Scientific American
we
present
known
THREE HUNDRED :YEARS OF
NEW YORK.
in
view
which
rerity.
herewith.
of
it
New
was
To obtain
This
York,
published
a correct
is
and
is,
the
the
of
SEPTEMBER
earliest
little
the
book
greatest
idea of the topography,
it is necessary to view the plan in a m irror, as it is
When Henry Hudson approacb,�d the opening of the
upper bay he did not at first knOw that he was near-
reversed.
It was probably obtained with the aid of
a camera obscura from some point on the Long Island
shore and was never restored to its proper position.
Although the print is on a small scale, it gives con­
siderable detail, the number of buildings shown being
that it was the northwest passage to India, that Ignis
about thirty or thirty-five.
In the fort were situated
Fatuus of so many of the old navigators.
the
chapel,
the lower bay for more than a week before he
chored
in
New
York
Harbor
proper.
an­
Governor's
seldiers,
house,
magazines,
any attempt to
found a substantial colony until 1621, when the Dutch
West India Company came into existence.
mirably
organized
and
they
It was ad­
established
a
strongly
garrisoned colony which was the nucleus of a colonial
government which was in control of a vast territory
which stretched from Virginia to New England.
municipality
itself,
however,
was
of
almost
The
micro-
Buildings have bet>n erected within the fortified enclosure - streets have been laid out le.,ding to
wharves_ The population in 1664 had grown to i ,500 and in 1686 it was 4,937.
He believed that it was an arm of the sea, in fact,
He lay in
1909-
NEW YORK IN 1673_
EARLIEST KNOWN PRINT OF NEW YORK CITY ENTITLED: ,. FORT NIEUW
AMSTERDAM OP bE MANHATANS," PUBLISHED IN 1651.­
POPULATION ABOUT 300.
ing the river which was afterward to bear his name.
There does not appear to have been
25,
the
and
other
barracks
necessary
for
the
buildings.
He
seopic
proportions, for in
habitants numbered
1628 we find that the lll­
only 270,
but the fort was con­
stantly increased in strength until
it became a fort­
ress of no mean magnitude for the size of the place.
In 1626, Peter Minuit purchased the whole of Manhattan Island for trinkets, the aggregate value of
found the neighborhood well peopled by In­
'Whi�h was $24.
dians who lived in villages, of fairly regular
. estin'g to figure up how much the interest at
sive, as savages go, and they were quite will­
. :you1p be on the $24 for the period since the
construction.
They
were
mild
and
inoffen­
'6
and knives of the white men.
in 1653, when a foray of New Englanders
was
Hudson at last discovered that he was at
the estuary
sailed,
of a
great river, up which
consuming
reached
Early
in
three
the head
of
weeks,
navigation
October, Hudson
until
at
chants.
made
the
teeming
center
of
finance - Wall
Street.
ural
exp ansion
of
the
city
for
over half
a
century and always tended to create that con­
gestion
trip
which
ingly strong.
still
remains
so
overwhelm­
Every old and important city
in Europe has been cramped within a stone
girdle
It was at last decided to .establish perma­
of
fortifications,
and
long
after
the
necessity for this has vanished the habit of
at the head of the river and at
The main fort was built near the
New York.
was
Strange to say, this wall prevented .the nat­
with con�iderable profit to themselves.
nent posts
palisade
This was at the point where we now have a
tllrned the prow
and
or
thus fortifying the outskirts of the inclosure.
A number of trading and exploring
out
stockade
he
Albany.
interest among the Dutch mer­
started
a
erected across the island from east to west,
news of a discovery which was of the great­
expeditions
expected,
he
of the "Half Moon" homeward, bringing the
est possible
cent, compounded at regular intervals,
purchase.
ing to trade their tobacco and pelts for the
beads
per
It would perhaps be inter­
congestion remains.
mouth of the Mohawk River, and a few trad­
The
present crowded tangle
of streets at
ing huts were built at the south end of Mall­
the southern termination of Manhattan Islanc
hattan Island, and it is from this small be­
is entirely attributable to the customs of the
ginning that we are enabled to trace the in­
Dutch
A monopoly of the fur trade was given t o
The
duced
The monopoly,
which was a valuable one, was extended from
year to year, until 1621, when the Great West
MAP SHOWING INCREASE OF CITY AREA ALONG THE WATER
FRONT OF LOWER NEW YORK. THE ORIGINAL CITY IS SHADED.
and
ces that
lands.
settlement
example
parallel
the
with
"Dock"
After
a
the
and
rather
by
the Dutch, the flag of Great
early
was
8,
raised on Sep­
came
while
and
1664,
Amsterdam
London, and even Paris, is
obscurity,
to
occupancy
Britain
in
ad­
present
led
long
interesting
tember
lost
the
Street
settlement.
its
be
Street and the other
The early history of Rome,
of
can
the early pre-arrange­
shipping quays.
The city of New York has
records
attempt
with B I' 0 a d w a y, w h i I e
in'"
been very fortunate in the
of
better
Pearl
New York was made.
preservation
little
One of the earliest streets was nearly
an<'F
the first real
was
ment of the south never obtained in northern
It was under its auspi'
permanent
no
than this, that
India Company was charter­
ed.
There
foot-paths and lanes became the future
streets,
the New Netherlands Company, which erected
a trading post at New York.
dwellers.
made to lay out broad or convenient streets.
dustrial beginning of the city of New York.
Fort
forthwith
Fort
James.
be­
There
other cities, such as Berlin
was little or
and St. Petersburg, have no
the
history
a peaceful invasion without
of
any
importance,
as
though
they
From
and
hal!dling
ters.
we
records
gave
with
way
its
to
dam,
around
tered
the,
small
ii'om
�ettlement
a
view
is
in
ginia,"
of
a
copy
Vir­
which
so
that
now
Under
the
old
regime there was no honie
pride
obtained
van
changed,
pendency.
cial
Hartgers'
"Beschrijvinghe'
the
came a national colonial de­
of
Some idea
of the early appearance of
the
mat­
the isolated trading post be­
clus­
cabins
the first settlers,
ing
Amster­
which
colonial
however,
form of government was be­
palisades
Fort
of
Still,
Dutch hardly knew that the
learn that the original block
house
England's
those days as in her present
drawing pen.
these
made
policy was not so liberal in
were
)lanned with the aid of the
'f'-square
who
striking a blow.
and still look painfully new
and
no dislike of
conquerors,
NEW YORK UNDER BRITISH DOMINION JUST BEFORE THE REVOLUTION.
Among the landmarks are Trinity Ohurch, the old Dutch Ohurch, and Fort George.
The population in 1771 was 21,863_
among
owners,
conditions
the
but
put
a
commer­
the
new
different
aspect on the situation, and
the inhabitants began to grow fond of their new Burround­
ments, the results would have been far different.
thought that a space should be set aside sufficient for a
was opened in 1806.
ings and government.
were allowed four years in which to prepare their plans
reservoir.
societies were founded in New York at the beginning or
and fix posts at suitable p �ints.
exercises, so that the "Parade
In 1783, when New York was evacuated by the British
They
In 1811, they made their
They also felt the need for a space for military
to
Thirty-fourth
which
Streets,
extended
and
from
the nineteenth century.
Before the days of the steamship and the railroad,
The
reports and their maps were filed, which created the city
from
had been paved and partly graded before
from Houston Street to Washington Heights substantially
Fourth to Seventh Avenues, was provided.
We have the,
the era of the fast "clipper," like those which ran from
the war, had been suffered to lapse into idle wastes again.
as it exists to-day.
Without doubt their labors were most
remains of the "Parade Ground" in Madison Square, and
Baltimore and which were famous for their great size and
troops, the condition of the city was most deplorable.
streets, which
Twenty-third
Ground,"
A number of scientific and literary
was
The wharves had rotted, and all the public and many of
arduous, as a survey involving the placing of "1,549 mar­
the wh()le space includes some of the choicest business loca­
speed.
the private buildings had fallen into a state of semi-ruin_
ble
tions in the entire city.
ers were built they maintained a nearly equal fight against
The population had decreased and the city was practically
com.!!.lissioners had the opportunity to create a most beau­
the many roads which centered at that point for the trans­
their more formidable rivals.
Fast vessels made the trip
wrecked.
tiful city instead of the commonplace utilitarian arrange­
fer of traffic, and may be regarded as a "geographical acci­
to England in fourteen days.
It seems extraordinary that
Under the inspiration of the new
government
monumental stones and 98 iron
which
the citizens are now
proves.
suffering.
The
These
dent."
They
Union Square was a union of
re �ched
far as
the United States, that during the first half of the nine­
teenth century brought the art of shipbuilding to such a
provided
streets
which
as
ment
worthy men left undone the things which they should have
returned.
done, and did the things which they should not have done.
East and Harlem Rivers.
They decided that the beautiful forest growths should be
find it to-day, is stupidly commonplace, and it has cost
155th Street
So fast were they that for many years after steam·
northward, reaching from the Hudson to the
the inhabitants revived the city within three years, so that
the former population was regained and commerce quickly
We have before noted the crookedness of the streets in
from
bolts"
The plan of New York, as we
[fl
:"l
"'"
....;
�
;:::
I:I:l
tTl
7.!
hl,
U1
IC
$
high plane, should be so neglectful of her ocean commerce
in the last half of the century.
The more recent events
en
n
....
�
:s
....
....
)oft
....
n
>
8
�
...
....
n
�
Copyright, 1908, by George
P. Hall.
THREE HUNDRED YEARS LATER-THE SKYLINE OF THE HUDSON RIVER SHORE FROM CITY HALL TO THE BATTERY WITH THE SINGER BUILDING OUTSTRIPl'ING ALL IN HEIGHT.
the lower part of the city, especially below the stockade
cut down, that the hills should
at Wall Street.
bridged over and filled in, and upon the plan thus pro­
At the beginning of the nineteenth cen­
be leveled, streams were
millions to give even a semblance of varieLY to the work
connected with New York city are outlined in the chro,
of these w orthy
nology which follows, and which has been especially com­
gentlemen_
Among the mistakes which
tury nearly all of Manhattan Island, down as far a� Four­
duced they decided that the city should be built with the
the commissioners made was to provide one-third less to
teenth
aid of the T-square and triangle.
the square mile for longitudinal streets than they did for
Street,
was
practically
a
virgin
territory
which
the
gave their very best thought to the work confided to their
were dealing with a l ong and narrow island whereon the
is of surpassing interest-how was it possible to secure
indiscretion;
traffic would always be in a longitudinal direction, but we
enough ground to permit of the erection of such vast strue­
tures?-as we know that the original territory comprised
It was thought to be wise to make a
they even,
by
way, unquestionably
When we look at the impressive picture of the sky line
"The
public good_
stolid
piled for this issue:
could be treated in any way which seemed conducive to
plan which would be so comprehensive that the growth of
commissioners, in their
As Mr. Janvier says,
their own showing, rose to
cross
streets.
They
did
not
seem
to realize
that
they
the city would be provided for for a couple of centuries
the height of considering the claims of what they believed
are now feeling the stern necessity for increased facilities
or more, so that an act of the Assembly was passed on
to be the beautiful before they decided upon giving place
,for north and south travel.
April 13, 1807, and a commission of well-intentioned but
to the useful alone."
blundering men
dull gentlemen had their own views.
was appointed-men who were of great
In regard to parks, these excellently
They thought that
from the City Hall to the Battery there is one pOint which
in this part of Manhattan Island in the days of Peter Min­
In 1805, the free school system was founded.
Prior. to
uit was not so great.
When Manhattan Island was firs(
that time schooling was largely a matter of private enter­
purchased
thought that it would ever be necessary to increase thE
from
the
Indians,
there
was
doubtless
littlE
importance for the time-as "Commissioners of Streets and
the large arms of the sea which embraced Manhattan Isl­
prise.
Roads in the City of New York."
and furnished all the variety required.
also numerous private schools kept by teachers who were
area of the seemingly large island.
remunerated
however, we find examples of made land, of docks being
They were given much
power, and had they not been so mediocre in their attain-
They would not
stipulate for a space to be devoted to parks, although they
Each church had its own
for
their
services.
school
The
and
there
first public
were
schooJ
From the beginning,
tv
tv
(Jl.
226
Scientific America.n
built, of ponds being filled up, and a general tendency
to increase the superficial area.
1819.
The
In former times the
island was very much narrower than at the present
time, although the general shape was the same.
The
first
ocean
steamship
"Savannah"
1825.
greatest
The New York Sun was founded.
Founding of the New York Herald.
1836.
The Erie Railroad was begun.
1841.
The New York Tribune was founded.
generation
after
generation,
until
many
SCIENTIFIC
Electric
most.
1848.
Founding of Collins Line of steamships.
Maiden Lane marked the entrance of a wide canal, and
1851.
New York Times founded.
1853.
World's Fair ..
Front
Street.
1856.
The site of Central Park purchased.
These facts indicate the narrow limits of the old city.
1857.
Cooper
Originally, the junction
of Pearl
Street and
another wide canal ran up Broad Street, beginning at
Street
and
extending
nearly
to
Wall
The rapid currents of the Hudson and East Rivers,
especially the latter, had to be guarded against, and
as early as 1654 it was resolved to drive planks into
the shore, and to make uniform sheet piles between
Broad Street and the City Hall, for the lower part of
the city, and many other ordinances touching on the
The map gives us a good idea of the enlargement
It is only within modern times that
the limit of enlargement has been fixed, and bulkhead
and wharfhead lines located to determine the extent
to
which
filling
be carried out.
the
original
while
in
and
dock
building
operations
may
The map in the shaded portions shows
limits
outline
present time.
of
are
the
lower
given
end
of
the
island,
the additions up
to the
many lofty and heavy structures which are very notice­
Under Dutch
1664 .
.
British
•
1731.
1749.
1800.
.
States
•
• •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
0
.
0
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
0
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
0
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
chase.
1877.
Founding of the American Museum of Natural
754,000,000
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
0
1810.
•
. . .
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
1820.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
0
•
•
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
•
•
•
•
•
0
•
•
0
.
1840.
1860.
1880.
..
1890.
1900.
Greater
york
New
1905.
1910.
•
1898.
Greater New York created by annexation.
churchyard.
1903.
Opening of Williamsburg Bridge.
1904.
Subway opened.
.
.
Estimated
EVENTS
IN
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
•
•
•
•
.
• • •
.
.
96,873
123,706
312,710
805,658.
1,206,299
.
.
.
.
.
.
• 0
•
•
•
•
.
3,437,202
. . . . 4,013,781
•
•
•
•
4,810,000
THE HISTORY OF NEW YORK ARRANGED
CHRONOLOGICALLY.
1609.
The
arrival
of
Henry
Hudson
A
trading-post was established
on
the
"Half
on
Manhattan
Island by Dutch merchants.
1621.
The Dutch West India Company was chartered.
1626.
Peter Minuit buys Manhattan Island of the Indians for $24.
Fort Amsterdam completed.
IG52.
The first city charter granted.
1Ii53.
A palisade was built along "Wall " Street.
1656.
1693.
tunnels.
nels.
First city survey.
Insurance
Printing press set up by William Bradford.
1696.
Building of first Trinity Church.
Streets were lighted.
1699.
City Hall built in Wall Street.
1707.
Broadway
1725.
New York Gazette established by William Brad­
1730.
Stage line to Philadelphia opened.
1731.
Fire department was organized.
1763.
Jersey City ferry was established.
1766.
St. Paul's Church was built.
1776.
paved from Bowling Green to
Flights During
Celebration.
plane New York will be given an opportunity to wit­
sensational
by
the
leaders
in
aviation.
These flights will be made by Wilbur H. Wright and
Glenn H.
chines.
Curtiss
Up
with
to the
their
time
respective
of our
biplane
ma­
going to press, Mr.
Wright had not stated just what feats he would try
to
accomplish
during
the
after
present
he
has
week
made
his
above
initial
Governor's
flights
Island.
Sheds have been erected upon the island for the ma­
Mr. Curtiss, who arrived from
chines of both aviators.
Italy last Monday after having won the Brescia Grand
Prix 31-mile race in 49 minutes, 23 1/5 seconds, has
Island to Grant's Tomb and back, and Wilbur Wrigh�
will doubtless make fully as remarkable flights, above
the waters
of
the lower bay.
In
one
of these
Mr.
Wright will probably remain an hour or more in the
air.
will perhaps make flights with the Aeronautic Society's
make
been
flights.
There is also a possibility that a new
An
arranged,
elaborate
whereby
of
the
system
the
Society, may
of sig)laling has
people
will
be
quickly
notified when flights are to be made.
Harlem
Heights. WashingtoJil o ccu­
1789.
Meeting of the First Congress.
the federal capital.
New York was
Washington was inaug­
urated.
First laying of sidewalks.
1807.
First
1811.
The Commissioners of Streets and Roads in the
"Clermont."
St. John's
chapel built.
of New York finished laying out the
present city.
City Hall finished.
Steam ferryboats were put in operation.
Erie Canal was begun, and first line of packet
ships established.
Bolled
we find the United States the most progressive coun­
Its growth has been more than reo
need only secure a copy of the "Statistical Abstract,"
a document issued each year by the Department of
Commerce and Labor.
This particular publication, originated some thirty
Sherman, then Secretary of the Treas­
to
cover
with
masses
of
crammed
figures.
At
a
glance such a document would seem very dry for sum­
mer
reading, but
after
one has
delved
into
it, the
comparison in the growth or decrease of everything
is fascinating.
To-day the_ population
of the United
round numbers 88,000,000.
Last
dential nominee.
fall
S tates
is
in
14,887,133 indi­
And the last figures obtainable show
that six thousand four hundred and sixty-six millions
of
letters
mails.
and
postal
cards
were
sent
through
the
The table does not state whether the greater
quantity of this fabulous number were post cards or
not.
At any rate, the quantity is two-thirds as much
as the combined postal business of Great Britain, Ger­
many,
France,
and
still
left
There is just
in
his
keeping.
acreage is in Alaska.
He also has other re­
In his charge there are
which to keep them moving.
The estimated coal supply of the country is 3,125,708,000,OilO
tons, and during the last year almost a
half a billion tons were mined.
of
the United
The iron-ore supply
States is nearly five billions
of tons,
52,000,000 tons being the amount mined for the last
year reported.
The
wealth
of the
country
in
1850,
according to the figures available, was $7,000,000,000,
speaking in round numbers;
in 1890 it was $65,000,-
000,000, and the last figures show it to have jumped
to
$107,500,000,000.
The last report
shows
that the
more than
the wealth of the country
half
a
There has been a steady decrease in the negro popu­
lation since the year 1810, the percentage in that year
being
19.03.
In
1850
total population;
it
was
15.68 per
cent
of
the
in 1860, 14.12 per cent, and so on.
Last year the percentage was 11.59 .
Out of his $107,500,000,000, Uncle Sam spent during
the
last
year
just
$197,000,000
for
school
teachers.
The United
States imported one and a half billions
of
worth
dollars'
of
products,
according
to
the
latest figures, but half that amount was raw material
fOol' manufacturing.
The exports amounted to nearly
two billions of dollars, about forty per cent of which
represented manufactured goods.
This
mass
of
boiled-down
information
picture of
conditions in the United
extremely
interesting,
not
merely
presents
a
States which is
to
the
economist
and student, ·but to those interested in the growth of
the country.
• t. � ..
The
The current
Current
SuppleDlent.
No.
SUPPLEMENT,
excellent illustrated
article on
1760, opens with an
a German automobile
fire engine, which has been adopted by the German
city
of
Frankfort-on-the-Main.
The
recent
improve­
ments in the internal-combustion engine are reviewed
by H. E. Wimperis.
Among the economies practised
lishments of various kinds, few are more suggestive
Do�
In the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and nine,
cover
land
in machine shops, foundries, and metal-working estab­
viduals lined up at the polls to cast a vote for a Presi­
1790.
the
ADlerica
and
52,827 water wheels to be kept turning, but there is
last issue, has been making flights above Lake· Ontario,
built by a member
of
Almost half of this
Mr. Charles F. Willard, who, as mentioned in our
fi'om
pies New York.
18'.7.
flights
other
States
century ago.
Hudson-Fulton
For the first time since the invention of the aero­
ness
acres
sources besides vacant lands.
alone
the
ury, and which in its first issue was a thin pamphlet,
Washington bids farewell to his officers.
1814.
to
•••• •
Aeroplane
thirteen
wealth production of farms amounted to $7,412,000,000,
has grown to be now. an unwieldy volume
1783.
1812.
approach
Hudson-Fulton Celebration.
tion of John
••
city
Rapid
years ago in the Bureau of Statistics under the direc­
The Hoboken ferry was established
of
Building.
Metropolitan Life
markable, and one who wants to boast of his country
ford.
voyage
the
York Central terminals in New York city.
try of the world.
Trinity Church.
Battle of
of
.4 •••
The Dutch dominion surrenders to English rule.
IG97.
1774.
Opening of the Pennsylvania tun­
Completion
completion of great Pennsylvania and New
monoplane,
. The streets were paved with stone and guarded
was
Opening of
the southern tubes, Hudson and Manhattan
by watchmen.
1(,64.
Opening of
Opening of Queensborough Bridge.
Curtiss biplane.
1635.
1&58.
tunnel.
northern 1;ubes.
1909.
whole
with having 5,360,000 horse-power from streams with
signed a contract to fly up the Hudson from Governor's
Moon."
1613.
the Brooklyn
in
plenty of power for that purpose, for he is credited
the Hudson and Manhattan Railway t-unnel,
21,863
. . . . . . . 1,515,301
. • • • • • • •
.
•
.
.
of
or
and much of it in the Rockies.
Unveiling of the Fulton m ouument in Trinity
Opening
part
remaining twenty-four
Uncle Sam has some resources left.
desirable.
First East River Iridge opened.
1908.
in
the
thougk it may be mentioned that all of it is not very
1883.
1901.
while
Territories were created from territory added by pur­
Completion of elevated railway system.
1880.
forming
States;
The city crosses the Harlem.
8,622
60,489
miles,
History.
13,294
30,022
square miles, their present area is but 326,000 square
Old Brooklyn Bridge begtln.
1,500
government ...........
original States by the peace treaty of 1783 was 828,000
Institute founded.
IS70.
4,375
0
•
1771.
United
.
Dominion ........... . . ......
1703.
1790.
.
Europe; that while the area conceded to the thirteen
Building of the "Monitor. "
1,000
. . ..... ..... .. .
It is interesting to observe that our total continen­
tal area, including Alaska, is about equal to that of all
1862.
270
rule . ..................
third in the area added by purchase or annexation.
New York World founded.
THE POPULATION OF NEW YORK AT VARIOUS PERIODS.
1656.
the common union by those States, and the remaining
Opening of Atlantic cable.
able in our view of the skyline of New York.
1628.
third in the States created from the territory ceded to
between
1860.
Along the water front on this ground
which has been- reclaimed from the rivers, are built
opened
1858.
subject of the water front were passed.
of the city area.
was established.
New York and Philadelphia.
1873.
and
Of the 88,000,000 of population, practically one-third
1846.
precisely in the place where the addition counts the
how­
are domiciled in the thirteen original States, another
1845.
was
people,
quickly;
quick results.
blocks have been added, and the island has been in­
line
The
blanks, in order to relieve their nerve tension and get
creased by the addition of area on its outer per iphery,
AMERICAN
countries.
ties, used slightly over one hundred million telegraph
1842.- Old Croton Aqueduct was opened.
telegraph
1909.
becoming fidgety over the "slowness" of the mail facili­
1835.
for
letter-writing
ever, had a great many things to say
pleted.
IS33.
edge
25,
that France has the reputation of being one of the
Gas was introduced, and Erie Canal was com-
old maps show the lower part of the island extending
Since olden times, filling has gone on along the city
was
built.
in width barely from Broadway to the present Pearl
Street.
SEPTEMBER
Austria-Hungary,
and
great as any one of them, notwithstanding
twice
as
the fact
than the use of
applications
ma!Jlletic
separators.
of these, as thus
The
principal
far developed, will be
found excellently outlined in an article entitled "Mag­
netic Separators for Various Uses."
admirable
summary
of
recent
Prof. A. F. Ganz's
electrical
the artificial lighting field is concluded.
progress
in
Efforts have
been made from time to time in the past to produce
the Egyptian types of cotton in America.
of
these
Dodge.
efforts
Ernest
is
described
Rutherford's
by
Charles
brilliant
"Visualizing the Atom" is concluded.
The latest
Richards
paper
entitled
Though Nature
evidently meant the vertebrates to be a tooth-bearing
race, her design has by no means been rigidly adhered
to,
as many
creatures
of very different orders have
been permitted, so to speak, to adopt various substi­
tutes
therefor.
scribes
dougal's
these
Mr.
W.
various
paper
on
P.
Pycraft interestingly de­
substitutes.
"Aridity
and
Dr. D.
Evolution"
T.
is
Mac-'
con­
cluded.
... . ...
Prime Minister Asquith recently announced in the
House of Commons that the British government would
recommend a Parliament grant of $100,000 to Lillut.
E. H. Shackleton, in order to defray the expense of·
his recent expedition.
If the appropriation is made,
Lieut. Shackleton will be out of debt.
When he return­
ell from his expedition, he found that he owed $215,000.
With the Iilssistance of his friends he succeeded in pay­
ing all but $70,000, which last sum he hoped to earn
by writing, and by lecturing in the United States.