Chapter 6
Sections 2 & 3
1. Explain what the Declaration of Pilnitz is
a. European rulers threatened to intervene to protect the French monarchy. The king
of Prussia and the emperor of Austria (Marie Antoinette's brother) issued the
Declaration of Pilnitz, threatening to intervene to protect the French monarchy.
2. What form of government was demanded by the sans-culottes?
a. Republic. By 1791, many sans-culottes demanded a republic, or government ruled
by elected officials instead of a monarch.
3. Which phrase best describes the term sans-culotte?
a. men and women who were radical revolutionaries. The sans-culotte, literally
meaning "without breeches" because they favored wearing long trousers, were
working-class men and women who pushed the revolution into more radical action.
4. The French declared war on Austria, Prussia, Britain, and others, which caused those great
powers to react in what way?
a. They expected an easy victory. The great powers expected an easy victory since
France was divided by revolution, facing crises at home.
5. Why did European rulers oppose the French Revolution?
a. they were afraid that revolutionary ideas would spread to their own countries.
European rulers were afraid of having their privileges, their property, their religion,
and their lives threatened if the French revolutionary ideas were to spread. Even
"enlightened" rulers turned against France.
6. What were the consequences of the French Revolution?
a. The French Revolution dislodged the old social order, overthrew the monarchy, and
brought the Church under state control. The Civil Constitution ended papal
authority over the French Church and dissolved convents and monasteries.
7. What does the term faction means?
a. dissenting group of people
8. Who was known as a "hero of two worlds?"
a. The Marquis de Lafayette was the aristocratic "hero of two worlds" who fought
alongside George Washington in the American Revolution.
9. Who declared that, "Woman is born free and her rights are the same as those of man."?
a. n 1791, Olympe de Gouges, a journalist, demanded equal rights in her Declaration
of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen.
10. What did the National Assembly issued as a first step toward writing a constitution, the
National Assembly?
a. The Tennis Court Oath. As a first step towards writing a constitution, the Assembly
issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, which was modeled in
part on the American Declaration of Independence.
11. What was the Reign of Terror and who was its main architect?
a. Robespierre was one of the main architects of the Reign of Terror.
b. It was a period of violence that came to pass after the beginning of the French
Revolution; it was ignited by a conflict between rival political factions,
the Girondins and the Jacobins, and it was marked by mass executions of "enemies
of the revolution." Estimates vary widely as to how many were killed, with numbers
ranging from 16,000 to 40,000; in many cases, records were not kept or, if they
were, they are considered likely to be inaccurate. The guillotine (called the "National
Razor") became the symbol of a string of executions: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette,
the Girondins, Philippe Égalité (Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans) andMadame
Roland, as well as many others, such as pioneering chemist Antoine Lavoisier, lost
their lives under its blade.
12. In 1792, radicals took control of the Assembly, abolished the monarchy, and… (What else
did they do?)
a. declared France a republic in the 1872 Convention because they wanted a
government ruled by elected representatives, not a monarch.
13. What did it mean or signified attending civic festivals that celebrated the nation and
revolution?
a. Nationalism, a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country, spread
throughout France.
14. What enlightenment idea did Robespierre embrace?
a. Rousseau's idea of the general will as the source of all legitimate law.
15. Why was Maximilien Robespierre nicknamed "the incorruptible"?
a. He showed selfless dedication to the revolution. The Jacobins nicknamed
Robespierre "the incorruptible" because of his dedication to the revolution.
16. What happened during the "September massacres"?
a. Citizens attacked prisons that held nobles and priests accused of political crimes.
About 1,200 prisoners were killed; many were ordinary criminals.
17. Which French port city lent its name to what would become the French national anthem?
a. From the port city of Marseilles, troops marched to a song rallying against the
"bloody banner of tyranny." This song, "La Marseillaise," would later become the
French national anthem.
18. What was different about the suffrage extended to the people of France?
a. Suffrage extended to all male citizens. The Assembly offered right to vote to all male
citizens, not just those who owned property.
19. Who was already a popular military hero when the French politicians turned to him?
a. As chaos threatened, politicians turned to Napoleon Bonaparte, a popular military
hero who had won a series of brilliant victories against the Austrians in Italy.