NOTES
The Human
Population
Ch. 9
1
China has one of the world’s largest populations. From 2000-2005, China
increased its energy use by 70%, with a corresponding increase air pollution
In the same time frame, 54% of China’s seven major rivers contained water unfit
for human consumption.
2
The human population of Earth grew faster in the 20th century than it ever has before.
This has led to environmental problems around the globe.
DEMOGRAPHY
_________________________________study of populations
processes
For human populations, demographers study the ________________________________
that influence the
comparisons
predictions
populations of countries to make _____________________________
and ____________________________,
human behavior, economics, and social structure
including __________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3
DEVELOPED
Countries are classified into one of two categories: _______________________________________
or
DEVELOPING
__________________________________________.
higher average incomes, slower population growth, and diverse
Developed Countries have: ____________________________________________________________________
industrial economies
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
lower average incomes, simple agriculture-based economies,
Developing Countries have: ____________________________________________________________________
and rapid population growth
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
4
After growing slowly for thousands of years, the _________________________________________
industrial
and
scientific
____________________________________
revolutions in the 1800’s brought about a period of
exponential growth
_________________________________________.
increases in food production
The growth is due to ____________________________________________________________
and
improvements in hygiene
________________________________________________________.
5
How will Wichita Falls change in the next 20 years?
More schools or more retirement centers?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
More people move in? More roads and utility services
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
AGE STRUCTURE
____________________________________distribution of ages in a specific population at a certain time
older people
young people
If a population has more _________________________________
than _______________________________,
population size
increase
the ________________________________________
will likely ______________________________________.
6
SURVIVORSHIP
___________________________________percentage of members of a group that are likely to survive to
any given age
TYPE I
_________________________________shows a population where most
advanced age ( older age )
members live to an ________________________________________________
Humans and some animals in zoos
_________________________________________________________________
TYPE II
_________________________________show populations where all ages
similar death rate
have a ___________________________________________________________
Songbirds
_________________________________________________________________
TYPE III
_________________________________show populations where many of
offspring die
the _____________________________________________________________
Insects and fish
_________________________________________________________________
7
BIRTHRATE
________________________________number of babies born each year per 1,000 people in a population
FERTILITY RATE
________________________________average number of children a woman gives birth to in her lifetime
REPLACEMENT LEVEL
_____________________________________average
number of children two parents must have in order
“replace” themselves in the population
to ___________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2.1
The number is about _______________,
or slightly
2
more than ____________,
because not all children
survive and reproduce
born will _____________________________________
_____________________________________________
8
MIGRATION
_________________________________the movement of individuals from one area to another
IMMIGRATION
_________________________________movement of people into an area
EMIGRATION
_________________________________movement of people out of an area
decreasing
If not for immigration, the populations of many developed countries might be _________________________
9
The dramatic increase in Earth’s human population in the last 200 years has happened because the
death rates
birth rates
_______________________________________
have declined more rapidly than the ____________________
have increased
___________________________________.
adequate food, clean water,
This has happened because more people now have access to ______________________________________
safe sewage disposal, and the discovery of vaccines in the 18th century
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
10
LIFE EXPECTANCY
____________________________________average number of years
members of a population are likely to live
INFANT MORTALITY RATE
_______________________________________death rate of infants less than
one year old; affects the average life expectancy
30
In 1900, the worldwide life expectancy was _________
years, and the infant
mortality rate was very high.
1/3
By 2000, the infant mortality rate was less than __________
of the rate in
60
70
1900, and the life expectancy was up to between _________
and ___________
80
years, and nearly ________
years in developed countries.
11
Expensive medical care does not necessarily help prevent infant deaths.
The infant mortality rate varies greatly among countries.
48th
221
The United States has the highest average income, but only ranks _____________
out of ____________
47
countries in infant mortality, meaning __________
countries have fewer infants die before their first
birthday.
Life Expectancy is facing new threats as populations become more dense:
Contagious diseases: AIDS, Tuberculosis, Ebola, and other diseases
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
12
Populations in most developed countries are growing at fairly low rates.
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
_______________________________________a model that describes how economic and social changes
affect population growth rates
STAGES OF THE TRANSITION
Pre-industrial society; birth and death rate are both very high; population size is stable
Stage 1: __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Death rates decline as hygiene, nutrition, and education improve; birth rates remain high
Stage 2: __________________________________________________________________________________
making the population grow very fast and can double in 30 years
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Population growth slows and stabilizes from a decreased birth rate; populations have
Stage 3: __________________________________________________________________________________
quadrupled in countries at this stage in the 1900’s
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
13
Birth rates drop below the replacement level, making the population size begin to drop
Stage 4: ___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
It has taken only one to three generations for this transition to occur in developed countries.
14
Some countries have followed the demographic transition, reaching a large and stable populations, and
increasing life expectancies.
In other countries, populations continue to have high growth rates that are creating environmental
problems and overload the infrastructure.
INFRASTRUCTURE
_____________________________________basic facilities and services that support a community,
public water supplies, sewer lines, power plants, roads, schools, and hospitals
including _________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
suburban sprawl, overcrowded schools,
Symptoms of an overwhelmed population include:______________________________________________
polluted rivers, barren land, and inadequate housing
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
15
clean water, fuel, and land that can be used to acquire and produce food
People cannot live without __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
RESOURCE DEPLETION
____________________________________using resources faster than the environment can renew them.
Wood is removed faster than forests can grow it back
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Wastes overwhelm local water resources
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Vegetation, water and land are critically affected
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
16
17
FUELWOOD
_______________________________used for cooking and heating homes
Overpopulation in underdeveloped countries causes a major fuelwood shortage
Shortages already exist in parts of Africa, Asia, and India
18
UNSAFE WATER
____________________________________water deemed unsuitable for human consumption and
washing
dysentery, typhoid, and cholera
Contains diseases such as __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
In 2001, over 1 billion people lacked safe drinking water and more than 3 million died from diseases that
were spread through water.
19
ARABLE LAND
___________________________________land that can be used to grow crops
agriculture, housing, or natural habitats
Using the land for ___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________ causes growing populations to decide how to use the land, despite
there not being enough land to go around.
URBANIZATION
rural ( farmland )
_________________________________the movement of people from _______________________________
urban ( cities )
to ___________________________________
areas
URBAN SPRAWL
______________________________________area where people work in cities but live in suburban areas,
traffic jams, inadequate infrastructure, lack of farmland, and lack of animal habitats
which causes ______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
21
LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
______________________________________________show few signs of development; sometimes have
increasing death rates while birth rates remain high
UNITED NATIONS CRITERIA FOR LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
1. LOW INCOME
______________________________________national income per person is less than $750 per year
2. WEAK HUMAN ASSETS
______________________________________include nutrition, health, education, & adult literacy
3. ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY
______________________________________instability in agriculture and export of goods & services
IDENTIFIED LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES BY THE UNITED NATIONS:
Haiti, Madagascar, Malawi, Somalia, Samoa, Afghanistan,
________________________________________________________________
Bangladesh, and the Sudan
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
22
IDENTIFIED MORE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES BY THE UNITED NATIONS:
Europe, the United States, Canada, Russia, South Korea, Thailand, China, Japan,
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Australia, and New Zealand
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS ( MDG )
___________________________________________________established in1994 to help countries come
up with ways to control their population growth
23
7 billion
The human population of the Earth is now over _____________________________________
and is still
87 million per year
increasing. The growth rate peaked at _________________________________________
between the
1985
1990
years _______________
and ________________.
Fertility rates
___________________________________
have declined since about 1970 in developed and less
much higher
developed countries, but are still __________________________________
in the least developed
countries.
9 billion
By 2050, the world population is predicted to be about _____________________________________,
however economic or political changes could lead to higher or lower numbers.
24
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