Hl,per.
poir:.t
..a."
""
ethic in th e ory ,
The foc(1,l
,..�_��.,..._
....
. �·'·tJ·...... "
as di s semin ated in the li terp,ture o f the mid-nineteenth
century , with the rp.ality
American ,",orker at the (·rh',
(hi s tori c al d at a )
of the position of the
I will strive -:to point out
of the c entury.
that in the late 19th cen-i;,ury beC[L1lSe or the breah..ilown of tIle traditional
c orrelation bet,,,ef'11 skilled ,,,ork a.nd su cces s as an entreprenuer in that trade,
the increased nUPlher of unskilled lahorers
levels, a nd
1
(iPlmigra.nts included)
at low pay
the rise of' big business "'hieh WflS charaf'terizcd by lar�:e capitnl
0f c �) ur se the dist i n c ti on Jl1.ust he ma(te
tho,t those of
UIB
selr-cl'lPloyed
middle class were i n a subcu]tJure of the fllidti.le chl.�s which dirrered ROf'1e­
what from whi te collar el' lp l oy p e s nnd those in -th e professions ..
2
Yellmdt2,
3
Ibid . ,
,1.
The pos.
o·p the Worher,
4.
4
-
investmpnts,
-
ngtioninli7.ation of mp.,rket,g,
ll.nr1 control of a pa.rticulnr fTJll.rket
from production of raw mnterials to distribution--all thcfle factors considered
collectively reduced the chnnces of an aspiring self-made man to fullfil the
terms of the success ethic.
The success ethic was taken up hy pwny of the
..
contemporary ',ri ters of this period,
I h,we chosen five authors,
namely, Villiam Dean Hm,ells, Robert Herrick,
Nary Alice French, Booth Tarkington,
(J(,
and portrayed by them in their novels.
and Upton Sinclair and lvill attel_lpt
to elaborate" their respective inc orporations of the myth in the ethical
" �,
universes of their novels.
Up to tllis point we have a general concept of the succ(>ss ethic.
the task at hand is to define what success meant.
In other words, what did
it mean to be sllCt;essful in late 19th c entury Arne-ric ...\?
Grec:,t riches cannot
be considered to be the priMary objective for all workers,
ally success meant a move,
on the laborer's part,
1
yet, tradition-
from manual labor to a
position in which he no longer had to work manually.
in itself,
Now
occup"tional mobility,
as a criterion for determining whether a l"te 19th century l"borer
,{as successful }lrc-sents some problems.
Gathering evirlence pertaining to
�
individual cas s of up,.,ard Plobility is an exhaustive process that 'would require more time than is available at the prpsent.�
other criterion,
Therefore, we need somf'
supportable by nata., 1'l'hich will enable us to decide whether
a 19th century laborer CRn be deemed successful.
Thorstein Veblen,
in 'l'he Theorv or the Lei�urc Class,
tial insight tmfard solving this problem.
gives us substan-
Veblen argues that there nre
-5-
two d i f ferent employments.
Those emploY'nen ts that are c'l.tegori7.ecl e,8 exploit
are, "worthy, honora LIe, and noble; tt other erTlployments that imply
vience or submission are uIn.,rorthy, debasing, ignohle. If 1
It suhser­
Veblen also argues
that man is an agent that pursues accomplishment in most acts he encounters.
He (man)
seeks some "concrete, ohjective, and impersonalII goal or end.
Because he is sHch, man is pleased by effective work, and is dissatisfied by
a futile effort.
This inclination, Veblen suggests,
instinct of workmansldp ."
maybe called "the
When "circuMsta.nces or trarlitions of life" lead
to periodic comparisons of one person with another in relation
'O\!:.. useful
work
2
"the instinct o! worl-i:mnnship" becomes and emulative or "invidious comparison,,
In any community where an Itinvidious comparison" of persons is
of people.
periodically and/or har...itually made "visible Sllccess becomes an end for its
own utility as a basis of esteem.lI
"};steem is gained and dispraise is avoid....
ed by putting one's efficiency in evidence.,,3
Generally speaking, "the possession of wealth confers honour;
it is
an invidious distinction,1I4 and when industrial activity becomes a means of
1
Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class
Huebsch, 1919), 15.
2
B.
W.
"An invic1iolJs comp<Tison is a process oJ' valuRtions of persons in
respec t to "lvortll.
3
(New York:
tI
1biO., 15-16.
stronp. in men,
lost st;l_tUS
Ibid., 34.
Veblen deemen the "instinct of workmanship" to be very
in late 19th century in<iu:-;try
but
",-},ile the
comparisons.
4 Ihid., 26.
W(�
can see th;1,t manual
lahor
quality of ,,'ork, good or bad, ",as not a prime basis for
-6-
sustenance, ownership o f -property becomes an exponent of success.
1
In an
industrial society the ownership of property is the "most readily discernable
evidence,t of a rlet�ree or success.
2
We can say then, th"t a 1 9th century laborer is successful i f he owns
property.
If a laborer mmed a home he could be deemed moderately successful.
Put in another way, iP one owns a home it is clear that his l?ealth is in
evidence.
If one Owns a business or a factory he is held in higher esteem,
by his peers, than is the f ormer, which is an Itinvidious distinction .. "
IIInvidious comparisons" prompt men t o outdo those of the saMe class:
Substantially the same pro[Jos j tion is expressed in the common­
place remark thn,t each class envies and ernulnteS the claf's ne:szt
'3
above it in the social scale, while it rarely compares its lf "ith
those below or with those "ho are c onsiilerably in aovance.
Veblen exp ounded upon his theories durin/( the early 20th century ann
was most concerned with wealth ann leisure in an industrial society.
Prior
e-
to Veblen ther were proponents of a tradition that can be called the Business
1
P.l'erlatory activity precee(;s industria.l activity and trophies
( such
as,
captured women or slCl�ves ) '","ere 'the conventiunal exponents of Sllccess during
the predatory phase.
2
3
-
I b iit . , 28 29
.
1bid., 103-4.
Veblen's te rm
,
here , is Ifpecuniury emulntion," the
contempo rary colloouialisPI iR, IIJ'\eeping up l·:ith the �fonesc s.1I
in '1':10 G-o!">pel of Wpr.l th, argues contrary t o Veblen at
l.1ome of' honest, poverty is free from ll(:�rplexing care,
a.nd emuln.tions..
Andrew Carnegie,
this point;
tha.t the
f'yom socinl envie!">
Needless to �uy '.;e must stretch our ipwgiwttion to under­
stand 11is perspective.
As we sllall sec, Carnegie Rlinits th�t ri,rirl castes
are forued in the f,)ctories in rolation to stntus, ,.".hl1e our Sl'J('::C.e:ss heritage
callecl for the denial of castes and nesircd n flldc1 cL�s� structure.
-7Ethic.
Il'his tradition accorapa.nied industrialization and was a mucl! more
casual concept than Veb1en's.
success
flecularl qualities whereby one a,ttained success were
was economic in na.ture.
initiative,
In rel"tion to the Business Ethic,
aggressiveness,
competitiveness,
1
and .forcefulness.
Little or
no
advice of this nature n,ppeared in the self-help literature or the 19th century. 2
The success ethic had traditionally be::;towed dignity upon the honl�st and
the
diligent--but in a secular socjety success was measured by wealth in evidence,
while virtue was not a criterion
about how this l'lealth had
for esteem.
been gained. ,,3
"In effect,
no 'luestions were asked
The first American industrial ruling
cla.ss a�tcr attaining their power understood the necessity of a philosophy
�
of fixed principles to justify busines activities that appeared costly or
corrupt.
The philoso})hy had to be in con.iullctiion with uemocratlc l)rirlCiI)les
and the American way of life.4
D�rwin and Spencer provided that rationale.
Competition was the law of nature.
Nature granted her rewards to the fittest.
In a country where civil liberty prevails,
5
reward in proportion to their works.
men get frviTl nature their just
Of course this "as .iu�t not true in
1John G. Cmmlti, .'postles of the Self-clade Han
Chicago Press,
19(5),
2Irvin y,Tyllin,
Universi ty Press,
3Yello',itz,
4'rhOT�InS CO'
History or
'llhe tielf-Nane :-1Hn in ;\merica
195�f),
34.
The ]'05.
Cochran
of
the
\iorlter,
(Englewoo,l
The University
(?\mf
Bruns1\rick:
Rutgers
5.
and 1.Jillinm :>dller, rflJe AF'{e_of 'Enterprise:
Indu.stri:tl ),mericn. (Ne1,'
5
"iillian SllInncr, ed.
Jianlj',ism
(Chicago:
Bxploitation sh.ould be included as <1. fifth C]ualiiy.
5.
\Ti llium
Cliffs:
York:
The Hae>Ullian Co.,
E. Lc uchten bu rg
Prentice-Hall Inc.,
1(43),
a.nd ;�ernflrrl. 'rHsltYt
19(> ),
3
7(,-77.
'\ f:·ocial
123.
So c ial
-8-
late 1qth century Am erican induRtry,
as we shall see.
The most fluent of the eclrly concepts of success w, ..s the traditional
belief in the Protestant ethic whereby value "as placen on piety,
frugality,
and diligence.
Att"inlilent of respectftbility "as the goal,
only in this wor ld hut in the ""orid to come.
assumecl that there wa.s
1
not
}:lroponents of thiR tradition
a relatively stp-tic social order, and they Wf're nf)t
extremely concerned with mouility in a competitive society.
The Brotestant
ethic is probably our olnest tradition in relation to success.
see,
in�ustry,
As we shall
it "as the basis of most of the self-hell' literature of the late eight-
eenth century up to the midc;le of the nineteenth.
century.
No doubt the
�Jrotest(l,nt succesS etllic lost some of its appeal due to the impact of industrialization,
and the secular frarfJe of mind.
2
l\'Dvertheless,
of the Ilrotestant ethic "erE' adaptec1. to the secular society,
ponents believed th1'.t it was God's will,
the virtues
for the pro­
particularly in a Christian sOciety.3
'rhe Pro tes tant etl!ic came into conflict wj th business practices since
�
one's pursuit of Sllccess sometimes jnterf'ered ""ith social ftnd nloral ideals.
People '....ere reluctant to reveal matHrialistic motives in a democratic society
where religiou s piety 1.,:'.fi
1 Cawelti,
2
Apo�tles
held in high esteem.4
Nevertheless,
vle
lU10W that
0 r tJIf" Se lf-"fH'le )·fan,
4.
Ibid., 4-5.
3SCC Irvin i'lyllie, The �el f'-Nade Nan in America., clmptel's, I I I-V ..
4
Cmwlti,
Apostles of the
Self-ofa'le fhtn, 45.
-9-
both ideals have en,lureil to the present nay Iii th the l'rotesta"t ethic holding
second position.
It is inter-esting to note that the Protestant ethic offered notJ<ing by
of business advice,
since success grew out of a man's mornl character rather
than his practical actions.
1
his environMent for the cause,
If one was poor he should not look or point to
but instt1ad,
he should seek to discover his
weakness in moral character that caused him to fa.il.
rationale comforted the successful employer,
justifiable situation.
Of course this type of
nnd accordingly,
povert:,\r was
2
The roor ",;ere not poor because they earned too little,
because they squandered ,,,hat they did earn;
poor man who had learned to contro]
The diligent and the industrious,
success ethic,
addresses,
social order in America,
disseminated.
1
Ibid.,
Press,
4
political speeches, COIlll'lenCement
This concept of heliefs 8 bout the
the potential for individual success, was consistent,ly
49-50.
The 1'os. of the Worker,
Stephan Thprstrom,
1Q64), 06.
Ibjd.,
This cultural theme recurred
4
2
Yellowitz,
J
then according to the Protestant
editorials, ne,.,s stories,
sermons, and pop\ll",r fiction.
but
a rich man ""as simply fl.3
his impulse to spend foolisl'ly.
were to find their just reward.
in various forms:
a
57.
Poverty nnd
4.
Frog-ross
(Camhridge:
Harva.rd 1:niversity
The SintllS of 1.forkinrrl'lcn Dllri ng the Late 14th Centl1rv
During the late
o f power mnchinefi
worker
1 <)"1.
century t,he rise of hig husiness !lncl the invention
[indl1�trializR.tionJ �p.fWled
Lthe n�pirine self-marle manJ.
nationali7.ed [)R.rket,
1
speciali7.ation,
to reduce the �tatlls of the
In an industrialized economy with its
ann mechanization the lahore)" di.scovered
that all he had to hnrgain with was his la�)or.
artisan 'WflS not only a worker,
Il!. the colonial period nn
but a salesman, r.1anager,
and an entreprenuer.
A shoemaker proouced a completeif procinct hy himself while having a personal
interest in the work he was engageel in,
v:;oJY
hut during "he late 1'lth centnry a
shoemaker only res<>onsihle for completing a smnll part of the total
A
production of a t=;hoe,
so,
in this particular S0nt=;e mn�hani7.ation made a
�
worker less than a complete trndesman.-
As wane-earners only and ns factors in great industrinl
systems they no longer ownerl the tools of prodllction they lost
even qualified owne: �hip of lanel or propert�T,
the machiner�; of pr\.,rtllction an{l c1i::;triblltion,
they hecn.me part of
without permanence
of employr1ent or assurance of secnring the necesRities for livelihood.
For example,
in
1t)hO
the petroleuf'l-rcfining business was chnracteri7.ed hy
a lar[{e number small firms.
Oil Company of' Ollio ano
1
:t\orman
Hllsscll,
2
Groh,
3U<Lvicl
In 1 R69 Hockefeller orRanj 7.eci thn }-;td,ndard
through the ncqlli::;jtion of refineries in Pittshurgh,
.J. Vare, Labor in :lo([ern lnrhlf:;trinl Sociptv (!\ew Yorl·::
1<)68),
10.
\{,'orlte-rR and
d.
Principle� and
RapoRs,
Utopift,
1 R7 ..
np.adjn�s in frrnde Unionism:
Labor Orfianl7.atiOll
j)j::;clls,sp.cl hy 'frncic l'nionists in 'their Official
\'iritinr;s (Nc"" Yo1'1l::
Oeorge ll. J)ora.ll Co., 1CJ2()), 2�).
Prold0r,'�
Publications [lnci
3
as
-11-
Phi lade lphia,
t\ew York,
ana Ohio he had J"p.cillcen indepen(tent conpe t i t i on fiO that,
by 1378 StHn(lnrd owned or
Ip.ased
<)0
peTc pnt of the refining capac i ty of' the
1
Uni ted States.
:leat packers sneh as Armour am! Horris bui l t s i m i lar OI'ga.n-
izati ons,
the 1,�qO's the mcatpacking ilHlustry 1nu;; con trol lerl hy n.
an<1
by
i
In lH90 James lJ. ]Juke mergeci h .s CO!IJh'.ny w�itL
firms.
f'ew
:five corlpetitors to
form the American �lohncco Company nnd in fifteen ;,ears succeeded in ach i eving
a monopoly of the c i i�"rette industry.
2
It seems that due to the rise of big
business the sma l l entrerTenner I s sta.tns 'was compromi sed.
f·iven i f the small
entreprenller ,...as
..
kept on a,rtel" his husiness vas ahsorbed his stn.tllS
3
was sti l l somewhat reduced.
Sma l l entrel'rellUers increasingly tllrnecl toward
opportuni t i es as mi rldlemen and retailers due to
4
.
the ex�'an:=>lve economy.
large capi tn, l i st firms discovered that co-operhtion was much Plore
£he
"than competltl0n.
Foner,
trust movempnt was full b l own by
jn ]1111>11c O)linion on }l'ebruary 22,
of some people I s attitudes
Brace
2
in r e l at i on to the
1'1(4),
353-4.
Philip:1.
1�()() as representative
ru l l b l own extent of Uw trust move-
Ross :-1. ltobertson, Historv of the American Econo"'X
& 110rld Inc.,
lucrative
tends to regarrl
in Hjstorv of I.JCl.hor ;'1ovement in the United States,
an article that a.]1!)eared
1
1�90.
'fhe
(Nm,
York:
llo,rcollrt,
I b i d., 354.
3
In l\eephl:�
".,"it}, VHblnl, i t spems that a s-ma l l businp.8smnn's n e w role
as n tentacle of n largQ oorporat:ion wouln
of superior st:JtUR,
therefore ,
employment as exp loit.
4
Yellowi tz:,
;Plply suhservi ence to someone
we' could not cRtegori7.e the former's
The Pos. of the Worker,
9.
-12-
rnent:
If a ,"fln desires to build a house he must ohtain lurJber
from a lwnber trust,
an eartlLen'v'Tl.re trust;
nails from a nail trust,
earthenware from
the 11aillter whom he employs gets linseed oil
from a linseed oil trust and. ,.;hite lead from a ",�hite le,�d trust;
if he puts a J.'f-'nce a,rounel his place he has his clloice bet1vecn
patronizing the lumber trust or "he barbed wire trust.
cloth for his floors is contrulled. by a trust;
kitchen comes from a trust.
'i'he oil
the stove for his
The slates and slate's pencils,
the
rubber shoes and castor oil for his children are under control of
Trusts control the �ugar .1Ild salt for hi
truBts.
paper bags for l:is business,
Carnegie
Andrew
[ United.
iF. he be a retailer.
States Steel
]
,
Iitile or notLing,
•
are forr.led.
•
the
in his book 'fl,e Gospel of 'ealth,
admitted that due to the size of these corporations,
of operatives in trle factory,
table,
T
and in the mine,
"we assei!lble thousands
of whom the employer can know
and to whom he is little better than a. rtlythe
Each caste is without sYI"P" thy wi th the other.
HiJ;id
It
•
seems that bec8use of sterile interacti.on in the fB.ctory environment
of the success ethic was sOl'le>rhat slip,hted.,
cftstes
the promise
for accoriling to the my;l;h there
�
were no caste systems or class distinction in Am.erica..
The fluid class
structure,
a.ppa.rently,
wn.s compromised for material well heing..
preserve a.
free society with ample opportunity there had to be a fluid elF.5s
structure without rig id class harrier�.
In order to
A laborer necesBarily must hLve han
11'uhlic O inion, vol. VIII, }'€,urno.r.v 22, 1'ltJO, 47�', as q uotecl by Philip
p
s. l�oner, History of thf' Lfl.bor �:oVern0nt in the Uni teet Stntes ( New York:
Internotionnl J�b. , 1955), II, 13.
"
L..
Andrr.;w Carnegie-,
The Belh.no.p
cd.
Ed1·itl'(l Ki rJ.:i.l and ,
Thn
j)1'085 OJ Harvard l'niversity Press,
G()�pe 1 of 1,-!enJ th
1962), 16.
(Carlh:riane:
-13-
al ternatives of' how he SOl{l
own business.
(.. ither :joining a firm or starting onets
his lahor,
Joseph :Finnerty,
a member of the brass workert 5 union,
viewed in 1885 by the Tfnited iitates Senate,
was inter-
r.ducation and Labor Committee and
the results were puhlished in the ReT/ort Upon the Rela,tinDs Between Lahor amt
Capi tal.
Finnerty suggests that at one tirle the opportunity for one to st1trt one's
own brass manufacturing business 'vas I!lore readily accessible than in 1 �85.
The
difficulty that arose was due in major part to the increaRod cost in starting
a business.
Finnerty's demennor in relation to the position of-his fellow
brass workers is one of seeming hopelessness.
:Pinnerty also enphasizes the
poin l that ;rorkers are not able to s1tve ample capital to start their mill
enterprise until they attain a particular status
Q.
(foreman or superintendent) :
Do the bronze ,,,orkers ",ho are married men lay up anv­
thing as a general rule?--A.
No,
sir;
they do; not.
If they
happen to be able to make both ends ",eet at,t.he end of the year
1)\U.w
they are doillg "onders.
or course in every"of' people there may
•
be one or t,;o in a hundred that "ould get rich,
wages they received,
money,
no matter ,;hat
but the bronze verIeer generally saves no
ann if he can keel) his family in food and ,.l.othes fl.nd pa.y
his rent he feels tJlat he is doing �ondcrs.
Q.
Before the introduction of this machinery,
hy "hich the
man has been reduce(] to being one-tenth or one-fourth of
complete tradesman,
brass worker on one f s m.,rn account?
had S300 or
out of it,
At that time a man that
A.
S4f)() could start a brass shop hinself and make " living
but to-da.y no man who understands the condition of
the trade liould stltrt ,;; th less than S50()0.
to supply I\acltinery and start his shop,
hard road to travel.
in,
Q.
At that time,
it
a ITiRn
lIe ;rould nee(l that much
and then he would hnve a
hf�(l a roan large enough\ to work
and had his tools nnd a little money to hlly
he could llecome an independent workr.uln,
YOll say,
work himself and selljug' it to the public?--A.
Q.
Fourteen yen.rs a;!o,
might hope,
"­
11m" much capital did it take to becomp a
as
.
t,he rall material,
Imld.ng his brass
Yes,
siro
.
I undcrBtnnd you, a bra.ss Forker
by pruecloncp and economy,
to become an in(lepcndent
-14-
worker for hi",self?--A.
Yes, sir;
by the Inrger cOIJpalJ3es.
but no'" the to,,,l. is controlled
',rh ey hove their
and
diff erent pnrts of the country,
the business in thn.t WHy;
p.nd
drUWLwrs
ill order t o eS1,nblish
brass shop ,'lOU have to have your conne('tions
country, sOPlething
",
h ich
a.
or ag<.'nts i n
i t takes c a p ital to cilrry on
l'lftn
poor
n.T1
independent
r:lnd e all through the
cann o t do.
SO you cnnsicter th",t it is aho H t, ho pele ss for a hrass
Q.
to aspire to the condit.ion of brass mp-nllrp('turer?--A
worker now
Yes, sir; it is hopeless, a nd I think they will no t tr,v it an y
•
Q
•
•
•
.
•
Has the stimulus, the in!lucement to save by close
and all that sort of thing been les sened in a ny tIer-ree by
living,
the
•
•
•
more.
fact that there is now no hope of
a
WOTh:f1rtn
ever b � C O i'1i ng
boss or havin g an independent es tabl is hme nt of h is own'!--A.
All the brnss worker cares about no"1 is to hold hi s j o b ,
will put up with any }{,ind of abURe
as
lonft
a
ilnd be
as he is not dif)charr,ed.
Q.
But fourteen years ago you say it "tas different.--A.
Yes, sir.
lIe would not stand any ahuse at all ,then, and no abuse
would be offered to him th en;
he '<as treated as a skilled workman.
Did rrlany of the ,,,,orkers _in brass fourteen ye�,rs ago
Q.
actually get into the position of in dep e nd e nt brass ffiilnufacturel's?
--A.
Oh, yes, sir�
i:,ha� :si.,ar�eli WHtt-:r
fifteen years nro.
.some of our l e adi ng rir ms todn y
tllfS'c.1.u"t 'Du,�itiG!l th:::-!: �::-:i�-tc::! �,)l..��-I:'?'?!'"
There are
Lile-
(\"!'
1fere thes e men more provident or econor.�ical or stin!;y at
Q.
that time, t:s a rule, tlian tLe ,..,.orltnan are nm", ";hen the:" }W'T0
no hope of be comi ng i nde pendent worlters?--A.
bosses
nmf,
and "h'11O were worhmen at t lH"!-t tine ,
The men 'fho (l,re
were not sHYing or
stingy, and while they were I'mrely getting journe.i.H?nIS ,,,,ages tlley
did not save any;thing;
comrlcncerl to save,
but ,V'hen they eat to be fo renen, then they
a.nd when they becaL1
eno u gh t money to start for t hel:l S elves .
1
superin-tenltents
they ma.de
During the 1:;60's and the li:i70's an inyestment of S50,OOO to 8100,000
would
have been sufficient for the '"ORt mechanized nnd complex plants, but b�'
1890 investments of $1,000,000 were not lnrge.
l
United SlateR Senate, Edu cn tion and Labor
the Helations h e tM P p n Lahor and C api t al,
Pri nti ng Of rice,
Worker,
2
84-6.
Vol.
I
By 1900 most la rge fir ms,
Co mmi tt ee ,
(\';ngldnr�ton,
"eport Upo n
]).
C. Goverllment
1Bil5), 744-'15, as f)uoted hy Yello wit z, 'i'he Pos. or the
-15-
in contrast to the Bmall rirtiJ:'; of the 1870's that had
served a limited
market,
were controlled by corporations which, in turn, controlled Lost or the phases
of business from the production of raw materials to the sale of the finished
1
The sma,ll businessman did not disnppear,
product.
but his role in m"nufncturing
The traditionnl link between skilled work and success as an
decreased.
entreprenuer in the trade broke down since business were extremely large,
markets were nation-Hide, and 1arce investments wpre required for .one to get
an adequate start in business.
lihood of
'fhese factors taken tor-ether reduced the like-
a mnn working his way up the ladder of success.
el\\',,-
success became a deEensive rationale for the stntus nuo.
"
finance capitalists realized that as long
tradition"l means the possibility
Inunigrants,
Unskilled Labor,
Between 1�70 and
I
l'ossibly, the
BS workers sought success through
of an attack upon ,,,,,,1th vould be reduced.
2
and Success
1C180-- ,000,000 imrnil;rants enter�d the United st"tesj
3
5,000,000 hetween 1880knd 1390j
J
Conse�uently the
..
and 4,000,000 between 1�90-1900.3
,';1,>":1
ethic was the tool that utilized to entice foreigners to i>.rnerica.
A
The success
companies, uho transpor"Lerl. them, and corrunissionpd agents ",orking for industrialists, ,,,ho sought cheap 1 abor, disser:1ina ted
the myth throughout Europe.
Circulars
2Ibi(1., 9-10.
Innustrinl COPlf'tission, 11ru:;}1ington, 1902,
9h1, as cited by Foner, Hist. of' Labor Hovemont, 16.
3Ueport or tho United States
vol. XIX,
957,
-16-
told European pease.nts that they coule! earn from ,5 .50 to 33 .50 per day in
2
'
the coal mines of Pennsylvania or in the textile factories in K"ew Y.;ngland.
What was not being ::.nid
Europe.
,.".ns that prices ,·rere much higher in Arnericn than in
l'he newcomer took the lowest paying jobs and the most onerous kinels of
work, therefore, mannual occupations began to lose their traditional (Jignity
as a starting point where one utilized his l,ractical ability in his mill
enterprise.
Hany times the newly arrived immigrant
breaker by the industrialists.
Since he
[ the
WfI.,S used as a strike-
immigrant
]
could not speak
English and was isolated hy the mana,gement froD union strikers he was probably
not always m.;rare that a strike was in -progress.
A strong prejudice against
immigrants was apparent at this time which undoubtedly increased the resentment
toward manual labor.
Hen were looked dovil upon becallse of the lolork tl1ey
performed and the work appeared disgusting because of the men who performed
. t •2
1
Immigrants were thought to be ignorant, heathenistic, brutal, and
uncultured.
The popular notion ,laS
the residue of the Old \{orld
that the European iI",oigrants were invariably
(paupers, felons, and convicts).
Etlmic ghettos
were born during this era. And probably quite a few immigrants thOllHht their
situation hopeless JURt F\,S did Jurgis Hudkus the young Lithuanian iI:nnigra.nt hero
in The Junr-le.
Since many immigrants too]\:. the lowest paying jobs other pwmbcrs
of their families had to work I:!lso to maJ,c ends meet.
1
t.Toane l�rickson,
Americau
Induf'try
University,
rrom
]olebrunry,
16.
2ycllO>Titz,
'trfhe
gpcrui tment
1��C()-1Jg).11
1()52, 434-9,
'l'lIe JOA.
0r
Euro p e n n Immigrnnt Lahor for
linpJiblishec1 Ph.D ..
itS
The Illinois Bureau of
dissert.ation,
t
C'itcd by ]tloner, H !"t.
of the Yorker, 14-5.
Cornell
of LnlJor }lovement,
-17-
Ltlbor Stat.istics investigated the conditions of immigrant labor in the
1
clothing business .. '
TlliR information \-laS gathert�<l by state investigators "'ho
made personal visits to various homes.
as tailors.
[1ost of those who were polled worl\ed
Tl,is information t... inuicat
�
thu.t wiv&s and children ha(l to work at
some low paying job in order to help support the family since it was probable
that the income of the heads oe the various house holds 1;Quld not suffice.
Prejudice was obviously a handicap for immigrants
as
"iV'as his poor comr11and of
the Ent.{lish language and tlie lack oct' understa.nding ,American customs and manners.
It is no wonder that the first generation imnigrant took the Imrest paying jobs.
When "Ie take into consideration his handicaps it becol'les more evident thn.t the
newcomer found ,his' chances for upward mobility minimal.
Second generation
immigrants probably discovered that they could advance signific'.lntly more so
than his precursor.
1'he Illinois Bureau of Labor Stati.stics no. 3,
the size and conditions,
families.
the income,
for the year 1384 reveals
and the expenditures of some immigrant
�he findings nre based upon personal visits by state investigators.
The results contain partial misinformaLion since worlH�rs usual].y kept poor
records and '..rere sometimes uncooperative,
�
but still the results are helpful
in giving us a general picture of the living conditions of some typical immigrant
families.
1
b'hai is most revealing concerning these C<'lse studies is that it 'vas
See Table 1
2
Illinois
370,
of the Appendix.
Burnnu
or Lohar f,totistics, Bienni."l J<eport, No. 3
cit., 74.
as quoted hy YellJ)l"itz. !'.1.:'
( 1 084),
-11l-
probably unli�,ely that the
flttherR of
these fami lies '.....er(� expectant eari tJalists
since most of their incones 'ivere spent on every(lay nece!'>si f ies ..
...
No. 36 is a BoherIian
fafTIily of 6 persons;
parnnts and four ho'ys;
14, and 12--tl>e t,;o oldest SOilS work to help r.!idle ends meet.
owns a moderately cOf'lfortH,hle hOf'1e of 4 roomR.
equal
their income
are children;
7..
(::31,114)..
::\0. J')
girls--twins 3 months,
hra year
fanily of dj 07' which
old, and
one 3, --boys;
on necessities.
No. 39 is also a Scanctiw.tvian family with
'
, '
J
children;
'rhey live in a rented honse, 4 rOOD, for
The house is in poor condition.
t$bU�).
and
The husbnnri nnd wi "e earn Sri-20 per year and spend all of it
9 a.nd 11--one girl 7.
.
lncome
5
b
BR.rely adequate
They live in a 4 room house ann pay S11 per month rent.
living conditions.
Their fnther
Their expenitures (31,114)
is a Scandinavia.n
one
23, 17,
Their expenditures
hoys,
US per month.
(;�632) outrun their
1
The Stntus of Workars in 111illois 18�2, 1892
The findinGs of tho
TIlinois Burpnu of Labor Statistics
2
for the year
1882 suggest that the people who filed reports with the stnte >!ere b"rely
making enough money to offset expenditures.
The majority of these lahoroTR
were affiliate'! with Inhor unions, therefore, the findings do not reflect the
c(lnditions of unRkilled worker!'l.
there
The qllestionnires .,...ere
.
printed in Eng) ish, so
are few resl)onses from re-cent iJllPligrnnts.
1
2
Ibid., 370-1, ns cited hy Ycllowi tz,
See Table 2 of the Appendix.
Out of tile nUMher of per!'lnns re-
.£l!.. cit., 74-0.
-19-
ported in this t,tule
49
own their own homes.
heads of the far.l il ies was
per f,'.mily was
4.
'l'he to tal averrtge earnings of
per year , and the average number of persons
S590
Half of the "orkers were not abl e to earn enough for
their family's needs , and they relied upon their wive s and chi ldren to
make up the differenc e .
higher than most ste.tes.
These results of earnings for the year 1882 are
1
These statistics support Richard Ely's , a 19th
c entury economist who challenged acc epted principles in areas of social and
ec onomic t.hough t , argument that a great portion of wa:.�e earners must remain
as such for many years to come .
The often heard remark of the period was that
a maj ority of rich manufac tures pegan as poor people:
empl oyees.
at one time they "rere
Even s o , tbis rem"rk in itself had n o bearing for those "ho had
to remain working men the rest of their l ives no matter how d il igent or
industrious they '.Jere .
And it ought to be pointe,l out , that for every lahorer
who rose to a position of wealth a number of small producers lost their independent pos itions and regressed to the po s i tion of wage-earners.
2
The I l l i nois llur""u of L"bor Statistics finding's for the year 1092 are
also incomplete in some respec ts.
entirely skillerl ",orkers. . Again
The laborers who were pol led, wore almo s t
I
think l1e can presul"e that the unski l l e d
workers not mentioned in these statistics were suffering a worse plight.
1'be sample for 1<l92 was much If.;;:ger than that of 1382 sinc e 1,785 pe ople
responded, of whom five-sixths vere not able to fHtVe any money, whi l e s o me
'
}Jl inoi s Bureau of tn-hoI' Statistics, Biennial lLeport for 1882,
(Sprilwfielcl: H. W. l,okker, ::>tatc PrinceI' and jlinder), 2:)0, 294.
2
Uichnrd Ely, The L",J)or � fo v e il'lP n t in '\Plf!ricn (Xc", Yo rk: Thof!llls
Cro'o'ell & Co., 1�'�6), �)2-5, as cited by Yel101dt?, 2.l2. c i t, 58-bO.
'
Y.
0
f
-20-
rl'he majority spent most of their illcoflle on
these had a deficit for timt year.
every,lay necessities.
good records,
yet,
The people in the sample,
on the whole,
did not keep
those "ho were fina.ncially ahead for 1892 were able to
state how much they had saved.
'£hose "ho hroke even
(or vorse)
prohnhly
responded with a fairly close estimate of their finallcial Platters.
in the Bakery industry 151
persons responded.
Their average earnings were
$295 per year ,,,hile their a.verage expenditures ,,·rere
}"'ive and one half
$286.
percent of those poJ-led were able to sa.Ve an average of 351.
packing industry 195 people respoll(ted.
while their expenses were �;377.
were able to save,
mention,
trouser finishers,
In the meat­
Their average earnings '\�ere 3389,
Nine and seven-tenths of those ,·,ho responded
on the average,
if any at all,
Por exnpl1�le,
3127.
1
�
It can be infe ed that little
is made concerning the poor immigrants
etc.) who were struggling to make a living.
operatives ,referred to in Table 3 are not financially secure.
(vest finishers,
Even the
The data does
not lend itself to the interpretation that these people were expectant capitalisis.
1
See Table 3 of the Append.ix.
Self-H elp Li terilture
This sec tion i s i ntended to give the read er an idea of the type of
didac tic li terature that late 1 9 th c entury workingmen had studied i n schools.
during the 1 8 50 ' s - 1870 ' s .
Self-help writers were c oncerned w i t h instilling
self-disc ipli ne in the youngsters,
and they also dealt in great length on the
dangers and temptations that fac B d young men.
The moral virtues expressed
therein were indic ative of tra( l i t i o nal midd le-class Protestant /1.P1Rrican
attitudes thitt c an be found in the s ame f orm since the founding of our c ountr y .
In some of the self-help hand1>ool<s i t was fairly evi dent th"t " the
i ndividual who works diligently and honestly i s as honorable,
than OIle who i s ric h and well-b orn. "
1
The suc c ess story of Noses Brown,
c herished part of Newb uryport, Hassac husetts '
folklore,
sample of the nature of these types of stories:
lawYer Hr.
Tri stram
� alton
i nstead,
a
is a
A disti nguished Fede ralist
A young
di d not wait f o r Dalton t s servant to deliver the
he retrieved i t hiP,lself and began to work.
was not afraid to get h i s hands dirty.
and effic iently.
as follows,
desired to have hi s c arriage repaired.
c arriage Daker, Noses Brown,
c arriage,
if not more , so,
Not long after this,
He was one ,.,h o
lIe mnde the necessary repairs speedily
Dalton d i ed and left his f ortune to h i. s
son who sq uand e red i t , ,{hile Hoses Brown s c r i mped and sav e d add ing to hi s
c api tal ,
(-, nd eventually he became One of the wealthi e s t f:Jen i n the entire
state of Nass[t. chnsetts .
1851 ) ,
2
A . l"orbcs
56 ,
a.s
nrd
2
.JQ W. Greene, The H i c h Hen o r r'ln f' � <lcbuf; etts
Poverty .-uut Progrpss! 70.
ci ted b," 'l'hernstrom,
( Bos ton :
The most wid e ly used s e lf-h e l p l i terature ,.,as 'rIte i·rc Guffcy HeA.d f!J' s .
"Between
1 �70
were s o l d .
1
and
1 iltjO ,
approximately
These didac t i c
60 , OOO , O()O
texts f i r s t appeared in the l :l3() ' s .
was geared tm..'ard P.. s pe c i fi c leve l o f c ompetenc e .
a youngster how AVO read ,
c O I, i e s o f the read ers
gach e d i t i on
'fhe primary texts tnugllt
and a.s one progressed in h i s school l e ssons , the
l e s s ons b e c ame inc r e a s i ngly Moral i n natur e .
Harvery Ninn i c h ,
i n Wi l l iam Holmes IIc(luffey anel H i s Heo o er s , wr ote :
That the i rr,pact o f these books was wiele and deep in ti,e lives
of the people "ho read them as children and youths and ir, thos e who
l ived i n the m i l i eu o f the s o c i a l pro c e s s e s whi c h t h e S E> b()oks s e t
i n t o operati on ,
i s fully attested
magazine arti c l e s ,
�
hy t h e organi7.ation o f many
h storical referenc e s ,
of HcGuffey museums .
and by the e s t a � J l i shment
Readers on its reading audienc e , but neverth e l e s s I am i n c l ined to agree
after c on s i d ering the extent and the n"ture of the l i teratur e .
Exp l i c i t d i r e c t i ons
the NcGuffey books 9
for reading were illcluoed i n "t-} e prefa.ce of many o f
I n the prefa.ce o f' HcGufFev I s 1\fn..- Ec l ec t i c Fifth
( 1 8 57 ) the student was clirected to ,
sub j e c t in that l e s s o n ,
1
.
Harvey C . Hinnic h ,
York:
H.eadgr
nmaj{e h i ms e l f fully acquai.nted with the
and endeavor to make the feel ings and sent; ments o f
Ye l l owi t z , � . c i t . ,
2
3
American Boo], C o . ,
7.
e d . , W i l l iam lIolmes rl c Uu f " e v
1 936 ) ,
from the
and H i s Headers (New
ronmrrl , vi i .
3
For a l i s t o f \�l};O I S '''!fO IN ,\HE::. I C A : ,{ho CHn be c ons j d ered a.lumni o f
the moral
nnd
:c:; o c i a l
+� C f'!..C h i rl;�5 o f the NcGuffev Head e r s ,
Holme s McGu f fnv and l i j s He(!.de r s ,
H8.
s e e Hinnic h , 'Yli l l inm
-2 3-
of
the writer h i s
The
l
own . "
fo l l owing s t o ry o f George Jones and Char l e s Bullard entitled ,
"Advan tages o f Industry , "
in IlcGuffev ' � Ne,,-lv Revi e e d Ec l e c t i c
informs the reader that there are
( 1 853) ,
severe c o nsequences
Tl1 i rrl I1cader
for being
s l othfu l .
o ne s , s ta.ml'lering and h lunn0ring in h i s c l a !'> s at
(T
I d l e George
s c h o o l becau!,)8 he d i d n o t study,
on the p l aygr ound ,
derided
the
J a5 t to be c h o s e n in games
in the academy, and avoiaecl i n the c ol l ege
from wh i c h he was l a t e r suspended b e c ame
f a w?-nd. erer without money
ana without frifmd s . '
Industrious Char l e s Bul lard ,
and honor man i n his
on t h e p l ayground ,
c ompanions ,
home ,
c l a s s,"ate
l i te rary s o c i ety,
and f i r s t in the hearts
grew to manhood ,
to
i d l e Ge orr,e Jones
f i r s t i n the c l a s s r o o m ,
prospe 2 oue ,
of his
first
teachers and
with a cheerful and happy
e s teempd by a l l "ho knew h i m .
01' cour s e , t h e l e s s on t o be l e arned from thi s story i s that i t i s s trange
that anyone would
unhappy.
The
c h o o s e t o l ive an i d l e
1 8 57 ) ,
McGuffey ' s New Ec l e c t i c
9.
1 07 .
HcGu ffey ' s Newly Revi s e d Ec l e c t i c
1 (5 3 ) , 60 ,
Por an exam p l e
4
Table
3
as
3
Pifth J1cadcr
2
& Co. ,
invariably mal\:e him
i d l e boy i s most c ertainly p o o r and m i s erable while the
indus trious boy i s happy and prospero us .
1
l i fe wIlen i t wi l l
c i te d by Jlinn i c h ,
( C i n c i nnat i :
Third H e a d e r
B.
Smith &:. Co . ,
( C inc inna t i :
1ii l l i al'1 H o l m e s Nc(;u ffey a n,l
o f a c omp l e te HcGufrey t " l e
in the Append i x .
W.
see
"
Hugh
lV. B. Smith
H i s ERit(ler ' .
l el l e and ;'Ir.
To i l , "
'fin,k i n!; tho Ampri c nn } j i ncl :
S o c i al and >1oTnl I d eas i n the
lork :
gus,� e l l (;;; Hus s e l l I nc . , 1 9( 5 ) , 1 07 .
In SOTTle
Puri t a n c OMmun i t i e s in ��pw Hng) and d i l i!�·ent work h'as c o n .s i c1 ered to be the d u ty
o f a !nan wh i l e in 1 675 i n Hassachus f> t t s the c o ur t ordered c o nstab l p s to
inspect fami l i e s and p r e s (! n t l i s t s of i d l e per Rons .
})n,rrc+..t B . Hlltlnltn ,
Amer i c ,ln Puri ta,rd Rill :
Fllj tll ' (tnrf Prac t; c e ( New York :
J .. B . L i p p i llc ott G o . ,
R i c h d rd �io s i e r ,
McGuffev
Ec£!dors
1 970 ) , 7 1 ,7 3 .
{New
-24'i'he prevailing oor"l wi th i n the c on ten t a r the
be eviden t :
" �lhere i s n o
New P i fth ":c l e c t i c
Reader
Hc £,uf f ey s t o r i e s shou lcl
exc e l l e n c e vi thout gren.t la.bor ;
( l lS57) ,
and "God b l e s s e S the
NcGuffe v ' s Newlv l!evised Rhetorioal Gu i d e .
It
1
in NcGuffev ' s
Industrious,,
in HcGuffey ' s Newly Itev i s e d }ihetori c ftl Gu i d e ,
the Ec l e c t i c Seri es . ( 1 8 5 3 ) ,
wh er e i n Hercules
-what c ou r s e o f l i f e he ought to pursue ..
in
( 1 85 3 ) .
The same mo ra l can be d e l i neated from the J.:cGuffey story,
of H erc ul e s , tI
2
we n t
Ch o i c e
"The
Fifth
Header
to the d e sert to c ontemplate
He was very much perplexed.
Once
the d e s e r t h e 'ms appr oached by two women who were larltcr than o r d i nary.
f i r s t godd e s s ,
named Pleasur e ,
told
H erc u l e s
of
in
The
that i f he f o l l owed h e r s h e would
l e ad him to a l i fe o f pleasure void of pain.
His only empl oyment would be t o
make h i s
o f perfume ,
l i fe
and crowds o f
I
easy
with be(ls o f rOA e s ,
b e au ty .
will
be
1'he
c l o!!iis
s e c ond godd e s s
concerts
told Hercul e s :
open and sincere with YOu;
and you must
lay
th i s
be purchased
down
trutl, , that there i s n o t l d ng truly v"luahle whic h
without pains and laiJOr .
Thes 5 are t h e only t e rms
as an es tab l i shetl
Can
o f mu s i c :-
•
•
and conditions upon which I can p r omi s e happ i n e s s .
Needless
1
to
say,
NcGllffcY ' s
1 857) ,
Hercules
New
1 4:'\-1 49 .
2
chose
the l a tter path .
I<'ifth E c l n c t i. c
lteftr\ e r
( Cinc i nn",t i :
\{ .
II .
Smith &,
NcGuffey 1 s f';cHlv Hev i f: cd !�h c t o r j cfl_l frui d e ( C i n c i nnat i : IV . 1 \ .
C o . , 1 � 5 3 ) , 478 , as c i te d by Ea s i e r , 1-1;11\1.11[1: tIle ,\l'l C r i c a n Nin(l , 1 00 .
3HcGuffC,v ' s
Se ri e s
Co . ,
Smith
&.;
}\pw) v h.0v i s ['(1 Hh e t o r i c�tl Gu.1{l (l , P i Pt.h l�eHder o f tllC' )�c l H c t i c
11. I l . S,"ith '" C o . , 1 8 5 3 ) , 3 5 3-'1 .
( Cincinna t i :
-25The p o e l:t � n t. i t l e d
is
( l1l79 ) ,
"La2Y
r e p r e s entative
Xed , "
o f' the
in ; ;r;C1uffev ' s li'o ll r th Ec l e c t i c
same
mot i f' .
fun, I t c r i ed lazy Ned ,
" tr i s royal
C ORsi upon my
liTo
fine new s l ed ,
and heat the othcr
"But
t i re some h i l l,
it
So ,
hays ;
I c an n o t hear
then ,
The
p.lore
for
to c l iJab
every ti!'le
and mo r e annoys . �I
wh i l e h i s
s c h o o l -mates g l i ded be"
And gln,lly tugg(>(\ up h i l!,
Another
Too
merry rac e
indolent to
Ned was
sha r e
c ompe l l ed to
Wh i l e
Ee<1(ler ne-v i s e c1
shivering
to try
thei r
plnys ,
s tand nnd ge.z e ,
in h i s p l ac e .
Thus , h e would never take the pH,ins
to s e ek the pr i z e thp,t. l ah a r gain s ,
Un t i l the til.1e hail p a s s e d ;
For a l l h i s l i fe , he 'l rpaded s L i l l
The s i l ly bu£!hear a f u p h i 1 1 ,
- -rAnd d i ed a ,lunc e at l as t .
When we think
Very
of
few c h i ldren or adults
.
· t orl.ans
'
e llI tura 1 h IS
b ooks
out r i gh t
a good
him.
2
read
h i s books tod,W '
t o publ i s hers ,
Alger vrot.e
Boy�
or
Up the Ladd p r ,
over
} j aw
,.,rh o i n th e i r turn ,
one-hundred
a
Co . ,
and S l ow
; 879 ) , 3 8 .
2Cuwcl Li " lpostles
,",e\ ?
I!lflit e
such
mor e
and
Sure ;
c a lly
a.c; ;
his
IIp, s pent
anyone Hho
asked
.!\.b raLam L i n c o In.
Head e r Hcvised ( C inc innati :
PII l Il , 101.
mind .
often read by
the profi t . ,
o r Prom the St.reet to
o f thc S e l f-;'!n.d e
to
man , since he sold
h e lping pr ac t i
se l t-nov e l s
"
is
YOlm�� Hrtil spl i t t H r Bec ru:1.c Pr E' R i llen t , Bound
1 Hc Ciuff(\y l S Fourth Ec l e c t i c
Bragg &
He
Alger d i e n. a r e l a tively p o o r
p o r t i o n of h i s money chgri tably ;
13acl<:wood s
or ,
se l .f-h � l p l i terature Horatio Alger ' s nnme c om e
the
to
�;.b.22. ,
'fh e
Ei s e ,
t o nfl.me
Van .Ant'lerp
- 2 6a few.
1
His m e s s n ge wn..s c o n s i s tent through out most o f h i s nove l s ;
hone s t ,
frugal ,
and d i l ir.ent and one 'vonlrl
General ly spealdng ,
surely r e c e ive h i s j u s t. reward .
Consider ' th i s
the nov e l s vere ltighly sentimenta l i zed .
passage o u t o f , Prom Canal nov
be iudustri ous ,
to Pre s id e n t ,
the
succ e s s story of James A.
Garfi e l d :
H i s fath e r han d j e d t'\\'o years b e f ore ,
four c h i ld r e n ,
the e ldest-but n i n e ,
l eavinr, a young 'Hi d. 01..r
i n sore trai t s .
A long and
,
a,nd
severe winter 10.;' he " or e the l i ttle f'Hmily, an,1. they had but l i ttle
c orn garner,,,, to cICrry tLem through ti l l the next harve t.
the young ',ricl ow was a hrave woman and a devoted rr,:.::ther .
Young Jimmy ,
who at the age of four ,
worker in ways not dreamed o f then.
:J
But
l oved to worJo
and J i.llmy was al1vays pleased to h u l p ,
when he grew o l d e r and s tronger he
�
for he ,UtS fond o f worh.,
and
as himse l f a sturdy and inclefati[{able
It did not suf f i c e for Alger to mention James A . Gar " i e l d I s industrious
na ture merely onc e .
Thi s i d eal i s one o f the und e r lying m o t i f s o f the nove l :
There 1HtR I'wre ": ark for hit1 to d o .
during the hn.;ring and harves t i ng s e a s o n ,
A Nr .
'l' reat wP",nterl }Iel l'
and offered empl o.)�ncnt to
thp. boy , ,dlO lias alreacty strong enou�;h to d o almost as much as a man
( h e was 1 4 years o ld ) ; for Jane s al ready hntl , a good reputation as a.
faithful "lOrJ\.cr�
' l.jhat ever h i s h p ncls found to d o , he did i t with h i s
t li ght, I
and h e W�' S hy l I O i!lp.ans fastid
provided it VC1S h o n e s t and hon ora.ble ..
1
I birl. . ,
1 02-
3
3l.!?2.1 . ,
1 a� 1 ) ,
14.
:1. 5 t o the kind
o f work,
.
2Horatio Al��er .J r ..
Anders on ", C o . ,
! ous
J"rorn Canal Boy to :i'resident ( N e w Yor]< :
10.
4I h · d
-'_. '
') 4 .
�
John R.
-2 7Alger b e l i eved
to f o l l ow .
At
that h e was
i l l u s traHng a good example
one point in the didac t i c novel
ror young boys
a),out Garf i e l d ,
Alger inter-
to h i s rend e r s :
j e c ts
Ny c h i e f obj e c t
in writing th i s volume being to commend i t s
subj e c t a s an exar:lple
t o this trait wh i c h h e
Brought face
He went home
think i t r i g h t t o c a l l
I
{ Garfi e l d }
attention
p o s s e s s ed in a c onspicuous degre e .
to face vi th d i f f i c u l ty--",i tit ",hat mil;ht be c a l l ed the
he d i d not
impos s i hl e ,
for boys ,
' O� ,
say,
c an ' t do c t .
I
I t is
impo s s i b l e . '
to devi s e a plan .
1'he c o l l ec tive impact of 'i'he ;-lcGuffey Headers a'Od the Horatio .\Iger
s uc c e s s novels
i s immeasurab l e .
The s c ope
l i te ra ture waS c entered around the
mor al d i s c i p l i n e .
of s o c ial teaching w i t h i n .the
c onc!,pt of s e l f-improvement and hard
"The virtues and h a b i t s of industry,
e c onomy ,
t emperi.lnC e ,
and pd.ety were und e r s t o o d t o be n o t onJy the road t o p e r s onal ach1 evement ,
2
but primary ends i n thems e lve s . ,,
emphasized perseveranc e ,
reveranc e ,
fn. i t h ,
c ourage , mA.t�n .... n l m i ty,
These
p i e ty ,
m e s s age
of the
that the morals
1
ili..1 . ,
b e l i evabl e .
s e rved as moral guides wh i c h
punc tuality,
ana gratitud e . 3
b e l i eved in t h e v; rtues expressed i n th i s
i s c onj e c tural , yet ,
l e s s ons
j u s ti c e ,
s e l f-h e l p , d i d a c t i c prone ,
The s uc c e s s
etltic w?s
-
l i terature
the underlying
HcC,uffey llead " r s and the Alger nove l s , amI ·the c h i l d l e arned
therein were the wi l l of God .
1 93 .
1,j lIlnlC h ,
temperan c e ,
rfb ether the rending popu l a c e
2Cawel ti , Apo s t l e s o f the S e l .f-.'hde >lan, 208 .
}, .
po i s e ,
�{i l l i nr�l l l o l m e s
:Iclruffe,v
find H i s Hean p r .s ,
1 1 2.
THE SEL!'-NADF: NJ\N IN '£HE NOVEL
The Novel as Historical ",vidence
The novel as h i s t o r i c al evidence is particularly vn.luahle hecause i t
s e t s c harac ters i n ac t i o n in a created world and plac e s them in the c ontext
of p o l i tical and philosophical b e l i e f s .
1
We cannot assume that a given
author i s , n e c e s s a r i ly , presenting the pol i ti c a l and philosophical attitudes
of h i s reade r s .
sUbj e c t .
An author
For exampl e :
i s merely expr e s s i ng h i s b e l i e f s o n a given
Nark Twain ,
i n The Adventures of Huckleberry Pinn,
undoubtedly expr e s s e d the b e l i e f that s l avery was n o t a justifiable
system even though it existed i n 19th c entury Meric H ,
that Twai n ' s readers b e l i eved as he did ,
but, we c annot assume
or for that matter ,
even understood that Twain b e l i eved as he d i d .
soc ial
that h i s readers
Furthermore , o n e g o o d method
for determining B,n author ' s attitude is by making inferences from what
characters say and do
2
within their ethical univers e .
Notes on the Nove l s i n Ouestion
Three protagon i s t s out of the novels I have c h o s e n ,
The \Yeh of Life ,
Joe Louclen--in The Con�uest o f Cannan ,
The Junrl e all b e l i eved i n rl o inr, good work.
1
Ca'v"c lti , .\l)() s t l e s of the S e l f-i'i<'l,ae � :an ,
2Ibi d . , x.
Howard Sor1mers --in
and Jurgis ltud], is--in
All are interested in preserving
from the introduc t i on , v i i i .
-29-
what
"the instinct of workManshi p . "
Ve b l e n c ct l l e d
SOH1J'1er ' S prime c OLlrd t­
ment involved his humani s tic conCBrn for healing the s i c k , not pecuni ary
ends .
Joe Louden i s most conc erned with fighting for the rights of the
expl oited ( the l ow l ived) c i t i zens of Cannan.
Jurgis I,uclitus was most
c oncerned with working for social reforms via the Chicago Soc ialist Party
in an attempt to rectify the soc ial and economic detorminants that dehumani z ed
the workingmen of Packing town .
Ilm<e l l s :
The Hazard of Xew Fortunes
The Hazard of New J'ortunes ( 1 889 )
one Bas i l ilarch 1fho
l e aves
by
1'ii l l iam Dean Howe l l s c oncerns
a secure po.sition
as
a Boston insuro.nccman, at
the insistenc e of Nr. Fulker s on , to hee ('me edit,or of
Ii terary peri odical , "Every Other Veek . "
oR.
proj ected l\ew York
Narch and his family after s ome
di scus s i on pull up their roots o nd r.lOVe to New York.
Because of this move
from a secure envirorWlent to unfam i l ar surroundings Narch and h i s ,.,ife
discover that they have much to l earn about city l ife in Kew York .
Prices
are higher than in Hoston , apartments are dif"ficult to acqui re , and the
behavior of a li'rench
bOHt',;'ar
In this novel the
succeed i t is
due
characters
to brute force
( s e l f-mnde f'1i l l i onaire )
shr ewd
particularly di st.!rbs j lrs . Hnrch.
bu� i ne ::1 .suan.
as
are bound to
the epi tome of
Dryf o o s W;-LS an
c ha s t i sed h i s neigl!l)ol'f>
for
he was ofF'crc(� :) 1 00 , 000
by S tand ar d
nf�t,urul
sold .
gns th e r e i n ,
he
luck.
und
old
th e i r
Howe l l s portr.ays
a n e xp l o i t.ativc: ,
Pennsylvan i a
s e l l ing their land to
He
tl l e
v e ry
Dutch
Jacob
thing
and
that
])1'yfoos
aggr e s s i ve ,
r<trm e r .
Standard O i l ,
Oil for his In.lld
did
If one does
c la s s .
the
and
He
but wJ:en
d e po s i is
of
he had previ ously
-30-
ridiculed his neigh',ors for doing.
Harch finds it cnrious that Dry f o o s
would put money into "Every Other
1
Week , " and yet have no interest in the " ffairs of the periodical.
Hut it
becomes clear that Old Dryfoos has started this enterprise to cliscour".ge
his son,
Conra.d,
from bec ollling a Itpre?_cher. It
Dryfoos' s social attitudes
are evident when he tells Harch t}""t he wants Conrad to be a man before
becoming a "preache r-.tt
'fhen 1.;e first corne to New York,
I
told him,
chance to see the world on a big s0n.le.
' N o w here I s your
You know already 1.;J l a..t work
and saving and steady liabits a.nd sense will bring a man to ;
don I t want to go among the rich;
see what laziness,
a.nd drink,
and dishonesty will bring men to."
We also learn til a t, Dryfoos honors money,
without effort "nd in large sumB.
3
earned slowly and painfully.
you
�
you lH1..nt to go ftmong the poor A-n
espccially if it is "arned
He has only contempt for small sums
He felt no
sense
of social inferiority to-
ward other men with twenty or thirty million dollars +0 his one or two
million ;
instead,
he felt financially inferior.
"lIe respected their money
not them.n4
Harch,
who i s always aware
of the
and re ulity, n5 comments to his wife,
1
"\lilliam
Denn liowells,
American Lilirary Inc.,
A Hazard
1 956),
184.
"limits of
' self '
as a guide to truth
concerning his encounter with Dryfoos,
of :t\eH Portunes
(New York :
2
Ibirl.,
1 8il- 1 89.
3
4Ibid.,
227.
5 1bid. ,
The 1\pw
1bid., 226.
l'lie Aftenmrcl ,
435.
-3 1 -
" r am not very proud wbE'n
that,
I
real i z (�
that such a I:1U.n and h i s experj ence
are the ideal and aml1 i tion of most .Alne r i c ans . 11
1
At a dinner c e le brating the succ e s s o f "Every Other Week" Dryfoos
bec omes peeved at Lindau,
a soc ia.list and a translator o f foreign magaz ine
art i c l e s for "Every Other ,le ek , " because o f h i s opinions c oncerning the right
o f workingmen to c ombine in unions to redress their grievanc e s .
The i d e o l og i c a,l
c lash between the archetype o f a soc i a l i s t and the archetype o f a financecapital i s t i s the result.
agi tator� ,,
Har c h ,
2
Dryfoos decides t o fire the "red faced labor
J\nd Dryfoos l e ave s this respon s i h i l i ty in Harch t s hands and
in h i s turn ,
refuses to b e c ome an agent to pun i s h l.Jindau for h i s
opin i ons .
The final I?vents l'.r the novel revolve around the trans i t strike in Kew
York.
Hos t of the rmb l i c transportation i s at a s tand s ti l l .
llryfo o s reac vs
emoti unally toward the strikers who are trying to " a i s e their w"g e s .
He thinks
they are nothing more than la7.Y bums who ,rant to get l"id-off "nd g e t drunk.
Fulkerson looks upon the strike "s being good material for " Every Other Week . "
Conrad ' s Chri. s t i "n motives eventually get him ki l l ed i n the midst o f a
c onfrontation between p o l i c e Rnd stril<e r s .
Conracl thought th"t he could
prevent violence from ha.ppening , but he d i e s an innocent bystander \'ihi l e
attc r.lpting t o sin.net u p for l.J inclau I s r ights .
until he "Y/i tne s s e s Conrad ' s death,
it.
Narch has not been a par t i c i pnnt
and hence forth , he trys to mQke Sense o f
Lindau eventually d i e s while C onrad I S d e a -iJh virtually sllatters h i s family ' s
1
I
�.
,
194 .
2�. ,
301 .
.
-32-
integrity.
As regard s the ethica.l universe of the n ovel , Lindau and O l d })ryf o o s
suffer because o f their extreme i d e o l o g i c a l b e l i e f s :
Lindau d i e s and Old
Dryfoos rec ogn i z e s his failure arter Conrad ' s death , "hich seems to be a
c ommentary on Hm'le l l t s part .
i-Iarc h ,
the protagon i s t ,
i s t!le clmracter with
He knows that he must partic ilmte in s o c i e ty
the most redeeming s o c i a l value .
and has an ind ividual c o n s c i e nc e .
Altholleh h i s soc ial commitment i s s OPlewhH.t
vague , we knov,r th�.t Basi l Harch wi l l be fair in the future .
Herri c k :
In The lieb o f Life
( 1 900 )
The Heb o f Life
Robert Herrick stre s s e s "the need for inrlividual
ethical initill tive , personal freedom,
tendenc i e s of industrial ization'!
1
d i r e c t op]1 o s i tion to the dehumanizing
i n much the same way as H01,e l l s stre s sed
individual awarene s s as a means of identifying truth in real i ty.
S ommers ,
the pro tagon i s t ,
higher c ir c l e s .
Howard
i s appal led hy the struggle for wealth in Chicag o ' s
Sommers i s a promi sing young phys i c ian "ho never quite f i t s
into the s o c i e.l c i r c l e s O J
the weal thy Hitchocks , Porters ,
and t h e Linusays .
Approximately hal f-l;ay through the novel Sommers c<tsts off h i s c l as s ;
good-bye to . Loui s e lli tchc ocJ< "hom he shouild he c ourting,
he says
then , a b i t late r ,
quits h i s p o s i.tion unuer the auspic i e s o f D r . Lindsay to find Alves Preston
who w i l l love h i m regard l e k s o f h i s economic St,htuS .
2
SomMers c a s ting off o f
h i s c l a s s c omes h i th h i s reali zation that :
1
Robert Brn;." ,
i n the W.r]",e s t ,
of C h i c n g o ,
2
Ihi d . ,
" I n Pursuit of' ..:\. D i s tinctive Utteranc e :
l il71 - 1 9 1 4 " ( Unpub l i sherl
1 971 ) ,
275 .
273 .
Flo .
lJ .
Roal i s tic f\ov p l s
d i R s ('rtatioll , The Unive r s i ty
-33-
He wn,s taking hims e l f' n.,�·ay from tho s e wh o governed tlle r.n.chine ,
who rnn it and o i l e n i t , and turned it to the i r own pl easures . He
had chosen to b e of the Plul ti turl e "hom the l'iachine ground . The
brutal axiorls of the ec onomists urged men to c l imb , to dooinate ,
and held out as the nob lest idenl o f the great triumph over h i s
broth e r . I f this ,-!Orld could n o t b e run o n any l e s s brutal plan
than this, creed of suc c e ss , Sllc c e S R , then let therH be anarchy-­
anything.
£
At this point Sommers leaves the privileged c lass and COPI7l t o radical i sm ,
where he experienc e s the frustrations o f the down trodden :
<
He ".& not s orry for the change , s o far as he had thought o f i t .
At l e as t he shoulcL escape the feel ing o f irritati on , o f critic ism ,
whic h Lindsay so much deplored , that lmd been groving ever since he
had left hospital work. The bod�' soc ial was dis ease d , and h e c ould
not make any sati s fnctory diagno s i s of the evi l ; but at least h e
should f e e l better t o have done with the priviler,ed ass ertive c l as s e s ,
to have ta�en up his part with the l e S:" ]'h i l i stille , more pi tiallly
,\
blind mob.
He e ventually c ornes t o live with Alves Preston in a ticket booth, a
remnant o f the Chicago }'air , whi l e the labor battle intens i f i e s .
Alves c ommits
sui c ide , whi l e Sommers realizes that he , as a reactionary, had misconce ived
his own place in s o c i ety, but he still b e l i eves in the c orruptive na.ture o f
suc c es s i n IlHtterial term s .
Sommers real ized that the extremes a r e ruled out
for h i m , due to painful experienc e s , and that the mi,: J l e ground is all tlmt i s
left.
3
Sommers once again goes t o work .
1
110hert Herrick , 'l'he
repub l i shed 1 970 ) , 2 0 3 .
Yleb
'fhis til:lB for a factory trea.ting
of Li fe (New Yorl"
The }lac}li l l i a n C o . , 1 90 0 ,
2�. , 1 94 .
3 Hray , " In Purs1Ii t o f
A
lli stinc ti ve Utteranc e , " 279-2ll0.
- 3 4-
typhoid patients , and. he receive,g a m ode r ate salary for hiB Rervices.
The point as regards the ethic�tl universe of the nove l , is
that Howard Sommers i s worJdne not �tewing.
lie is now (loing his
part to solve those prohlems hy healinr, th e sick .
It is a quiet
endeayor anel ::;ommers is no lo �r,er p ftrftlyzeel by the sheer magnitude
of America ' s social dilemmas ..
Sommers eventually renews h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p with Louise Hitchcock riur j ng
Sommers as the rl octor ann Louise as the nur s e .
the Spanish-American War :
They marry , since be;:th .have changed gre[l,t l;�"-, and decline C o lonel Hi tchcock ' s
do,,:ry.
" One l esson each h ad separately learned was that unearned wealth
,.:as an onus to he scrupul ously avoided. ,, 2
ffhe ;'lern o i r s of jm American Citizen
Herrick:
Robert Herricl{ t s 'the Nemoirs
Ed"rard Van Harrington,
an
of An
\rlericiln Citi7.en
..
oS
Harrington ' s point o f Vif"H" ,
3
and
irony of IIarrinRton I s ar r o gan ce
2 �O .
-Ihi o . ,
2 :11 .
�
3 1 I> i. <I . , 2 9
3
41hi<l . ,
'2<')b .
has bought himse l f a sent
rrhe novel is written in the f i r s t person �
i s v o i d o t' any direct socia l criticism.
majority of the Rocial c riticism i s impli ed .
I b j d. ,
until by the end of the novel
most powerful mcat-pach:er and
in the United States �cnate . 1 I
l
concerns one
Indi ana country boy who comes to ChicaRo and
" s c o res one business tri umph after another ,
he is the c O l!ntr�r l
( 1 <)05 )
4
The
Herr j ck chose to empha�i7.e the
ann innocence toward indu.str i nl i z1tti. nn n.nd
-3 5-
i ts pred a tory eff'ec ts .
During the
early days o f Hnrrington ' s
e e l f-rnnking he and h i s friends
stood on s t r e e t c o rn e r s g o s s i p i ng a : ,out the i r r i c h n e i r.flh o r s
ahout " t h o s e whose wealth "'T;'LS
'l'hus we
i'o l l owed
great packer ' s
the great p:arne
in pvidenc e ll ) :
them down the
sllc c e s s ,
stre e t ,
on the s uc c e s s
(JJ' the marke t ,
p o s s e s s d to l i ft themselves
l'
s e l ve s .
�"n ct o f c our s e ,
of
speculati.nG on the
all
the f o rtunatH
ones i n
,.,ronde r i n g 'Kh[l,t magic power th e s e men
out of the mass
of people l i k e our­
fully a';e re o f " invidious o i s-
Harr in gton wallted the s t r e e t s o f Chicago
stinc t i ons . "
( they r,oss ipee!
"Whatever wfl.S there i n Cl� i c ftp;o i n 1 377 t o
9,,2
1 1ve
"
f o r b ut S uc c e s s .
Harrington servp.s
Haymarket bomb affai r ,
c la s s was
suspe c t .
s i tl) ation :
11 3
ns
a.
j urOl:'
for the
a jury t o which
trial
of
tr.e Anarc h i s t after the
"1\0 labor j ng man need apply :
Harrington i n rendering: [l i s vf!rd i c t reduced the ",,'r, o l p
" I "tas c onvincect that we s e n s i b l e folks 1"ho had the upper hand
c ould n o t t o l era.te a.ny bomb f o o l i shnt:s s . u4
HarrinGton c ould n o t " r i ghtly
I
appr e c i a t e the c omplaint o f thp. s e rebe l s a:::ainst s o c i ety. I
S
r e s o l v e s that the anar c h i s t s must suffer f o r their opinions
Dryf o o s )
1
whi c h were ar,ainst the nw.j ori to' . 6
" C 'K. ,
H.aber t ]'�err l
Th e .' ,pmo l r f'
'
"
"n
l . l':.
op
I n this
"
A
" l h i o . , 74 .
51bid . ,
74 .
( j ust as .Yo.c ob
( th e tr i a l )
( C amhririge :
The
j' i rs t pub l i shed 1 90 5 ) ,
3
, 4-, .
lIarrinr,tan
si tUA.ti on
,...\J:l e r l C ;, n ( ; i t i �nn
Balkn,,]> P r e s s of llo.rvnrn Unive r s i ty Pre s s , 1 96 3 ,
2�.
1 "
his
Ibid . ,
71 .
43-4 .
-36-
Harrington does not exer c i s e any c r i t i c a l j udgment whatsoeve r .
By the end o f the novel the pre s s i s attacking h i m and he i s not
respected by his wife , h i s brothe r , and h i s s i ster-in- law because of h i s
unscrupulous bus iness prac t i c e s .
charnc t e r ,
H i s s i s ter-in-law truly a s s e s s e s Harringto n ' s
to h i s fac e , near the end o f the nove l , b u t Harrington thinks
that she just does not und�rstand h i m .
The very sig11t of men like you i s the worst evil in our
c ountry .
You are suc c e s s ful ,
prosperous , and you have r i dden
You have hired. your l awYers
over the l a,,'s tlHtt hindered you.
to find a way t'or you to do what you p l e ase .
You think you are
�
above the law--j u s t the c mmon 1 m,s for ordinary p e op l e .
buy men as you buy wheat.
You
Harrington I s final ac t of mi slmct.erstanding Q c c urrs when he i s headed
for 1vashington to assmne h i s seat in the Senate .
the party ,
K
Nrs . Jenks , '1·,rho was with
owns a pearl nee l a c e o f twenty-seven p e a r l s i n al l .
,�
Uf c ourse
her nee l a c e was a topi c for artic l es i n various ne1ipaper s .
One paper even had i t th,t pretty l i tt l e Hrs . Jenks " f l aunted
around h e r nec}\ the b l oorl-bou:;ht pr i c e of' a m i l l i on l ive s . 11
So it Jw,d c ome to be a sort o f j oke among us ,
o f pear l s .
and ask }Irs
Whenever I
•
saw i t ,
.
l i ttle Soutllern drm<l ; --
2
I h id . ,
264 .
I b; d . ,
268 .
stones
Jenks how many more mi I l i o n l ive s ::;he wa.s wearing
around her neck tonight'
l
that string
I would pretend to c ount the
2
She "auld l o.ugh hacl; in her pretty
-37-
The �:an a t' the Hour
Prenc h :
Nary A l i c e }�rench , ",:ho ,,';rote und er the pen name
The Ha.n o f the Hour in 1 90 5 .
between labor and capital
is the protagon i s t ,
capi tali st ) .
of
Uctnve 'r hane t , wrote
The novel i s a c ommentary on the s o c i a l problems
during
son of Olga
the late 1 9th c e ntllry.
(a
Johnny-Ivan Winslow
ltus s i an Princ e s s ) and Josiah
( an
American
Johnny takes h i s Harvard education to Chicago and worLs for the
cause of lahor--"there to experience fj r s t radi c a l i s m ,
then moderate uni o n i s m ,
and finally c h o o s ing t o return to " h i s ownll as manager o f h i s fathe r ' s p l ow­
works . "
1
French ' s r e s o lution to Johnny ' s instabil i ty i n c h o o s ing the right
c ourse for s o c i a.l action is not sati s fying .
Johnny is suc c e s s ful when,
We are l e ad to b e l ieve thAt
and only when , he has no tLing more to no with
rad i c a l i sm and returns to the privileged c lass .
J.;tr ench fai l s to r e s olve the
ins ta.b i l i ty of action between the principle characters , whi c h is required
because of the formal e l ements of tile novel .
of the labor s truggl e ,
s o c i a l rel�1 t i en s ,
and reform are themes which French
is concerned wj th for more than 300 pages ,
abandoned by the c l o s e of the nove l .
'fh e morally serious worlil
but the s e pressing i s su e s are
The cnlminating r e s o lution to the
struggle between labor and capital i s reduced to an enCOUll"ter l i ke an Ivy
League football game .
The n ovel
1
Bray,
is
2
written in three parts .
[fhe first book c oncerns Johnny 1 s
" I n ]Ilirsuit of A J)i stinctive UtterflIlc e , "
2.:llil..i . , 21 S -:� 1 () .
2140
- 3 8reconc i l ation of the p o l n r i d e " l s that h i s nother
( Capitn l i s m )
ins t i l l
in h i m .
(Nar:: i sm )
The s e c ond book d we l l s
and father
on Johnny-Ivan ' s
r e c o l l e c t i on s o f h i s m O T,h e r ,
Pr i nc e s s Olga .
hal f o f the nove l ,
s p i r i t o f hard-nosed o l d Josiah Winslow have
the
" l ets the
l a s t word with Jolmny . "
We are
The tLird book,
and
the l a s t
1
supposed to be l i eve that Johnny ' s behavior
in the l a s t hal f
o f the novel i s influenced almost c onpletely by one Peggy Hutherford-Johnny ' s p r i z e for c h o o s ing the r i gh t path.
go on strike j us t ",vhp.n the c ompany has
i f they cannot f i l l the
in Negro str ike-brea1cers
ensure that the
" a s i ckening l o t o f rush
orders they will l o s e t l ler.! . 2
previously hart understood and worked
brings
The workers at the p l ow-works
f9r
the c e use
of labor now,
into Fairport late one night
"rush orders" w i l l be d e l iverer! on time .
H e i s workinr, "tooth anr! n a i l ,, 3
years b e f or e .
1'hi s fact i n i ts e l f d o e s
Ihid . ,
2
3 Ibio . ,
in oT(ler -to
l'h e absurd
thing i s
i n the eyes o f h i s
s e em s trange to Johnny a l s o and h i s
4
1Hfhe .An g l o-Saxon in me has c o nquered . ,,
15.
2}1n.ry A l i c e li'renc h ,
Nerril C o . ,
snea]<ily
against a l l th n t h e appl auder! three
only explaination i s curiOUSly ambigu ou s :.
1
1 90 5 ) ,
43 8 .
40H .
and
Johnny-Ivan Vinslow who
tbat b e c ause o f th;s act Johnny i s now a h e r o anr! a suc c e s s
p e er s .
orders"
Th e :-bn o f the Hour
( Inciinnr' p o l i s :
'l'he Bobhs­
-39-
We are forced to believe , during an exchange between Johnny and Tyler
(a union organi zer) that �fohnny ' s admirat.:i.on and love for his mother is a
thing o · the Ptst , and that the resentment that h e hail a lways felt for his
father has subsided.
'.'.
Jol.nny speaks :
"When a man h e l ongs to a union lre has to obey orders ; but
you c an do your hest to get tl1 em bftck-- It lie sto1)peci , perceiving
l'yler in front of him, a man on e i thpr side .
uYou--damn--renegade . 1I 11e drawled with a kind o f f0ro c i ous
siifipe r . "'I tii b e even with you thi s deal , Ivan Gleetz in ! lI
" I ' m no renegad e , and you knm..· i t , " --"{ i l l i al':l ) Iapkins , in
the door"vay , heard the voicp. ",' ith its nen.t, c l ipped l:;astern
moilulntions strike every word c l early, although its pitch waS 1
not rai s ed--"f...nd rlon ' t e n-II me Ivan ; my name i s tTohn Winslow . 1f
Mary Al i c e plrench fai l s to resolve her structural problems in this
nove l .
The final c lash between between labor �nd mana gement i s more like
:l .-,Me.2
a footbal l than a c lass strugg l e .
!1
'l'he transiti ons i n .Johnny Vinslow ' s
character are not c l early defined , whi l e the structural difficul ti(;s are
irreconsi lable with the ethi cal univerl:
'fhe formal res olution of the labor
struggle is curious indeed.
Tarkington :
()..
The Conquest of Call1'ian
Booth 'l'arkington ' s 'fhe Connu0 s t o f
()-..
C "�nlian
( 1 905 ) i s a much better book
than The Nan o f the lronr by Hary Al i c e rrenc h , but it has structural prohlp.!:!s
a l s o , as vIe shall see ..
l
2
Ibid . ,
Joe Louden , tJle pro'Lr.:. . gon i s t , is the " orneriest boy
3 <) 0 .
Bray , HIn l'ul'sui t o f
,\
Distj nctive l;ttcrallc e , 1I 2 1 8-9 .
•
.
- 04
,
' ,,1
in an orne y worl d- I ll I "
nice youn g fol ];:s
,
WJ1Q
.
]. 5
I
,
no more
2
' n a town Qutcnsi, . "
"None o f the
invi t e him to the i r eloin I s any m o re ,, 3 sinc e he was c augh t
. th the
behind Judge Pil"f! I S s tab l e gambling ,.ri
"niggers anrl t i ff-raff . ,,4
The r e h a ppenod "t o b e a party that very n j ght tl,t J'uclge Pike I
natur ally Joe was n o t invit ed .
s and
Hut he vent anyway and 1V'<lS c aught hiding in
the bushes wh i l e he was wait i n g f o r Ariel l'abor, another outcast of C anaan,
and received a b l o w o n th e head from the JudeA with a poker.
incident J o e we.s f orced t o l e a:ve Canaan.
works hi s way through law s c h o o l
sum of money and travels to
After th i s
He l e aves to s e e the c ountry nnd
in the process, nnd A r i e l inh" rits a modest
IJar i s vi th her fathe:r vhere she i s int�nt upon
l earning how to d r e s s and talk.
The t01mspeop le do n o t f orget Joe Louden.
example
to yOllnaer hoys.
Joe eventual.ly returns to Can aan to prac t i c e law,
but d i s c overs that he is ridiculed as before.
town hotel b e c au se it i s
owned hy Judge Pike ,
the rent f or h i s l aw o f f i c e .
secretely owned by Judae Pike)
ing for tl l e r i[�hts
The " l ow l ived"
Pub . ,
22 .
2
�. ,
24 .
3Ihid. ,
23 .
41 1 > i <1 . ,
23.
and h e
is forced to pay doull l e
i s Reaver B e a c h ( a s l um tha.t i s
of the Beaver Beach inhahitants .
o o th Tn rJ.;. i ngt on ,
1 9( 5 ) ,
He cannot rent a r o o m at the
tak e Joe i n and h e r e turns the favor by f i r;ht-
in favor of h i s "d f f-raf f " c l i en t d ,
1B
He is h e l d up as a bad
Joe wins c ourt deci s i ons
and the daily pre s s ,
'Pile Conq u p, s t o f CanfHln
(New York:
The T o c s i n
( owned
Harpei' & Brothers
-41 -
by Judee PiJ.;:e ) ,
vi c i ou � l:y att<-lc1{S Joe in thej,r ed i t o r i al s .
labors g o far towf1.rcl e s t a b l i shinv a [11 8aSUre o f j usti c e f o r the foreottpll
people of Can;:}'a.n , but they gain him no\ r e spite f'rom the sc orn of the
respectab l e s . "
1
Ariel returns from Paris j ust at the point "hen J o e ' s morale i s
extremely 1 0 " b e c ause o f the abuse h e suffers at the hands o f the respectah l e s .
She supports h i m in h i s la.bors and f i ghts for the sarle c ause .
H e r gente e l i s m ,
however , d o e s n o t impair v i s i on o f truth .
,Joe
is forc e d to l e a.ve CanaRn to gather evidence in C o lorado for the
pending murder trial o f "Happy Pearll and whi l e he i s p;one the people o f
Canaan vi o l ently attack Joe ' s dog R',;:-;PI'CTAllILITY.
gske" Arp prevents the
�
fat.al blow the.t would have k i l l cl RJ�l)PECTAlnLITY , but the exc i tement i s too
much for Eskew and he suffers a stroke .
I n 1';skew ' s dying Ifl.st ,;ords he
6expr e s s e s his stubbornnes over the year s , and he is now c onvince o f Joe I s
benevolent nfl.ture .
"But . by God !
2
uog--,,
k1' l l your •
When they g o s o 1 m.. dovn they tried to
1�skew l s laRt w i s h i s thn.t the C o l one l , Pete r , and Buckalew
( the o l d e s t members o f the town ) . rally t o Joe ' s side :
Hark to me .
talk ,
.
. I f you ' d ("Joe ) p,ver
or broke out the wrong way ,
you never di(l.
"\��11 in;pereo ,
or f,i ve back
i t would at' heen di ft'erent.
J ' ve \;htched you and I
kno", ;
:vour own 1.;n..y alonG , wi th the town n.[![t i n � t you h e c all�e you got
ba.d E:lmC ns a hoy ,
d i n n ' t. d o ,
,.;e
stood b�7 you
1
2
Bray,
•
� ftd
and one e ,.re 1 d ri VPJ1 you tll R. 1; ,
t o give you n. blaekC'r one .
3�. , 06
3
'£ha Conquest o f Cnnr> an ,
3 07.
n.
everyi1h in:; you <l id o r
now it ' s time SOI�1C (me
" I n Pur sui t of ,\ U i s i i nc tive Utteran c e , " 209 .
rrarkingtown ,
But
,I,nd you ' ve j ust gone
-42-
Thus ,
Eskew Arp rendered j us t i c e on h i s d eath hed .
forth we know thl' t J o e will
Pike
is
From this point
Judge
triumph over the ,fudge Pike mll-c hine .
exposed as a c r o o k for exchanging Ari e l I" s stoe!< s and bonds with
tToe wins the c a s e for 1 ! Hn.ppy }� ear ll
h i s own which are 'Ko r th l p s s .
sent iments of the tm.rnspeopl e ;
he is e l e c ted �iayor 0 r Canaan.
ann the
lIe mRrri e s
Ariel and w e know that i n the future Canaan w i l l " d o right" hy Joe ll-nd
Ar i e l Louden.
Tarkington docs not refrain from making tToe Louden into a CanR-an
folkhero ,
and the triumph of Joe Louden i s in i t s e l f a l ittae unbe l i evab l e ,
or in o th e r words i s ,
" a too sanguine formulp" for ame l i o rative s o c ia.l chanee , 1I
but s t i l l Tll-rkington I s r e s o lution i s c on s i s tent and i n keeping with the formal
e l ements of the nove l .
Sinc lair :
The Jungle
( 1 906)
The Jungle
hy Upton S i n c l R i r is
the
succ e s s and eventually d i s c overing d i sparity_
Ih chapter two
,·m
learn o f
motives i n venturing t o Amer i c a :
It 'iv-as �ronn.. s "rho SllP,'R e s t e d
that they a l l go t o J\.mc r i c n ,
where a fri end o f h i s hac! cotten r i c h .
lIe would ,", ark,
they would l ive
h<'Ml he:n'd of AMe r i c a .
part ,
and the women "Touln work,
some hm..... .
llhnt '\o·,'n.s a c Ollntry whe r e ,
a day,
nTld Jurci s
and some
Jurr, i s ,
they s a i d ,
pric e s as they were whpre he lived ,
Bray,
too ,
for h i s
o f thi? c h i lcl r c n ,
d ouhtl e s s-­
a man might earn three ruhh l e s
f j gured whn:t. three rubb l e s a nay ,,, oul(' r1ean , w i tll
would i?O t o Ar�1f�r i c a nnd marry ,
1
his
ann h i s f e l l ow immierants wh o cnme t o Ame r i c a s eeking
Lithuanian r e l ative s ,
the Lithuanian s '
story of Jurgi s Rudlms ,
and o e c ided forthuith tlw t h e
and b e a r i c h Hlf, n i n the h�� rgn. i n .
1I 1 n lJursl1 i t o f .A D i s ti n c tive Utteran c e , ! ! 2 1 2 .
1
-43I n thnt c onntry , r i c h or poor ,
a man ""a.s fre e ,
it W, l S said. ; he d id
n o t have to pay out h i s money to rasc a l ly o t' f i c i a l s--he might do
as he ple"sed , and count hims e l f as 1000d as any other man,
,\....
Ame r i c a
S�
a5 a p l a c e o f which lovers and young people dreamed.
We cannot b e
Sllre how many other immigrants 'Were entj c e d into c oming to
Ame r i c a at the c a l l of the suc c e s s myth ; we can only imalO in e .
By the end o f the novel JurlO i s J(udkus and h i s r e l atives a.nd friends
are dispers ed ;
Some are dead and others
Ular i j a in par'Ci cular ) must depend
on their own merits in order to s c r ape out a living .
A third
through the novel 1{e Imow that their p l i ght i s desperate ,
of the way
i f not h o pe l e s s ,
They l o s e their home because they c annot maJ,e the house payments when Jurgis
is out o f work and in ,jai l .
I n the Yeli l en i an sense th i s i s a devis tatina
b l ow to Jurgis s i n c e a l l their d reams "'ere manifest in the house i t se l f :
•
•
•
how much he had su_f fered for this hous e , how much they
had a l l of them suffered !
as they lived ;
It was th e i r one hope o f r e s p i te , as l ong
they had put a l l t h e i r money into it--and they were
working peopl e , JJoor p e op l e , ""h o s p. money ,,,as thei:r� strength ,
�
the
very substance of them , ho y and soul the thing he' ,,;hi c h they l ived
and for lack of they d i ed
. •
'fhe promise o f the suc c e s s ethic stressed fluid c l a
l str1tcture
and no
inherent c la s s di stincti on s , hut obvi o u s l y " invidious rl i s tinciionslt were
made in Pacltinrrtow"ll :
1
Upton Sinc l a i }' ,
f i r s t p1th l i s h ed ,
2�. ,
1 56 .
fChe Jllll ' : l e
1 9()6 ) , 27 .
( New "'{ ark :
'l'he New /\mer i c an Lihra.ry,
I nc . ,
44
-
The manag e r ::; anet
were a l l r e c r u i ted
-
supprintendents
rlnd c l erks o f Packingtmm
from another c l as s ,
they sc orned the worl" e r s ,
nnd never
from the worke r s ;
the very meanest of them.
A p o o r devil
o f a bookkeeper ,.,rh o h ;tcl heen working in D'urham I s f o r twenty years
at a sal ary of s i x d o l lars a week,
s e l f a gentleman ,
worke r on
the
as
ki l ling
be ds ;
another part o f' the town,
the day,
•
•
•
would yet c o ns i il e r hin­
f A r removed a s the p o l e s from the most
and
h e ,,'0 11 1e\ d r e s s di fferently,
skilled
and l i v e i n
and C C'ime t o work a t a d i fferent hour o f
i n every way make s u r e that h e n e v e r rubbed e l b ows ,,,i th
1
a labor ing man ,
S i n c l a i r ' s s o lu�ion to the c l ass c on f l i c t in Ame r i c a was S o c i a l i sm .
"The l a s t forty pages
o f the novel center around Jurgi s '
Soc i a l i s t party i n Chica.rro .
Pure Food and Drug Ac t ;
from being exploitee!,
meat was
Ame r i c a I s anRwer to Sine l a i r t s book ,;[1,5 The
instead of a c t i o n that would prevent the worker
Rt. j.t. "ras government inspected.
j u s t another i n a l ong l ine
a t' psuedo-panaceas
s i n c e r e c tifying the
would have required a transf'er
'l'hi s
instance
is
that the privileged c l a s s
s o c i a l ann e c onomic
of power out of the grasp
management c I n- 5 5 and into the hands o f tho s e who deserve .
1 �. , 1 05 .
in the
l e , ( i s l a tors passed a law that woule\ mean that if your
s p o i lerl at Ie:
would t o l e rate ,
activities
evi l s
o f s o c i ety
of the employer-
-15Summ ary
The
5\lC C e S S e t h i c
i n flucntin..l
i de o l o g i e s
o f opportunity,
and frug rt l i ty ,
s p e e c he s ,
rise
W!) S ,
in
[lP(!
s e I f-im;l,f;'e .
i n n C'.,.,.5 p a. !"' 8 r
populrtr f i c t i o n .
th e
o f th� n o s t pro found l:v
Th i s b e l i e f i n freedOM
'11he grfHLt
1 X�O .
evolution would c ompare w i t h what e x i :; t(Ht
e tl � i c p l nyecl
n.
those ",·ho
D i fferenc e s
inher i ted . '
i n s o e L 'l l
D i v i s i on s hetwcf1n tlip. r i c h
a maj o r portion o f thp. l a t,D
t h e breakdown o f tl1€
,
.. ." '"
� .." ,
L p e rrnnnent
,
i n c}mnHing AMe r i c an h o s t.. i l e n,tti tucl e s
statlls '''ere d i s c e rnnhle
that th e pr omi s e
i nt e rvi ew ) .
t o Ruh(lue t h e
fears
o f n ? ny o f
i nd u s t r i n.l j 7.Fl t i on as a threa.t t o (leJ,locrac;T.
s o c i a l c o n f l i c t s i nc e , s oc i a l-ec onor1i.c
But i t s e ems
.... �
rrhe myth s e emed
saw urbani z a t i on f/,nri
in his
o � ta i n-
r e n T was that Ol1r
,.�
c ruc i a l r o l e
toward the c i ty unci factory.
Sllc c e s s "Ta s
i n l;urope
� - J 'I ...
The Sllc c e s s
,!,ri ! , ers ,
a pe r i od o f t i me- , p r i o r to the
For
( F i n ne r ty snggested t h i s
i n d u R tr i a l i 7. :=t t i o n hy
of d i l i g e nc e
R c ho o l
ed i t o r i a l s ,
flux o f urban i z a t i o n ,
s e l f'-c m p l o:,rment route
urban i z fI. t i on €1.. n <t
onf'
one ' s O\.tTl bar,s v i n. the q l l<l l i t i e s
c o n .s i s t e nt ly a p p e a r e(l
of industr i a l i zation Ftt1fl
e c onomic
1 <)th C P J l tl l ry ,
i n Ollr nation I s
the il.h i l i ty to be
s p rm on s ,
a b l e v i a the
the
fl nd
i n Ame r i c a but
the p o o r would
status ",·;� s n o t
trarl i i.. i onn.l
n ot
n o t pronuce a
f i x e d or pe rman pn t .
o f the myth wa s n o t fnl f i l l e rl
1 C)th
seefl1inr,ly,
i n re a l i ty f o r
c en tu ry 1 ,tlJ O r i n,o: popula t i o n ,
b e c '1.l u::::. e o f
c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e p n s k i l l e d work and
Sllc c e s s
a s ftn entreprenunr i n th:·tt trad e , the i nc r e a R ecl numb e r o f unl'lld l I ed l a h o r p r s
-46( immigr:tnts
inclurl ed ) ,
in total reduced the
of the
and the r i s e oj' pig b u s i n e R s ;
l i k e lihood "thR.t a laborer c O ll l tl
all
t l : e .s e
ffl.ctors taken
have ful f i l l e d the terms
suc c e s s ethic .
The Ame rican worker was
d i s c ontented at the c l o s e
of the century which
was evidenced hy the formation o f various Inhor and farM organization s .
were j u s t 8 5 many s o c i a l gri evances as there :ve r e
the prob l ems .
�
'rh e r e
S O llltion proposed to r e c t i fy
Irwin Ye l l owitz argu e s that because
of the
industrial work er ' s
p o s i t i on i n soc iety in 1 8 96 most laborers and reformers gave up any hope o f
This ar[;ument seews to b e
attaining wealth vi a the s uc c e s s mode l .
junction with what John Nitche l l ,
i n Organ i z ed Lahor
in con-
( 1 903 ) , wrote ,
The averA.ee wage-earner has ma.de up h i s mind that he must
remain a wage earr; o r .
�
of a kingclom to come ,
" .,.1,_
+ h "' + + 'h
.,.. n�" " ""n
1
for h i s work be given to him as a workingman.
Terence Powderly,
l'h irty Jears
_
.....
_ _ � .: + _ , ..: ... ...
"' ......1· ... ... ...... .... . . .... ,
..... ,.:l
..... hU
���
� "..
...
� . - - -....
the Presidrmt o f the Knigh"ts
o f Labor 1 59-1 889 ,
than ever b e f o r e ,
l i fetime .
He has given up hope
"" _
[A.
F.
.....
---�
-'
of Lah a r ,
Gerald Grob ,
of L . J
some ty�e
o f s o c i al
revolution i n h i s
expressed the pr ivo.te
why didn ' t 1/hey d ev e l o p a mn.ture
i n Worl,ers
Inrlustrinl S o c i e ty ,
opinion that h e
1 90 3 ) ,
of c l ass consc i ousne s s ?
argue that the working c l a s s d i d n o t deve l op a mature
John Nitche l l ,
prefac e ,
sensp
I f lahor
FLu(l Utopi a , and Norman J .. \lare , i n Lahor i n Ji9ct ern
o f c lH s s c o n s c i ou s ne s s because m o s t workers
1
-
in h i s b o o k ,
f e l t th" t there would always h e a permanent c l a s s o f wage earners .
felt this way ;
-
argued that the laboring ranks were poorer
ann he expected to s e e
Samuel Gornpers
'"-��-
ix-x,
still
thOll{;ht them s e l v e s to b e
Ur Ganized L�1 hox: ( .Phi l nd e l l J h i, n, :
as quoted by �apo s s ,
H p il( t in�s
Ame r i c an
!�ook C o § ,
in Trad e Un i o n i s m ,
34 .
sense
47
-
-
expec tant cd,pi t, � l i s t s nna c ons tructecl unions in such a \iny as to bring tl.em
into harmoll,Y wi"t1o the over-all s o c i etal environment.
1
Faced by the e r o s i o n of i t s traditional p o s i t i o n ,
labor
attempted to deve lo p a modus vivendi that would once ae ni n restore
its statu:; in the c Onll:1uni ty.
Ini t i nIly it endeavored to revive
the ideal of an o l d e r s o c i e ty , where the di stinction b e tween em­
p l oyer and employee (lid not seem to
b o th '''ere united in the srtme pers o n .
!2 x i s t ,
conel where the func t i o n s o f
The names o f b i g c apital i s "t s such as , Vanderbi l t , Gould , Norgan ,
Carnegi e ,
and Ford were u s e d by lahor r e J�orrners to c :::, �ate c la s s c onsc i o u s -
n e s s i n the rRnits o f labor .
These r e foruter s were probably s h o rt s i [fhted i n
the r e s p e c t, th"t large fortunes in the w o r l r! do n o t n e c e ssarily c reate
anathema. .
La,rge fortlme s in themselves c oulr! have perpetrated the opposite
atti tude than "that the r e :t'ormers n e sire<i. 3
1
Grob ,
2
I h id . ,
lrJorl;:ers :l n d
U toT)i n. , 1 8N-9 .
1 87 .
3Ware , Ltthor i n
,' ,(){lcrn Ino.\J s t r i a l
E o c i e t""
41 5 .
H I
A l ge r ,
l i o rn t i o J r ..
&; C o . ,
Bray,
the
Call;!'l Boy to Pr e H i il c n t .
Y
Nj dl;e s t ,
of C h i c e,go ,
Unpuh l i Rh e d
1 il7 1 - 1 9 1 4 . "
John H. .
New York!
" I n Pur s u i t o f A D i s t i nc tj ve Utteranc e :
Ro b e r t .
in
Prom
l Sl)l .
0 0 K A P 11
H L I
Ph .
D.
neal i s t i c Nove l s
d i s s ertati on ,
Un iver s i ty
1 971 .
o.:.
o"
l;,i,",r.:.;
S.
-:-,
r
.;.=i
1"
S e c () n(1 B ; D n 11 i a I R e p 0 r t {' 0 r
17
I,=
�-7:
s-:
. t..:i.:.c..:s,-;-,o""'l. · :.c
r-;-":..;t"n::..t::.::.
--:I, '�
f
' ' ;:
' :;.
l-"
"a
",\"
,-,e
"
u
B",
�
:-;
year 1 K � 2 , �print� r i e ld :
1 I . W . Uoklter , State Printer and B i nd e r .
•
Bureau
o r Lahor Stati s t i c s o f I l l i no i s .
year 1 1)9 2 ,
Carneg i e ,
The
Cawe l t i ,
Spring f i e l d :
Awlrc",_
ed .
B e l knttp Pr e s s
John G .
g(hrnrd C .
Thomas C .
Ph i l i p S .
New York :
Frenc h ,
1 9b5 ..
Gr o b ,
Gerald .
}'re s s ,
Herr i c k ,
The
Hobe r t .
?-ioVe rlPIlt
'fh e >IpM o j r s
C h i c ago :
o f' }<�nte rpr i s e :
The
Gambri(l p e :
1 96 2 .
The Unive r s i ty
A Social
}JacHi l l i an C o . ,
1 '143 .
Howe l l s ,
W i l l i an Dean .
1 9 56 .
I nd i anapo l i s :
A Stlldv
of
of
Now York :
:\0'"
XorthHe s t e rn Un j vC'r s i ty
C(tI'1h ri<ige :
'l'he
1 963 .
'1'h e �·lnc r U l l i a n Co . ,
Fortun 0 5 .
}<'n u r t h Ec l e c t i c nend e r Itev j s (> ( L
1 ��79 .
'fh e Bohhs-,\le r r i l l
1(1 0 0 1 01;; 0 11. 1 C o n rl j c t i n the
};vanston :
o r nn .<\r1 e r j (' n n C i t i ?Bn .
:\ I1n.?:nrd
II.
1 95 5 .
1 �65-1 900 ...
The '/(-b o f' L i f e .
Hollert.
& Co . ,
A.!.'!e
of Harvllrd Univers i ty l'r e R s ,
Herrich ,
Lj brary I n c . ,
'1'118 cr o s p e l o f \ve alth .
New York :
" ' n,n o f the HOllr .
1fo rka,.s and Utopi a :
1 9b1 .
rrh e
H i nder .
H i s tory o f the Lahor :lovement i n the United "tat e s ,
L., bor
Belknap })r c s s
NcGu f'rev ' s
Ame r i c a .
I n t ernat, ; onltl Puh . ,
1 90 5 .
Ame r i c n n
State J'r i n ter and
� c l f-�htde �'Ian .
of the
t,h e
Seventh B i e n n i a l Ite port f o r the
K i r k l a.nd ,
and Yli l l ian :-U l l e r .
Nary A l i c e .
Co . ,
Itokh e r ,
of liarvitrd Unive r s i ty Pr e s s ,
H i s tory o r In,\u s t r i a l
Foner ,
; ' .\{,
'Eh a Apo B t l e s
o f Ch i c ago Pre s s ,
C o c hran ,
An d e r s on
�;ew York :
C i nc innntj :
Van
The
1 <l"{O .
�';e'\{ �\m e r i c tln
.ill t;\.;rerp
Bragg
NcGu ffey l ::; :.Jf�'��
Ec l e c t i c F i fth
McGu f fey ' ::; �ewbr Hmri R p. <l
\{.
C i nc inn<1 ti :
Ni nn i c h ,
B.
C i nc i nnat i :
H o l J1'l e s
;·�c(iuf'fp:"
nead ers .
R o s s �I.
Robe r t s o n ,
J.
r\rn C' r i � a.n Purj tani ::;Q :
H(H1.(lingR
Problens
and
n,::;
in
) H Fi C U S f W ( !
fr a( i e
'
Pub l i c a t i o n s n.ncl "t r i t i n l' s .
S i n c l ai r ,
The (Junr! l e .
Upton�
f i r s t publ i s h ed
Sumner ,
Tarkington ,
Pub . ,
Thernstrom ,
Hooth .
Un i On R i P.1 :
Ne w York :
�{illiH.rn E .
The :New Arwr i c an L i brary I nc . ,
L e uc h tenbur g and Berna.rd
Pr e n t i c e -l Iall
I nc . ,
}"lovert'./' and ] lr ogr e s s .
Gnmhri dg e :
Harvar(l Hni ver s ] t:r
'd.
:;01" York :
B.
La.h or in :·lodern In(l w ::; tJr i n l S o c i ety.
New Y ork :
nus fl e l l &
rrhe f)(,l f-:·1ade �1Hn i n Ame r i c a .
1 95 4 .
Un i ver R i ty Pre 5 s ,
I rv.'i n .
Soc i a l
Harver & Brothers
�;ew York :
1919.
Normrt.n �J.
Y e l l owi t7. ,
lr'li sliy,
1963.
The Theor'" o r the L e i surc C l n s fi .
Thor s te i n .
I rv i n .
New York::
JJahor OrrUlTl i za t i o n Princ i p l e s
Hu s s A l l , 1 9hH.
Vyl l i e ,
lfarCC!llr t ,
s t s i n 'l�he i r O r pi c i n l
CieoTHc H . H o r a n C n . , 1 9 2 6 .
rr r n.d e Un i on j
The GonGuest o f Can' l a n .
S tephan .
Ideas in the
New:: York:
1 905 .
Hu e b s c h ,
Ware ,
and. Ho r a l
F a i tll n.nd Pr n,c t i c e .
N e w Yorl,, :
Engle1<ood C l i f f s :
Pre s s , 1 964 .
Veb l e n ,
by
in 1 906 .
eds .
"\\Ti l l i nrn G .
Dar,.; i n i s m .
New Y o rk :
1 96 4 .
L i ppin c o t t Co . , 1 970.
Sapo s s � JJnvid J.
S o c i a, l
Hi Rtor" of the .Arn(�r i c nn EconoI'rv..
Dfl-rrett B .
D.
H.eact er R .
lil l s s e l l & Itn s s e l l , 19b5 .
-r,ew Yor];;, :
Brace 8; 'ior ld I nc . ,
Ru tman ,
awl Hi s
�Ialdnf! t h e .\I'J e r i c I1 n �f j nd :
l t i c l l a.rd .
HcGuffe-y
1 H57 .
1 H 53 .
Amer i c an Book C o . , 1 �)3 6 .
�lo s i e r J
Sflli th N: Co . ,
H.
W.
Hhe t o r i C' n l (iu i cl e �;'ifth neadpr o f the Ec l ec t i c Ser i e ::; .
Srlith t',,; C o . ,
Wi l l i an!
Harvey.
He act e r .
�rlw
Engl ewood C l i rf s :
Np,,, Brtmsw i c k :
])o s i ti on o r t.l !p l{,1rl\. p r i n
Pr e n t i c e - l i a l l ,
Inc . ,
,-\mc ...... i c an
1 9(,9 ..
Uutners
�f)c i e t" !
1 9h5-1 :�qb .
APPENDIX
TABLE 1
VF.ST FINISI!ER--Swedish woman o f 5 0 , finishes vests at 1 0 and
1 2 cents l'er dozen ; in 6 months earned $57.08 ; 5 years in
Americ a , but speaks no Engli s h ; c omplains that the employer
does not pay until 30 days after delivery of good s , and then
not in full.
I
TROUSERS FINISHER--Polish woman, 6 yenrs in this country,
speaks no Engli sh , 26, years . dld , husbnnd a laborer , gets 6
c ents a pair for finishing trouser s , and finishes 6 pairs a
day.
HAND FINISIIER--German Polish woman , 3 5 years old , finishes
trousers nt 1 and ' 8 cents a pair.
Earns 42 c ents a dny
regularly; has been 1 1 years in America, but speal,s no "
Engl i s h .
Never attended school ; began regular work at the age
of 30 , and lives at home with her father , who i s a s tonemason ,
and owns his house o f 5 rooms .
}IACIlINE lIAN'DS--Two Russ i an girls 1 6 and 1 7 years old ; have
,worked regularly for three year s , stitching knee-pants at
from 6 to 1 0 c ents per dozen pairs .
They work 1 0 hours and
s t i tch three dozen pairs a day,
They rent t..ao machin e s , for
.
which they pat $1 . 50 a week.
The family o f four occupy 4
dark rooms on the ground floor of a �7etched tenement. The
girls support their mother.
The brother , who is a teacner
They have attended school in
of Hebrew, pays their rent.
Russia and have learned to read , write and speak Engl ish.
�
' HAND }'lNISHinS--Ital an womnn Gild three daughter s who ' f'fIli'sh
knee-pants at 8 c ents a dozen pnirs .
By working steadlly they
a
day.
They do not know the
.. can altogether finish 8 dozen in
, name or andre s s of their employe r .
The:' live in filth in the
, basement of a rear tenemen t ; they speak no Engl i s h ; none o f them
have ever attended scho o l ; the father i s a sewer digge r ; the
mother i s 36 and the daughters 1 4 , 1 5 and 6 years of age ,
�
HAND FINISllliJ�--Two Italian faw i l i e s live together in three
small r o om s ; each family pays half the rent, the total amount
being $7 per month.
The
The two husbands are fruit pedlers .
wives work together fini shing Imee-pants at 7 c ents per dozen
They are each aged 26
pairs ; they finish 5 dozen pairs a day.
In this
years ; have never attended scho o l , speak no English.
house a man hns just recovered from an attack of mal ignant
diphtheria, without having interfered with the work of finish­
4
',i ng knee-pants in this room nor the one nbov e .
4
I l l inois Bureau o f Labor Stntistics, Bienninl Repor t , No. 7 ( t892 ) ,
404-5 , as c i ted by Y o l l owit�, Tho Pos . o f tho Workor in Ame r . S oc . , 7 1 - 3 .
(continued )
TABLE 1
H A \,"D l·'L'! J � ! ' l,;j�--lh l. s � i il n
D u e Yl'n.r ,
s peah:.s n o
P o l i s h 1'0[1.1n
!'>If; l i A h ,
troll s e r s a t 5 c �n t s n pn i r ;
ana
a:;Hi
2 1) ,
ll£l s h .. en
h n. s np.ye>r ct,ttrmdf'd
c arr i e s h e r \.: o r k
'\Tll 0 r i (' :t
in
sc hool .
Q L f: m i l e and.
Pi n ; s}l e s
fi n i gh n s
6 p a i r s <t d ay .
1 :n :::; \.;(n�ked rp. gu l a r l y 6 rl(; l l th s .
Husband i s a ,·/oocl­
t u rn e r ; t h e y h a ve two s ow l l c h i lcl r P,H and o c c upy t.hree rooms , for
.
W1lich th ey pny R n on th ly rent"l
of
,;5 .
Ih\NJ> 'i"IN I S /D ;n--J)rus s i an woman of � 7 ; f i n i sh e s t r o u s e r s at 5 1 /2
can f'i n i s h fror.l 6 to :i ' pn i r s n, n ay ; earned :;>5 . 2�
'
c e n ts a pa i r ;
i n 1 6 n ays ;
a tt e nd e d
18
i n }\np. r i c n.
sc ho o l ;
h u s hand
f'lonthR h u t .sre�d\s 110 l'�ng l i s h .
if) a hri c k laye r .
Never
They have o n A c h i ld ,
a nd l)ay �� 5 a month r e n t for 3 1'0011'\ 5 .
11AND F I }, I S H En--rrerman P o l i sh wor·lan 3 5
atte ncl(�rl s c h o o l .
fmni ly c ons i st s o t�
the gene:ral suppor t .
which they pay
o I l! W}l O ha.s
7 c e nt s
h a. s worJ�ed 5 'y(�a.r s .
c e nts n <i n.,Y 1' egulnl'l,:'T;
mason ,
years
t r o us n r s at
l� i l l i !'-) } \ e fi
pe r s o n s ,
7
a pai r ;
never
ertrns 4 2
i s n s t,OI1P.­
J I 'shand
four o:f' wllom c ontrilmt e : to
rrhey o c c upy � rooms i n a. bad n e i fjh h o r h o o rl ,
�)7 per m o n t h .
for
THOl ;SF.:�S �L\J(;,;lm--This Uus s ian fam i ly o f f:lth o r , rh o th e r antl 6
c h i l d r e n l ive i n thrne rooms
ment.
Th e fa.th e r ,
mo1�h p. r ,
r m..'k i ng trousers n.t 65 C E' nt s
,
lHtlHe
t l ..['
oi
u<i(l r e s s
trous e r s ,
the
on
s e c ond
(/(}7.en pai r s
U
"LhC l r e mp .l o " e r .
. -
.
A man
Rnn when th e," are f i n i fi h ed c n l l fi
days a w e e k ;
o f t r o us e r !"> ;
d ozen r a i r s
a
in n da.y.
'Work 1 6
nnel
'l'h e r e nT'e
1
rrhey
b r i nes
do
u p on
the fiupply
R h o u r s and m nJ<. e 7 and 7 1 /2
throe
nach i ne s ,
They are now ,,Jorh·inp,' f o r ano th e r c ontrac t o r ,
The i r et e s t t tu t i o n i s ve r;v p,r e n t ;
as
th e mother P i n i sh e s ,
.DOl'
Th e c o n tr a. c t o r
r e n t :'l nd
Tw i th e r have ever
the younger c h i l rl r e n attend the s c h o o l
o f th e
Un i ted lIehrpw Chnr i t i <, s .
t o '\ot or};;.
IL\.'JD FINI S ! P�n--I tnl i an ,I'Or,lftll 3 3 yp(l,rs o l d . du s t c omnencnd
lowe-pan t. s ,
no En : � l i !',dq
tJwy O C C H]'.'"
ftt (, c e n t s <l d o z 0 n 11,d
ha.s neV()r
4.
rOOMS
a t-te nd
ed
T !') .
t, h e
1
404-5 ,
C O l l n t,r,\'" and
1 1 1 i noiR
a fi
l I 1 1 rflilll
] l l l 5i h ,PHl
, j o i n t l y "'i th 3 o th e r
o r T,} ( P ::>1 0 p�r r:lontJ. cLnre:p f o r r p n t .
t h e !-; o 4- r o o n � aro
Aro1(� r j c a, ) �rears hut
In
scl,001 1
fj'he
j5
t,l,; i c e
a r'�oJl th ,
o f Ln,})('IT' �; l;:l t j s i, i c s ,
e j tt)d h;: l o l l end t? ,
't'lw
'
l OR.
o r'
(' n
on
on
�'penks
ST,r e o t SH()e�pp. :r ;
ench
pa.'- i Jl ;; :>2 . :)0
t i r e numher o e r, upy i nr;
fCJw
Illen �,'(lrJ;; i ?
: t l te�·nnt0. Sn.t,nrciil,:'-' S .
B i 01ln i :d
t h t�
a
fani l j n s ,
9 R'1'0l,"11 pe r R o n .!') and q c h i ] d r c n .
C OM e h o [:) p
fo od .
at 3 5 c en t s pe r d O 7. 8 n
the notll e r ' s }lealth i s
i s n l fi o -chat, o f t h e dauehters ;
att e nd e d s ch o o l ;
load o f
Th ey wor){ 7
f ' o r the m .
absc ond ed o'\o,rinr, th e M £'40 , K h j eh they in turn o'\o.. e
paj rs ..
H o i hnow tI l e
a wfl.B'on
and the c Ol l s i n i s a pr e s s e r a.nd hutton-h o l e fT'lake r .
d e l i e <'t t e ,
r e rtT t.ene-
r, ( l u s i n ,,,rork tor,ether
the number o f hOllrs per flny cl e p e n d fi
they o f t e Jl
ft
floor o f
two dnurrh t A r s alld
H�nort ,
1 ;OrH.0 !' ,
'( 1 -3 .
��o .
7 ( 1 K02 ) ,
-
••
______, .i _...;._., � >
-
�
.
:
-
-
.....,.
T
ABL E
TABLE
2..
or WAGES
COST OF LIVl"G.
.:<1)
AVER.!OE A"fOUNT8
EXPENDED FOB-.
S
"
OCCUI'A'IIO:'S.
0-
Bakers
... . . . . . .... ....
Bar-keepers
lllncksnliths
.. . . . .
_.�•••••••••_ . • _ . . . . . • .
.....
. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• . • . . . • . .
.•••••"
...
. .
_ • • _ • . . _ . . . • • 0• • • •
H�tg��;r;;��rs·�=:::==:::::=:::::::::::::::::::::
Dutchers
Ca.r� dri\"ers
Carpenters
. . . . • • •••••••••.
_ • • • • �. _ _ _ • • • • • • . _e • • • • ,
.••.•••••••••••.
Cl1!11 rom -Ja�r" _ _ _ _
_• • • • . ._ • . • • • • _ .
•••••• , . . . ...•••••.
�.
Ci ar-packers
�l ggr�yc t;:��1[:rf,.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Coppcrsnliths
EnJ::'lncers (stationarn
Exprc"!>men
: . .. ....
... . .
Furniturc,w'orkcrs
Horness-makers
._
_ . ._ . • • • •
.•••••..... ..••••.•••
_ • ._ . • . . . . • • • . • • .
. • _ . • • • • • • � . __ • • • • • • • •_ • . . . • _ • . . • .
• . . • • • . ____ ._ . . .. •e.
..•.......
••••.
u • • •� • • • • • _ .
__ • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • •
.. .
. .
.
......
.
. . • • • • • . • . .••••••. . . • . • • . . • .
.•••••••••••••.•••••••••.••••••
jJ�g������::r$ :: :::::::::::: ::: : ::::: : :::::::::
JrfJn'lnould(!rs
. . . ..... . . . ...
I�:\l,orcr!; (uay) ;
JAI nlber·handlers .............................
)f�hlllists.....................................
)liners ,(eonJ) .................................. .
Printer» .......................................
Papcr-hnnccrs. ............................... .
PluDlbcrs .... . . . ........; .
. . . ...
l'la'-tcrcrJ'; . . . . ................................. .
P,t;',lcr" . . . . .. . ..... .............. ........... "
1:f,o !!iJIt!tnill men ................ ........ . . . .
�.. i·''''lIl1�n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' "
:-:':!'JII·:,,;,·.
.. . . .
. .
. . ..
· • • • • • • · • • • •• • • . • . • • • • •u • • • • • • • •
••
....
..
..
.
..
.
.
...
.
.
.
.
.. .
.
. . .. . . . .
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
..
.
. . ...
_--------v---
. . .
.
....
.
�51
JS
11
10
0
10
0
1
1..
11j
Iii
' I. ... . .
I 10
15
21
i!71
,3
3
-4 50.
" !ilt;
3 r.o�
I
I
3 [,0:
3
1
2::\.
2
9
.J
'I I
10
10
n
,1
.(
:)
10
10
10
10
7
.( . . . . . . . .
1�
/ nc
��i
'
,
I
10
.11
11
�
2 ..
'8
1all
32)
2
.
.
.. . . .
10
10.
Itt
. 4 00
W!
" W"
4. .
" .( lIiI
lj.
l lJ . _ ;>I.� J'
�
;,
r
•
1
.
toOl
2
1 00:
I 00'1
1 50
1 Gv'
1 M
1 a::.:
2 00;.
.
.;
1 �,
....
," (10
.
.
--2 u.I
I '''I
r ·i:;:.i .. � :::�! 1 (�:
�
i 81�\
., " -I
� ii;l,
-pi
i !iii;
U1i;
. . . ... . . 1
..
1 iO:
,, <lP '
1 50�
1 511;
1 oOi
.. . . . . .
..
2 lj�
1 ou
ftfJ.
.
l! Ir.!
2 1 0:
t;1�'
2 [,fl
(UI
S �!
" JGI
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J ,,\',
•
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2 (lU
.
,o!
M
! !�i
:; {in
JO
!O
·
!lfl.
3 (�I
2 i5
2 UI!
:; (III
10
1
1
1
2
:I 00;
.j ""
.( nil.
2 1i0
2 50
8�1
II
1 50 : �
2 SOl
�
!I)�
"I
"\
(If))
1 �1J,
r.o�
2 (IS'
3 (Illl
1 �ol
1
1
SG" ..
(il):
1 61
'"
Ufl'
;; flnl
i 50,
1
�
•••.
•
.
G:!
45
.• .
1
2 �
� I
� 1u
"I
!?
Q
",
0
0
Po
'!
",
0
i!.
I
$.1��1 �271
""'I �I?,!
�',;I ""I
2..,%
��
:.!liX
�2
�(;fI
:I:{fl
lli�l
2;0
rao
.:.!ou
:.!G4
2�0
2.J')
2!IO
272
2H
i!tii
:lW';
· 2;l
2i5
-'"
0·'
:t�i
:tlS
""'\
')-G
} :,�
�j
!!ii
ul
�l G
-�---
101
Jl1
1 t14
311
�Ii
"
J"
25
33
26
�
�
.i&�1
81
1
· 125
\
so
101!
laO!
31
..
""
25
-4(1
�,
!l3
681
30
31
'"
"
., '
22
24
27
"
'"
""
:!� I
1
"
130
3'
:-11
:I'i'
:1-;"
2.
27
20
.9
9
"
<i4 !
"
:J»
:iR
"' .
:l5
2G
2G
122
-,
20
"I
33
$1(\(\
�-
i:!:
GU.
!lG!
_
\
"Ii
..
-�-
i[, :
130:
liiil
nil
J:'15
!t!
>r.
l Ui
I�OI
J6
"
<0
.,��
20
17
18
25
"'
c,o
-
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to
(0
0
TABLE 3
"
8TATIBTICS OF LAU0I!.
292
SUMMARY
'(a)
OF l'AIILE V.-lIwome
m
..
EXI'll:NSE8 l/'on PERIOD OF
.lJ.:l!l'LOl::.t!l;NT.
""
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.
"
0
0", 0
.9 oi �
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"
WDV8TnIEa. ANn OOOUPATIONS.
a; a ..
h
pe
0-
"" e
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8Z
.a
0"
m
0_ u'" u·
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co
0
0
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Am�O��i:I."ir�"O'Sl"il"�' " I " "! 1
$,171
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1-17
,
."
PP.rollv . . ......,., ...... . .. {Numbor.1
AIllO UIlC ��.!O
fIleo omp!oy 0 . ...,_ . .
and Expenses:
40
[
1 171 10-t
'''I''"'
"I
illS
�,I
RESULT
.... iii ron Yl::A a,.
om
,, <
00
",0 .'"
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,
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HI 17 $:!'17J1�17 �'.11 ..... :
{ NUlUbur. 171l 5\ 17! lA�1 S.!!ti,�
{
. omc& OmpIOYbs · · .
$[)g $I� f�::::::
: .... �����t
. :s-n�111,I�:w�)" Hi l� 1: ::::1 1 f!>&
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lli
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lti
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o p�rAt1ves .. ...........'. . . , . . . .
i �lill$1% $� 1 �:!ti �Il f;!�
&�1l7 \ i{iU . . . . .
. {NUmbor.1 2H7! 83\ :!1t7\ ':.!lltl 1r.7 �1701 �I:!i 2:U! 2b7 -IS\ 1
Book blU��dOR . . . . '. . .
�77'S17r.
\':!�" ::1:' ::OHi �H 15li, $-I.
1
. �. .' ..: {No",".,.I:;;; "
;
?! " --;I--;j-:l:il-;;,
---:;
omeo omplo,o........
���7 �:J0I�:.!I\) �:!0l !;JI.lI stl'i' �2� t"J:H
$15
"
.
Dnklng t>owdor � . . ... ,:.� •\.
••• •••
.
:
.. · . . • •
..
.
.
.
.04\
Amount. f.llO HUi
.. . . . . � • • • •
.
AlUount. Il:l 17 S1liti
' ..
j
A.mouul . iS:I;!:J!�lbl.l
Amount. S4111
P,�.1:::: :::
lJti�:!lUl.i
••••••
. . . • . .
.
ill
--.1.....
o·
......
WOHKING Wnl\n;N TN
(11)
SnefAJlY
UlllnAGO.
�-,-- ---
1;
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1.... ...
-
0 ":; 0
0:1 -_ -
INDUSTRIES AND OOCUPATIONS.
�-c d 8 d
8 m 0. .... "'ti>
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......
.... !l.! 'O�l"('j 0
8
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.. .. .
.
...
. .
..
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UrnC(l omploye. • • • • • • • • .
.
.
..
.
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per
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•
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n
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8
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S22S . • • • • • • • • • • •
....
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2
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20
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3G61�fl2 $13 $2:' .
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$29
22 . . . . . .
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S7� $105 : :: : 5al Sl� :t1U� 5621::: ::: : : : : ::
�2\ . . . . . .
·n
<11 151 2 "\ 39
26\
41
JK;�1'tliJCr.\
1 Amount. $287151 1)0 Sa7 $18 1 f5 $27 $7 5-:l8 f254
iGl ..... .
N h
um
l-d
Iii
. . . . { NUmhnr.
.
i
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mho . 42 21i .121 1 6 21 G .f0 42
Amountr. �29,ynG{) :tl'f
� $']1 � S:,W
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Iii
tii
1
{ N Umber. 12r.
1 ""I
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1
1
127 140
S
$10
42
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IG . . . . . .
.•••.•
$'23
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3
Slf)
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25 " "
.,1�10Z
$·I&i $20"7 �
� $26 $W $2n $418 572
:.:..:.:.::
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;}
3
1
1
2
2
{
:l
2
3
!l
{ Number.
. . . . . . . . Amountl"''' '''·'! "'1'257 "'
25
Den" mnkln"" ••••••••• �......... { NUmbo"
Amount..
.
Q
."
SUB $ifJj S:JS SlC\� 1 / $12101
. Amount.!!2i:l itSG3!l1 S12::i $1548:;1 502 S2>ll�ollfi $12l1R!l $151211Hj 1!'2121;73 21
. .................. Amount. !i337 9-)87 t72 $11i6 $15 SlG S;ll . 5318 $101
.
1
! l 1 1 I I .r�1 Sl�
�11 "I .. I�711621. 1 '"I
1
.
5J
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:
�
;�:;�::: f4 �I� /1 :�I����I :;1 ��/I: : I ;�'I
I I
l
.10
or.
DopArt mcnt storcs . . . . .-. . .. . . ,. J1 Amount.
$32!1:lH8i �
Omen employ's
I,j . . . . . . .
'. '
"
j
"
....
Omce cmpIOfos . . . . . . . . . . . , •• { ���:��� i6 1I': :::
2
"lives.
0"0
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f Nu
... .... . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • 1
Clol hln'"
".
RI
AA
.......... ··. . . . . . . . · 1 Amount. $3()3 $WI
"t',ves
.0 I' r..
- ....................
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..
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. 1��'::��\: t11i �lg .�1 $1�� .1� .jI, :::: .lj
. . . . . .. .
.
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umbor'l e,1
...... ••••• . N
Amoun
t. SmarHG!J S:Il8!�204
61 11 Col
I Nnmhnt".
...
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ORlcocmVlOyeS •
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s re
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...... :.
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"I �"I $�! �721 SIr." �'�I:..:.
m'llH:JO !:H1$12'!
Amount. �.!(i
l'" S228 sn1 �n10 �lO1 i364 .
Alnount. $3(i.t .
"'I " 6'1 "tO tH5sr.1 .... +. ....
A mOUnll�.!251$13" $,'),1 5126
1
13
"'\
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.
M\
501
,,\ "I 10
Amount, i2 3'16j 1 !'86 $l1!1 $15 i15
.. .. 1 IH!} S260 1371....
-!:I
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··· · · . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . { Nttmbor.
Or.I11I1"
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FOR YXA.R.
e
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. ,,;
,.
;;;'--
'iijd f � E-S tl
C
w
EX"'Nr.". FOR Penron OF
EML>LOyMENT.
----_.
� � -----
e.<l
2113
TATlI,]; V .-(OTlt,illlWd. IT/comn :wri EXflPTlSOS.
O�'
::! ai
nnl11
(continued )
TABLE 3
OpcrnUycs . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . .
I
I
I
1 0211 '16
SIBI
I
" 1 $12"1 " . . . .
{������ $,�3 � $�IS3�1, $1� S�� si� $�3 S/g& sl� ::::::
({
II
, "
j
'.
TABLE 3
(cont inued )
J)TA'!'ISTICS OF LAlJOR.
294,
SUMMAItY
(a)
Income and Expenses.
01' TAIll,E Y.-Continlled.
EXPENSES lion PERIOD OF
EMPLOYMENT.
e ·
�
�
�� "
."
�
0 " .g "
· W '"d� '"
�:.. . 8 'g
oS
••
>w
cO
�0 " •.0
"0
"iii
!:!
.
_0
0_ ,.0 , .
11
"
';;
w
..,
"
"
•
w
", 0
INDUSTRIES .um ·OCCUPATIONS.
:..
0':::
"' k
��d
tl
"0
�.2
8
0
0
0
,;
•
0
"
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oJ
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•
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. .. . . . . .
,
.
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l N umber'
Amou nt-. IHOG SISti
Nurobor.
. . . . .. { Amou nt.
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.. . .
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. ,,---,.- 1 .�I
1
..
..,
.
umber'
": .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " l N
AmO unt. �'2tili
Frlu"
$215
'"
'"
$80 $'2!!3 �
OU "·'
k
•
0
2
122
.. . .
·" , ,,"
1 ....
" 2
$7ti sua! f1 522
"
.
1
, .. I
2
:!
jNu mbor.
Offie. o m ploy'= . . . . . . . . . . . ... AmOUUI' "W"" "',SIll
,
,
l N umber. HH 4
181 H2
Operatives . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • Amo nt. i:.J7H $l5!J
:! $ti:.l tfl!).(
u
21
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,
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.• ••
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$:}77
3
3
1
18
18t
21
!ttl
. .
. .·..
..•...
.... ..
I) • • • • • • • • • • • •
:;
515 $31
$1 0
' Numbor. 3!1
tI
3:J
Operut1vcs • • • , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • { Amo
u nt. �ij2 $188 li61 $Wl
•
.
W u ta- .
r oor
Fu
utl·,.
o.�
lNumb�r·
·
" r
1G >I49
v . .. , . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Amou
BI. ,"ZJ
· $"
l :! ·. ·. ·. , S'-I $IU m
lO $1"
"
1
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,;
"
0
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.
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1m � $.105 :.:.:..:.:.:.
.:.:..:.:...:.:
$15
$:.'7'
j
A
)2') 171
li�;; :ill
S17
'
0
" I ",I ,,,I ".1 ,,,I
$tiil SHin
Offie• •mploye. .. . . . . . . . . .. .
t"
,
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.�
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8�
'
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l ·1 '1 ·1 'I '1 'I · '1' .1 . . .
f 11 1f 611I 41 [ $251 1,501 l!1l'l " " .
. ..
S3OO18156
i300 ••.••. I ••.•••
Am�ount:ls:!82!s1551I s�jl�iujl sisI s�1 Sill �i51 1 l
al :ll i""l I 1 W SI" 1 .
I I 1 1 I $I:.l I 1 I $:7. 5I 1
l "I ·1 "I "'I '"I 31il" "I "1 "I "I......
, l�::,���i: $Hjli2J� s,;I$lI�1 $I�I � :::: ,,il
I 1 30 I I I l l 1 1 :
I 1 l l I I 1 ,,1 ,,1 161
".
er.
01110e empl0y6& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . { Numb
AW OUU'
Operatives.
a•
2
•
DrY I:0ods• • • •' • • • • • • • • • • , . � . . • • • •
_
.0
0
RESULT
FOB YEAB.
�,;
",I
S
is
13
513
: : : : :.
.. .
••••.•
..
18 . . . . .
S'I
l
•• "
"
$275 � ::...:.:...:.:
'
SlOt
5 81 : : : : :
5:1"
'" . . . . . .
33
f2tio
2 ......
t>25 , _ . _ , .
,I · " , ·
TABLE 3
{'T1ICAHO .
WOnKING WO�f E N IN
SOIM ATlY
,.
(a)
OF
'l'ABl,E V.-Cvlltimwri.
.
(continued )
•
illCOl11r ,7.nd JiJX!,CIIS('S.
l����gi:I�";\'lIl.!mll::::\ : :::\ "r\ $!�I sl�1 scil 4
I I 1 .Wldll : : I .Ml l;1 sl�1 tal::1 dl: : ;:
1 ""I ,sl ""I "'I "I ""I I &11 \ 1
, l I "' ""' . . . .:16 ""
\ 1II'1 1 1
, 1 �g���i:lsi.llS!l�1 silISJ�I.l!1 �I s�1 !�I .i.( sJI ..!
M�����:�C�I'��::-""""" '''r
)!�';�;�;;::.:�.d.��:'.���� .
2D5
. . . ..
.
:::::
1 ����I: !31� $l,�
3
.
1" 20
I Nu mber·
!lent pnokmR'... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Am ount.
I $2'.1 &:t77
El�!l ::2'J(l fIll f�1Ii $ 1 1 1n2 Stu
$127 $53
- - 1_ -.- -,- - 1- -1 jNllmbcr.l HI 2tl HI 221 18l 1:.11 • • • • ,(II
�
itll
HI
1.
Offie• •mploy"
............... 1 Am ount· '''''''''';' ''"' ''''
$136 SlO'
.. .
OporlLtlvea · . . • .
o
.
•••
H lii1
J Numbcr .
. . · · � · · · · .. l A mount $ 23 65
1
N��:,::�:;;::- . . . . . .
Neckwear .. . .. . . .
. . . . . . ..
137
S!H1$201
lr.l
3 $1
.. .
d 1-;;;
,,,
I Numbor. ,,,'
'
... .. . . . . . . 1 A m ount. $'132 8 1!lO} S53 ��1j10
-iO
$2
11� 1 50 lal
.13 $10 $14 �21
1
S91
Z
$IS
1 1 1 1
12 11' 113 136 };C,; 10 ......
1 $20 $i.'5 �I $� S321 J $15t .:..:.:.:..:..:
{ Number. 2·� 3 2� 26 2 25 21 28 211 1 ..... .
I • . . . . . . . . . . . . . A mount. E3;,H205 $58 S2lS 51;} �6 SI3 $31 $lIS $240 ..... .
Office cmP.oy"s.
.
9
108
j Nu mber ! lnR 2� 108 8; 10 93 fl2 108
Oporntives. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 Am Oun t.. �J2j 5'l x!l �iJl 5'195 $22 $25 $11 S3" $313 1144 ..... .
. ..
.
'
,
Paper boxes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
I
. • • • ••
1
{ NAummount.
bor.l m1
$174
l�
2.1
\
Operatives.. ..
. ..
.......
.. . . .. 1
20
N u mber.
Am ounl. S2;)2 !Hi4
1
1261
-I
131
!l!l 127
$:.!ll $11 $9 6258 �
88 1�1
3
5 5 6 oJ
6 !!2H $31 tJ2 516 sll
126 lOG 83 119 94 123
'50 1$148 &12 S25 $11 $9
6
I N umber.
5
t.
om�e cmpI oy ,,8 . . . . .. . . . . . . .. l ,Kmount. SH:li$178 $ 6
3
1 1
131 10:l
S.W $161 $13
,
5 ......
"I
.t
m
.1
$-t24 . . . . . . . . . . .
126
S2S 1
S�?
3
111}
, I
[ tab l e 1 ]
Humr IJlLE ANJl �m.
1 .
Jiugh I n l e l oved to do
d e l ight in lahar of e.ny kind.
TOrr,
on l y wl1R t was ag re e a b l e ,
s c ho o l mas ter , who went by the name o f Nr.
Those ,,,h o knew him b e s t ,
worthy charnc ter ,
,(rown peopl e ,
�,
very s tr i c t
To i l .
af-f'irned that Nr .
an(\ that he han done more goon ,
than any hody e l s e in the world .
severe and ugly c ountenanc e ;
rr o i l was a very
hath to c h i lclren and
He hail , howeve r ,
h i s v o i c e was harsh ;
T .:t ' _
"' ' ' ''' '' .
Th e whole day long thi s t e r r i h l e old s c h o o l-ma5ter sta l k e d
about amonr. h i s s c h o lars ,
with
a.
ani!. u n I t 5 5 a
b i g cane in h i s hnnd ;
lad c ho s e to a t l,end c o n s tantly and ql1 i e t ly to h i s b,: r:>k ,
chance o f enj oyinr.- a s ing l e q u i e t {lIOnent.
thourrht Hugh ;
4.
a
and a l l h i s ways
If. _ _l..
.. . .· b "
3.
"took no
But wh i l e Hugh was yet a l ittle boy,
he was sent ft'{ay from home , and put unrler the care o f
2.
and
ttI ' l l run o r r ,
pay hj R e x pen s � s
Xor h i s hre nJ,fas t ,
man ( , f grave and
.
He hRd
u rrhi s wi l l never do
for rle , "
ll,nd try to find WY way hone . 1I
So the- ve I'Y ne xt Morning off h e
bread anel c h e e s e
he had no
gone
a nd
�tn,rtf'(l , '011. th on l y �OITJe
ve r;;' Ii t t a: e poclt� t-r<loney +'0
hut a short (I i stn.nce J ,",' hpn h e ove r to o k n
s e d ate appearance
trudging at a
T'l
Od e r n te fnC' c n.- l o lll� t h e
road .
5.
HGooo l'lorning ,
s e emed h a. rd
rl�' fine
l ad ! "
said the
si.,rang e r ;
and s e v e r e , :ret hn.(l a s o r t o f h.ind n e � s
in
it;
ond h i s v o i c e
n,{h e n c c
d o you
-2-
c ome
s o early ,
6 ..
and w h i ther are you go ing'? "
Now Hugh was a boy o f very frank d i s p o s i t i on ,
been known to te l l
but c on f e s s e d
rl i s l ike
that he
to �'!r .
" O h f very �.;e l l ,
To i l ,
an,l
on acc ount o f h i s great
my l i t t l e
for I
friend ! " answered the
at
work.
should be g l a,j
l e arn l e s s ons a. l l day l o ng ,
But
good
t o find some p l a c e where
wh e r e SOMe hay­
Hugh c onlrl. n o t h e l p thinkinlJ r.ow I'lUch p l e a s n.nter
it must be t o make hn�r i n the suns J J i n e ,
watched by Hr .
It
l i kevi s e have had
By and by th e i r r oa,\ l e d them_ past a f i e ld ,
makers were
one- n o w ,
S o they walked o n s oc iably side by s id e .
he was never h e ard of"
8.
N o r did he t�l l
hnn r un away from s c h o o l
Toi l .
to do w i th lir.
7.
in a l l h i s l ife.
" tl , e n we wi l l 10 0 together ;
strang e r ;
d e al
a lie
and. had never
unct e r tlw blue sky,
shut u p i n a d i s m a l
than t o
� c h o o l-ro or'1 ,
c on t i l l llf-l. l ly
1'o i l .
in
the m i d s t of th e s e thour:h ts ,
peep o v e r t h e s tone wa. l l ,
pan i on ' s hand .
" Qu i c k ,
he
wh i l e he " as stopping t o
s"tarterl h a c k and (! [! u � h t h o l d
q ui c k ! "
c r i ed h e ;
" l e t us
of his
run away ,
c om­
or he wi l l
catch us ! "
9.
10.
Who 'vi I I
".Hr .
catch us '? " asked the
'ro i l ,
t h e o l d s c h o o l -master , "
s e e h i m Rrlonr, the hay-mah e r s '?1t
who
seemerl to be
1 1 .
He ,... a s
the
}ru s i ly n.t 'vorl\.
tllP. o l d
to nahe h o ;.' wh i l e
PaTPler 'oJ(� r e
p.nd
th p
answered Hug h ;
" d o n ' t you
and Hu�:h pointed t o an e ld e r l y TT]'l n ,
OW)1er o f the
sweat s tood upon l ! i s h r ow ;
people
s trang e r .
in
r i e l rl .
h i !">
he h e r t c on s tan t l;
Rlm
proc i R e ly the
The rl rops
R L i r t s l c ev e s .
�hoJle .
S i \ me a s
S tran!!8
th o s e
'
c
to
:
o f'
r \T i nJ-�
out
to h i s
say,
the
reatures o f
o f Nr .
vo rlli:­
'fo i l , W!lD a t thnt
-3-
,j u s t
very 1lI00'1ent must have heen
n])on t t be
12.
s c h o o l-M,', s t e r ,
trouble you ,
out of
t o Hr .
said
the
strnng e r ;
b u t it brother o f h i s ,
" tJl i s i s not �'lr .
lvho wa s bred
a
farMp.r .
'l'o i l ,
tI l e
He wo n I t
u n l e s s you b e C O Il1e a ) ahoror on l t i s farM . "
Hugh b e l i eved whnt h i s c ompan i o n � a i d ,
13.
were
a. fraid , "
entering' the s c h o o l -room .
ihght
To i l .
of t]lf� o l d
�'h e two
b u i l d i n g a hous e .
farmer who
hore
but was glad ",·h en
they
such a. s i ngula.r r e semblance
trave l e rs enme t o a spot where SOr.1. e c arpenters were
Hugh begged h i s c or:1pa n i o n t o stop awh i l e ,
,"or i t
was a pretty s ight, t o s e e how neatly the carpenters (l i d th e i r work w i t h
the i r saws ,
plan e s ,
should lihe
to u s e t h e S [ W ,
c arpenter h i m s e l r .
him
and hamme r s ;
aga i n . I t
n;·fake haste !
'fh e
and t h e p l an e ,
and t h e hm.lIoe r ,
in a �reat frigh t .
quick, quick ! "
c r i ed h e ;
who
s e emed
to
be
ove r s e e i nl�
went t o and f r o about the unf'inished hOll s e ,
and urging iJh c men to h e d i l i gen t ;
hard and w l ' i n] <: l e d
15.
Htlle-re ' s
olrl Nr .
Toil
strnnge::: c a s t h i s eye s where hugh pointed h i s finge r ,
saw an eldf�rl y Plan ,
done ,
and b e a
nut suddenly h e caught s i ght. t o something tha.t made
s e i z e h i s f r i e n d ' s hand ,
14.
and h e 'vas beginning to t h i n k he t o o
" Oh ,
v i Rage ,
no ! "
they s (twefl
the
carpente r s ,
as he
ITInrki n r, out the work to he
ann 1"herever h e turned
nn o. hamJTl f'ren a s
Th i s i s n o t Nr . Toi l ,
and
tJh e
if
his
rOT' deftr 1 i r e o
f1 c h o o l-rut s f.e r , "
said
tho
carpAnte r . "
1 6.
I
should
HI
am vpry
l i k,:,
to
i�et
$! l nd to hear i t ,
out of h i .s Vil�'
It
q u o th Hugh ;
o
hut
i f ;rOll p I en..c:; e ,
as .s (Yn ns p o s s i h l e . "
Rir,
-4-
1 .
Now Hugh and the strangp.r lIRe! not gone 1'il�1Ch further , when
they met a C OI!lpnny of s 0 1 d i p r s , gayly dres sen , wi th .feathers in the i r
caps , and g l i ttpring f'111SJ{(�tS on th e i r shoulrlp.rs .
I h , · fro nt MH.rc hed the
drummers and fifRrs , PH1.1dng slIch iTIPrry pm s i c +...h at Hugh woul(l �larl.ly h�lve
fol l ower! thcPl +' 0 the end o P the worl d .
If
h e '<ere o n l y
it
s ol d i e r , he
said t o himse l f , o ld �1r . 'roi l wouln never venture to l o ok him in the rac e .
2.
uQlliclt s t e p ! forwil rrl. ! marc h ! " Bhouted
3.
Little;. Hugh stnrtcct i n .I.treat d i snny ;
[I� l�ruff
vo i c e .
for th i s v o i c e sounderl
prec i s e ly l ike t1q1.t "'hi e h he had henT(l evpry dR..)' in �lr. 'l'o i l t s s c h o o l ­
room.
And tllrninf� h i s B�.res to the cn::-tain o f thf' c OMpa.ny, what should h e
s e e but the very image o r alii N r . 'ro i l h imse l f , l. n an o f f i c e r ' s n :r: e s s . t o
b e sur e , but l ool{inj.:,{ a s ugly and d i s agreeable as eve r .
4.
voi c e .
5.
" 'f his i s c ertainly o l d Nr .. 'ro i 1 , I I said JiufY ; ' , i n a trembl ing
"Let u s 111vay ,
"You
('or fear h e should make us en l i s t i n h i s � o[ylTHl,n:r . "
are Mi staken again , my l i tt l e f'riend , " repl i ed the stranger
very c ompol1edly.
"This i s only a h r oth e r o f Nr . Toi l ' s , who has serveci
You anti I ne e d I�ot be afrni(l o f h im . "
in the arMY all h i s l i fe .
6.
"\';e l l , 1,To l l , " said Hugh , j f you plea.s e , s i r , I don ' t wllnt to
s e e the s o l<1 i o r s any nore . "
j ourne,"y ;
were
anrl , n fter
m;jl i 1 e ,
the:.'{
dnn c i np. t o the sound of'
7.
nOh ,
l e t us
5 t,Op
a
r e S l lJlw ...l
tl L e i r
C ftMe to 11 house by the road-oR i d e t
��thBre
the c l t i l d l.'t.Ild the stranger
So
fid.d l c .
h0re , " c r i ed l i I ! gl l ;
tt:;-'l r .
'!'o i l w i l l
never
d are
-
to
show h i s
face ,.,h e r e
and maki ng m e r r'l .
;
R.
whe n ,
there
is a
5
-
fidcll er ,
and whr>re p e o p l e
tI
But the "l o r d s had sca.rcely d i nd �ulny on th�
o f l l r . T (; i l , arr!'lCd ,,!i.th
again but the l i kene s s
f l o u r i shing i t wi th as PlUch
" Oh ,
9.
tongue ,
a. f i d d l e-bow th i s
Aase and dexteri ty a.s
time ,
dear fTIe ! 1t wll i sperecl h e ,
Toil
i f he had b e e n a
turninr, pal e ;
" i t s � er:lS <tS
i r tl l e r e
i n the world . "
" Th i s i s n o t your o l d s c h o ol-master , "
o b s e rved
the
s tr:'.nger ,
o r h i s , who has l " "rned to be a fidd l e r .
"hut "nother hrother
lIe
is
fn,pli l y ;
and
generally c H l 1 s h i mf' E' J f Naster Pleasur e ;
h i s reftl naMe i s To i l ,
",ne!
those who know h im b e s t think h i m s t i l l More
ashamed
of his
d i sagr e e a h l e
was
"Pray,
12.
We l l ,
l e t u s go
thus
the
on , tt sa.id Hugh .
t,.".o went wan d e r i ng p, long the h i ghway and
through pleasant vi l l age s ,
the image of o l a }Ir.
par l o r ;
i f th e;v pp.cped
at 1 1 oJ'1e
i n every
To i l .
fe l l ow ,
i n shaay
h ph o l d !
there
I F the)T entered a hon s e , he sat i n the
h n WP.s t h p r e !
Be
I"lnd0 h i n,l f> e l f
c o t tn�re , awl s t o l e , under one d i sHui s e or anothe r , i n t o
s c h o ol-Ina s t e l' l
13.
and wherever the�T wnnt ,
in to the k i tr.-hen ,
th e m o s t s p l e n n .i d I:lan s i o n s .
old
but
thnn I l i s brottt e r s . ,t
11.
lanes and
and
life.
were nobody hut ;,Ir .
1O .
l i +, t l e h ny ' s
c "" t h i s e�' e s on the f id d l e r , wllOm should he behold
happening to
fidd l e r a l l h i s
a.re d_ n n c ing
oS
At length ,
the�T f-l tuI"lb 1 en o n
E\Tcry-,.".hprp
innuPHH'ahl e brot,llf'rs
!'i O ' ' c
0
r
the
..
I i t t e Hugh found I '_ i ms l' l r C OP11) l e t e l y ,.".o rn out w i th
burs t i ng i n t o
tenr s ,
" I f there i s n o tJ d n g hut T o i l nI l t h e wo r J d
-6-
over ,
1 may
' ·l .
"
j us t,
a s ,�re l l I!O back to t l ' e s c h o o l-hous e . '1
Yo nd e r
i t is ;
in a c i rc l e
There
s c ho ol-hollse ! 11
said
the
taken a great mnny steps ,
instellcl o f a straigh t l i n e .
IIC OPlf' ,
strange r ;
th e:" had
we w i l l f�o
together. "
bltck to the s c h o o l
1 5.
the
I i ttle I 1 1 l !�h h ad
for th0111;h h e nnn
trl:l v e l ec1
the re i s
WitS s o m e thing in h i s c ompanion ' s v o i c e that l i ttle Hugh
now remembered ;
a n( l i t i s
Looking lIT) into h i s
fac e ,
strn.nHe
beh o l d !
that he had n o t remeP"lhcren i t s o on e r .
there again was
the
likenes.s
of
old Hr. 'ro i l , so that t h e p o o r c h i l d had been t h e c onpltny ';ith '.C o i l
even whi I e h e hacl been doin!.! hi [; be s t tn run away
a l l dny,
Little
1 6.
liugh
Ielle, however, had l e arned a g o orl l O R s o n ,
that time f o rward was dili:�cnt at h i s tasK,
d i l i genc e
when he
is
not
n.
wh i t r:: o re to i l s ome
so d i s agreeahl e ,
smj Ie of approbation
P1nCle
Lis
"because
Toil
t
and that the
anci
fr oPl
he now kne't., that
than sport or idleness.
hecame hetter acquainted ,.;i th :lr.
h i s ways ,,,ere not
rrorn h i pl .
:\.nd
he bega.n t o think
old school-master I s
face sOI'letincs appe rt l
almost as p l e a s n.nt
as even thRt of Hugh ' s mother. *
*;!cGll f fev ' s Fourth Ec lec t i c Hp.[vl e r ltev i s ed
Bragg & C o . ,
1 379 ) , 2 2 1 -226.
( C i n c innatJi :
Van j\ntwerp