A Phonology of the Dialect of Rainow in the County
Palatine of Chester
Florence Dwerryhouse
April, 1956
Edited by Alison Rogers
Linguistics and Phonetics
University of Leeds
2015
1
Editorial Preface
This document contains an extract from a linguistic dissertation written in 1956 by Florence
Dwerryhouse, describing the phonology of the village of Rainow in Cheshire. The
dissertation was originally handwritten and some of the phonetic symbols in use at the time
have since been updated, and so the dissertation has been transcribed according to current
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) conventions. The dissertation itself contains a phonetic
description of the vowels, consonants, and definite article (i.e. ‘the’) as found in the accent of
Rainow in 1956, and there is a comprehensive word list provided by Florence Dwerryhouse at
the end of the dissertation.
Before the transcription of the dissertation, I have provided a set of explanatory notes to act as
a brief guide to the terminology used within the dissertation for any readers not already
familiar with phonetic description. This includes how vowels and consonants are physically
produced, the symbols used to represent them and examples of how these sounds appear in
English. Finally there are a few suggestions for further reading on phonology for anyone
interested, and a complete IPA chart for reference. I hope you enjoy reading this dissertation
as much as I have enjoyed transcribing it, and that it offers an insight into how the accent has
(or has not!) changed since 1956.
Alison Rogers
June, 2015
2
Table of Contents
Explanatory notes…………………………………………………………………………..
Preface……………………………………………………………………………………...
Abbreviations in this thesis………………………………………………………………...
Phonetic symbols used in this thesis……………………………………………………….
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………...
I. Descriptive Account of the Sounds of the Present-Day Dialect…………………………
I. A. The Vowels…………………………………………………………………………...
I. B. The Consonants……………………………………………………………………….
Appendix A. Some Notes on the Definite Article………………………………………….
Word List…………………………………………………………………………………...
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9
10
11
12
14
14
17
18
19
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Explanatory Notes
Vowel production
Vowels are produced without any interruption to the airflow from the lungs through the vocal
tract. Moving different parts of the tongue to different areas of the mouth can change the
vowel sound. For example, if the tongue is raised and towards the front of the mouth, a vowel
like ‘beet’ or ‘bit’ is produced, whereas if it is raised towards the back of the mouth then a
vowel like ‘put’ is produced. If the body of the tongue is at a resting level, you would get
‘bed’, and if it is lowered then you would get a vowel like ‘fat’. The vowels mentioned above
are known as monophthongs, because the tongue moves to create the vowel and then returns
to its resting position. There are also diphthong vowels where the tongue continues to move
during the vowel production, which are detailed below.
The shape of the lips can also affect the vowel sound. The shape of the lips can be described
as being rounded, as in ‘move’, or unrounded, as in ‘key’. In the vowel diagram below,
symbols to the left of the dot are unrounded, and symbols to the right are rounded, with the
exception of /əә/ where the lips are in a relaxed, neutral position.
Vowel diagram
e
The diagram above shows all the vowels of Standard English, also known as Received
Pronunciation. The slanted left-hand side of the diagram represents the front of the mouth and
the vertical right-hand side represents the back wall. Using this diagram, we can see that /i/ is
a high front vowel, /əә/ is a mid-central vowel and /ɒ/ is a low back vowel.
To illustrate what these vowels sound like, here are some examples:
4
Short vowels
/ɪ/
kit
/ɛ/
dress
/a/
trap
/ʊ/
foot
/ʌ/
strut
/ɒ/
cloth
/əә/
letter
Long vowels (indicated by a ‘:’)
/i:/
fleece
/ɛ:/
square
/ɑ:/
bath
/u:/
goose
/ɔ:/
/ɜ:/
thought
nurse
There are also diphthongs, where the tongue moves from one vowel to another during the
same word. Lip shape is also important here, as the lips may move between rounded and
unrounded positions as the diphthong is produced. For example, in ‘mouth’, the dipthong is
initially unrounded for the /a/ but quickly moves to a more rounded /ʊ/.
/eɪ/
/aɪ/
/ɔɪ/
/aʊ/
/əәʊ/
/ɪəә/
face
price
choice
mouth
goat
near
Consonant production
Unlike vowels, consonants are produced when the airflow from the lungs is fully or partially
blocked in some way. They are described using the place of articulation, such as the lips, the
hard roof of the mouth, or the glottis in the throat. The manner of articulation is also used to
describe how the airflow leaves the mouth or nose during the production of a consonant, as a
plosive sound such as /b/ completely closes the mouth and literally stops the airflow before
being released, whereas a fricative such as /s/ allows the airflow to flow continuously but
restricts it to a very small opening. Finally, if the vocal folds vibrate when a consonant is
made, they are called voiced consonants, but if there is no vibration then it is a voiceless
consonant.
Places of articulation
Bilabial
The top and bottom lips
/b/ à ball
Labiodental
The lower lip moves to the front teeth
/f/ à foot
Dental
The tongue moves to the front teeth
/θ/ à thin
Alveolar
The tongue moves to the hard ridge behind the top teeth
/t/ à tin
Postalveolar
The tongue moves to just behind the hard ridge
/ʃ/ à shoe
Velar
The back of the tongue is held against the back of the mouth
/k/ à cat
Glottal
The vocal folds can be left open in /h/ à house, or closed
in a glottal stop in words like ‘water’
5
Manners of articulation
Plosive
Completely stops the airflow briefly before a small burst of air
accompanies the consonant
/p/ à park
Affricate
Blocks the airflow like a plosive, but the release is much slower and
sounds
like a hiss rather than a burst
/tʃ/ à church
Nasal
The airflow is blocked through the mouth but leaves through the
nose
/m/ à mouse
Fricative
The airflow is restricted but flows without full obstruction
/z/ à zoo
Approximant
The lips or tongue move throughout the production of the sound
/w/ à water
Lateral
The tongue tip moves to the hard ridge behind the teeth but the
approximant
airflow moves along the sides of the tongue
/l/ à long
The table below displays all the consonants of English according to their place and manner of
articulation. The sounds on the left are voiceless, and the sounds on the right are voiced.
Bilabial
Plosive
Affricate
Nasal
Fricative
Approximant
Lateral
approximant
p
Labiodental
Dental
b
m
f
v
θ
ð
Alveolar PostPalatal
alveolar
t
d
tʃ dʒ
n
s
z
ʃ
ʒ
ɹ
j
Velar
k
Glottal
g
ŋ
h
w
l
Finally, to give an idea of how these sounds are used, the words below all contain examples
of each of these consonants in context.
Voiceless consonants
/p/
peak
/t/
take
/k/
keep
Voiced consonants
/b/
beak
/d/
dark
/g/
geese
/tʃ/
cheek
/dʒ/
/m/
/n/
/ŋ/
jam
mile
night
thing
/f/
/θ/
/s/
/ʃ/
fall
thin
see
shoe
/v/
/ð/
/z/
/ʒ/
view
this
zoo
measure
6
Voiceless consonants Voiced consonants
/h/
hear
/w/
wear
/j/
young
/ɹ/
red
/l/
light
The symbols described above should provide a basis for the majority of the dissertation
transcribed, however there are some infrequently used symbols that have not been mentioned
above. These symbols can be found in the IPA chart overleaf.
Further reading
If you are interested in learning more about the phonetics of English (or other languages), the
books listed below may provide a good starting point.
•
•
•
Ashby, M. & Maidment, J. (2005) Introducing phonetic science. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Collins, B. & I. Mees (2013) Practical phonetics and phonology. Third edn. London:
Routledge.
Ogden, R. (2009) An introduction to English phonetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press.
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Full IPA Chart
8
PREFACE
Despite the fact that the dialect of Rainow in Cheshire is known to me only through
Peter Wright’s written recording, made in 1951, I have found a study of the dialect most
interesting. I have driven through Rainow and have thus been able to see the village, but my
visit was necessarily too brief to allow me to hear the speech of the inhabitants.
The recording made by Peter Wright contains at least three thousand words, including
the words appearing in A Questionnaire for a Linguistic Atlas of England and a vast amount
of incidental material. It took so long to transfer the material from the recording on to filing
cards that I had not the time to etymologise so many words and was forced to select just under
eight hundred words to use for this thesis. I made the selection with the help of the
questionnaire and Wright’s English Dialect Grammar.
I wish to record my thanks to the Librarian of Birkenhead Central Reference Library
for his untiring help in the almost impossible task of obtaining information about Rainow, to
Mr. and Mrs. J. Hunt of Heywood, Lancashire, for their great kindness in enabling me to visit,
however briefly, the village of Rainow, to my two colleagues in the Department of English
Language and Mediaeval Literature for their cheerful companionship and willingness to
discuss problems during the preparation of this work, and most of all to Professor Orton for
his unfailing kindness and willingness to help and advise me.
Florence Dwerryhouse
April, 1956
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ABBREVIATIONS IN THIS THESIS
adj.
adv.
AN
Angl
ENE
F
Gmc
K
L
LOE
Mdu
ME
NE
OE
OF
ON
pl.
adjective
adverb
Anglo-Norman
Anglian
Early New English
French
Germanic
Kentish
Latin
Latin Old English
Middle Dutch
Middle English
New English
Old English
Old French
Old Norse
plural
pp.
past participle
pres.
present
pres. p. present participle
pt.
preterite
P.W.
Peter Wright
R
Rainow
RS
Received Standard English
sb.
substantive
Scand.
Scandinavian
sg.
singular
v.
verb
v.sb.
verbal substantive
WGmc
West Germanic
WS
West Saxon
>
becomes
<
derived from
+
in addition to
10
PHONETIC SYMBOLS USED IN THIS THESIS
The phonetic symbols for vowels and consonants will be found listed in Chapter I.
The following diacritics have also been used:
[
[
[
[
̈ ] above a vowel indicates centralisation.
̝ ] below a vowel indicates raising.
̞ ] below a vowel indicates lowering.
̥ ] or [ ̊ ] below or above a consonant indicates devoicing.
The following diacritics are rarely used in Peter Wright’s recording:
[ ˈ ] indicates that the following syllable has primary stress.
[ ˌ ] indicates that the following syllable has secondary stress.
[ ̩̩ ] beneath [l] and [n] indicates that the consonant is syllabic.
11
INTRODUCTION
The village of Rainow lies among the hills of the Macclesfield Forest, not far from the
Derbyshire border and three miles north-east of Macclesfield on the road from Macclesfield
to Chapel-en-le-Frith. The hills rise to over 1,500 feet and overlook the Peak District and the
Cheshire Plain. To the west of Rainow is the long line of Kerridge Hill, and to the east,
towards Taxal, is a long series of steep hills, consisting of large tracts of moorland divided
into sheep-walks by stone walls. Most of the valleys are watered by small brooks.
The name ‘Rainow’ is derived from OE ‘hræfn hōh’, ‘raven hough’ or ‘raven hill’.
Documents record the spelling ‘Ravenhoh’ in 1288 and ‘Ravenouh’ in 1290.
The parish to which Rainow belongs is the longest in the Macclesfield rural district. It
consists of 5,744 acres and is divided into more than a hundred farms. Agriculture is the main
occupation of the village, though Rainow also has a mill engaged in dyeing and a factory
which manufactures kitchen hardware. At one time, stone quarrying employed most of the
men of the district, but this is now a minor industry and many of the quarries are derelict.
Before the introduction of steam power, several factories on the banks of the River Dean
employed people from the surrounding district in spinning and weaving silk, but most of the
mills have now either disappeared entirely or are in ruins. This decline in industry is followed
by a decrease in population. The following figures are all it has been possible to obtain:
Year
Population
1841
1,757
1931
1109
1951
1088
Peter Wright noted the age and occupations of his three principal informants. John
William Cooper was born in Rainow in 1877 and had never been away from the district. He
was a retired farmer, having farmed all his life. His ancestors had been farming his present
farm for centuries. John Cooper was born in 1884 at Tytherington, two miles from Rainow,
had lived in Longford in Derbyshire from the age of two to seventeen years, had then
removed to Rainow and had lived there ever since. He, too, had been a farmer. William
Brown was born in 1872 at Hurdsfield, one mile away from Rainow, and had always lived in
the district. His father and grandfather were natives of Rainow and were farmers. He, himself,
had been a gardener all his life. Peter Wright’s two other informants, about whom he gives no
information, were Isaac Burgess and J.W. Chapman.
The dialect in Rainow, as recorded by Peter Wright, is, as yet, quite well preserved,
though it is obvious from the many forms recorded that older forms are, in many instances,
giving way to new ones from RS. Rainow’s close proximity to and communication with
Macclesfield no doubt facilitate the introduction of new forms from RS.
A striking feature of the dialect is the development of ME /u/ to [æɪ] as recorded by
A.J. Ellis in On Early English Pronunciation vol. V. Forms with [æɪ] are still in evidence in
the Rainow dialect and were used occasionally by all speakers, but [æʊ] forms from RS are
perhaps more frequent now. A second feature recorded by A.J. Ellis is the development of
ME /eˌ/ to [ɪi]. This development appears occasionally in the recording beside the usual [iː].
Peter Wright notes that the most obvious feature of the dialect is the openness of certain
vowels; ME /ɪ/ becomes almost [ɛ]; ME /e1/ becomes [əәe̞ ], sometimes almost [a]; ME /u/ is
very open, sometimes almost [ɔ̈]; ME /eː/ becomes [i̞ ː] beside [ɪ̞ i̞ ]. ME /oˌ/ in Rainow has
become [əәː] beside [ʊəә].
Rainow is an [ŋɡ] area, though any forms with [ŋ] do occur. R-colouring occurs quite
frequently in recorded words (§49). Another interesting feature of this dialect is the
occurrence of a final [n] in the present plural forms of a few words. This may be a parasitic
12
nasal, but is more likely to be the survival of the Midland 3 present plural ending -en. A.J.
Ellis places Rainow in D25, Western Mid Midland.
The recording made by Peter Wright is incomplete from IX.5.9. The material in the
recording is narrowly transcribed, but stress and syllabic consonants are very rarely marked.
13
CHAPTER I
DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF THE SOUNDS OF THE PRESENT-DAY DIALECT
§1
The phonetic symbols used in this thesis are copies from Peter Wright’s recording.
They have their IPA values.
A. THE VOWELS
The Rainow dialect has the following vowel sounds:
Short Vowels
§2
[ɪ], [ɪ̞ ]
as in
[eːpɹɪl] April; [bɪzɪ] busy; [dɛəәɹɪ] dairy; [ɪ̞ nd] end; [ɪl] hill; [ʃɹɪŋk]
shrink
§3
[ɛ], [ɛ̝], [ɛ̞]
as in
[ɛnɪ] any; [bɛd] bed; [bɛ̞lɪ] belly; [bɛɹɪz] berries; [kɹɛ̝sməәs] Christmas;
[fɛ̝st] fist; [ɛnpɛkt] henpecked; [sɛvn] seven; [θɹɛʃɪn] pres. p. threshing
§4
[œ]
as in
[kœfɪn] pres. p. coughing (This is the only recorded example of this
sound.)
§5
[æ], [æ̞ ]
as in
[æ̞ ðəәɹ] either; [aɪlæʃɪz] eyelashes; [ælp] v. help
§6
[a]
as in
[aplz] apples; [dɹaft] draught; [sadl] saddle; [θatʃ] thatch
§7
[ä]
as in
[wäm] home; [läfɪn] laughing
§8
[ɑ]
as in
[lɑm] lamb; [stɑnz] v. stands
§9
[ɒ], [ɒ̝]
as in
[bɹɒθ] broth; [klɒθ]; [kɹɒs] cross; [dɒ̝vz] doves; [fɒg] fog; [lɒft] loft;
[lɒŋ] long; [pɒn] pan; [wɒt] what
§10 [ʊ]
as in
[blʊd] blood; [bɹʊðəә] brother; [bʊləәk] bullock; [anfʊl] handful; [mʊnθ]
month; [ʊθəә] other; [sʊməәt] somewhat; [sʊn] son; [ʃʊgəә] sugar; [wʊd]
wood
§11 [əә]
in unstressed positions, as in [əәbæʊt] about; [beːkəәn] bacon; [ɛvəә] ever;
[mɛdəә] meadow
in stressed positions, as in
[bɹəәslz] bristles; [fəәɹəә] furrow; [əәl] hill
Long Vowels
§12 [iː, [ïː]
as in
[biːm] beam; [tʃiːz] cheese; [iːl] heel; [liːdɪn] pres. p. leading; [ɹiːt]
right; [ʃiːp] sheep; [wïːl] wheel
§13 [eː]
as in
[eːpɹɪl] April; [beːkəәn] bacon; [tʃeːn] chain; [feːðəә] father; [wʊtmeːl]
oatmeal; [teːl] tail; [weː] why
14
§14 [æ̞ ː]
as in
[dæ̞ ːn] down (This sound has been recorded once only.)
§15 [aː]
as in
[abaːt] about; [kjaːt] cart; [faːðəә] father; [aːvɪst] harvest; [naː] now;
[staːz] stars; [waːm] warm
§16 [ɑː]
as in
[kjɑːvz] calves; [fɑː] far; [fɑːm] farm; [fɑːmjɑːd] farmyard; [glɑːs]
glass
§17 [ɔː], [ɔ̞ː]
as in
[ɔːləәz] always; [bɔ̞ːd] bald; [bɹɔːk] pp. broken; [kɔːf] calf; [klɔːθ]
cloth; [ɔ̞ːs] horse; [slɔ̞ːtəә] slaughter
§18 [oː]
as in
[kloːz] clothes; [ɹoːd] road; [woːl] whole
§19 [ʊː], [ʊ̞ː]
as in
[fʊːks] folks; [ʊ̞ːl] hole; [ʊːts] oats; [ʃʊː] v. show; [stʊːn] stone; [tʊːz]
toes
§20 [uː], [üː]
as in
[bluː] blue; [buːn] bone; [büːts] boots; [tʃüː] v. chew; [fuːd] food; [üːk]
hook; [ɹuːd] road; [skuː] school; [süːt] soot
§21 [əәː]
as in
[bəәːd] bird; [fəәːn] fern; [fəәːst] first; [ləәːn] v. learn; [ʃəәːt] shirt; [θəәːd]
third; [təәːnɪps] turnips; [wəәːmz] worms
Diphthongs
§22 [ɪəә]
as in
[bɪəә] beer; [tʃɪəәn] chain; [tʃɪəәɹ] chair; [klɪəәn] clean; [dɪəәθ] death; [lɪəәn]
lean; [wɪəә] where; [ɪəә] year
§23 [ɛəә]
as in
[tʃɛəә] chair; [dɛəәɹɪ] dairy; [pɛəә] pear; [stɛəәz] stairs; [swɛəәɹɪn] pres. p.
swearing; [wɛəә] where
§24 [ɔəә], [oəә]
as in
[flɔəә] + [floəә] floor
§25 [ʊəә]
as in
[agʊəә] ago; [bʊəәn] bone; [klʊəәz] clothes; [dʊəә] door; [flʊəә] floor;
[fʊəәk] folk; [fʊəә] four; [mʊəәst] most; ][sʊəә] sore; [stʊəәn] stone
§26 [ɪü]
as in
[ʃɪü] shoe; [ʃɪüðəә] shoulder; [tɪü] two
§27 [ɛʊ], [ɛ̈ʊ]
as in
[ɛʊ] aught; [kɛʊd] + [kɛ̈ʊd] cold; [nɛ̈ʊt] naught; [ɛʊ] old
§28 [æʊ], [æ̞ ʊ],
[æ̈ ʊ]
as in
[əәbæʊt] about; [kjæʊ] cow; [dæ̞ ʊn] down; [mæʊθ] mouth;
[æʊl] owl; [plæ̈ ʊ] plough; [sæʊ] sow
§29 [aʊ]
as in
[əәbaʊt] about; [kaʊd] cold; [kaʊ] cow; [daʊn] down
§30 [ɔʊ], [ɔ̈ʊ],
[oʊ]
as in
[dɹɔʊt] drought; [ɔʊld] + [oʊlt] v. hold; [lɔʊ] low; [oʊk] oak; [ɔ̈ʊd] old
§31 [əәʊ], [əәu], [əәuː]as in [pləәʊ] + [pləәu] + [pləәuː] plough
15
§32 [ɪi] + [ɪ̞ i]
as in
[bɪinz] beans; [ɪilz] heels; [kɪi] key; [tɪim] team; [θɹɪi] three
§33 [eɪ]
as in
[bɹeɪk] v. break
§34 [ɛɪ]
as in
[ɛɪt] v. eat; [ɛɪt] eight; [fɛɪt] fight; [stɹɛɪt] straight; [wɛɪt] weight
§35 [æɪ], [æ̞ ɪ],
[aɪ]
as in
[blaɪnd] blind; [bæɪl] v. boil; [dɹaɪ] dry; [æɪz] eyes; [fæɪnd] v. find;
[saɪt] sight; [wæ̞ ɪf] wife
§36 [ɑɪ]
as in
[lɑɪf] life; [tɑɪm] time; [vɑɪs] voice
§37 [ɔɪ], [ɔ̝ɪ]
as in
[nɔɪz] noise; [ɔɪl] + [ɔ̝ɪl] oil
§38 [ʊɪ]
as in
[mʊɪst] most (No other example of this sound has been recorded.)
§39 [eəә], [e̝ əә]
as in
[gʲeəәm] game; [ne̝ əәl] nail
§40 [ʊu]
as in
[gʊuld] gold; [ʊulz] holes; [θʊuɪn] thawing
Triphthongs
§41 [æɪəә], [aɪəә]
as in
[bɹaɪəәz] briars; [fæɪəә] + [faɪəә] fire
§42 [æʊəә]
as in
[flæʊəә] flour; [flæʊəәz] flowers
16
B. THE CONSONANTS
§44
The following consonants occur in the dialect of Rainow. Except where indicated in
the following paragraphs, the sounds are identical with those of RS.
Bilabial
Plosive
Nasal
Tap or Flap
Fricative
Affricate
Approximant
Lateral
approximant
§45
p
Labiodental
Dental
b
m
Alveolar
t
f
v
θ
ð
s
Postalveolar
d
n
ɾ
z ʃ
tʃ
ɹ
l
Palatal
Glottal
g ʔ
(ʒ)
dʒ
j
w
It is reasonable to assume that [ʒ] occurs in R, though no word containing the sound
has been recorded.
There is no record of the occurrence of [h] in R.
§47
No information as to the quality of [l] is given in the recording.
The fricative [ɹ] is usually heard in R, but the flap [ɾ] occurs in two recorded words:
[kuːltəәɾ] coulter; and [ɒltəәɾ] halter.
§49
§50
Velar
k
§46
§48
Labialvelar
R-colouring occurs frequently, as in [bəә˞tʃ] birch; [əә˞θ] earth.
The glottal plosive [ʔ] is recorded three times only, in [fɒʔtɪ] forty; [gjɛʔ] v. get,
in [gjɛʔɛtn] get eaten; [sɛʔtdɪ] Saturday
§51
The group –nch is heard as [nʃ] as in [bɛnʃ] bench; [bɹanʃ] branch.
§52
Initial gl- is pronounced as [dl] in [dlʊvz] gloves. The group d- is heard as [tl] initially
in [tlamaɪs] dam house (slaughter house), and medically in [aŋtl] ankle.
§53
Gemination of [k], [l], [p], [t] is heard in the following words:
[bʊttəә] butter; [dɹɪppɪn] sb. Dripping; [kɪttɪnz] kittens; [gɛttn] v. get; [akk] hack; [akkɪn]
hacking; [plʊkkɪn] pres. p. plucking; [pɒttəә] patter (poker); [pɒttɪ] potty (silly); [skɹattɪn]
scratching; [sɛllɪn] pres. p. selling; [ʃɒppɪn] v. sb. shopping; [stɪkkɪ] sticky
§54
P.W. There is very little aspiration.
17
APPENDIX A
Some Notes on the Definite Article
Various forms of the definite article occur in R. The usage is illustrated below. Where
the definite article precedes a vowel, it is sometimes attached to the following word.
1.
[ʔt] and [ʔ] occur only before a following consonant, as in
[lʊːd ʔt kjaːt] load the cart; [tɛk ʔ kaːt θɹuː t gjeːt] take the cart through the gate
2.
[t] occurs before both consonants and vowels, as in
[wɪ nɔː kɹiːm ɪt mɪlk] with no cream in the milk; [t ʊðəә bʊl] the other bull
3.
[tð] occurs before vowels, as in
[ɪ tðɛlz] in the hills
4.
[tθ] occurs before consonants and vowels, as in
[ðeːzɪn wɪəә tθ waːtəә ɹʊnz dæʊn] the easing where the water runs down; [təә tθɪnsaɪd] to the
inside
5.
[θ] is recorded before consonants only, as in
[θɹɪəәn] = the hollow left at the end of ploughing operations
6.
[ð] occurs before vowels, as in
[ðɔ̈ʊd tɑɪðz] the old tithes
7.
[ðəә] is recorded before consonants and vowels, as in
[ðəә man ðəәts ɪn fʊl tʃaːd] the man that’s in full charge; [iː wəәːks ðəә ɔːsɪz] he works ( = drives)
the horses
8.
[ðɪ] is recorded only before vowels, as in
[ðɪ ɔːsɪz üv̥ ] the horse’s hoof
9.
A double definite article is sometimes used before a vowel. One is attached to the word
following, as in
[ɔːl θ tʊðəә pɑːt] all the others part; [əә gjap ɪ t ðɛdʒ] a gap in the hedge
10.
The definite article is omitted in some instances, as [sɛt t geːt ɒpəәn əәn tɛk kaːt θɹu: ɪt] set the
gate open and take the cart through it
18
WORD LIST
A.
about
[əәbæʊt]
[əәbaʊt]
[əәba:t]
above
[əәbʊv]
across
[əәkɹɒs]
adder
[ɛdəә]
after
[aftəә]
afternoon
[aftəәnü:n]
again
[əәgɛn]
ago
[əәgʊəә]
all
[ɔ:] + [ɔ:l]
along
[əәlɒŋ]
altered v.
[ɒltəәt]
always
[ɔ:ləәs]
[ɔ:ləәz]
among
[əәmʊŋ] + [əәmʊŋg]
ankle
[aŋtl]
any
[ɛnɪ]
anything
[ɛnɪθɪŋ]
apples
[apəәz]
[aplz]
April
[e:pɹɪl]
apron
[apəәn]
arm
[a:m]
armful
[a:mfʊl]
arse
[a:s]
[ɑ:s]
ash (tree)
[aʃ]
ash (as a fire) [aʃ]
[ɛs]
pl.
[aʃəәz] + [aʃɪz]
ask
v.
[aks]
[ɛks]
[ask]
[ɑs]
aught
[æʊt]
[ɛʊt]
[ɛ̈ʊt]
aunt
[ant]
away
[əәwe:]
axle
[asksl]
B.
back
backwards
bacon
bad
[bak]
[bakəәts]
[be:kəәn]
[bad]
badly
baked v.
bald
band
[badlɪ]
[be:kt]
[bɔ̞ːd]
[bɒnt]
[bɑnt]
(unstressed)
[bəәnt]
barley
[ba:lɪ]
barn
[bɑ˞n]
barrel
[baɹɪl]
pl.
[baɹɪlz]
bars
[ba:z]
basket
[baskɪt]
beam
[bi:m]
beans
[bɪinz]
bed
[bɛd]
bee
[bi:]
pl.
[bi:z]
beach
[bi:tʃ]
beer
[bɪəә]
before
[bɪfɔəә]
[əәfʊəә]
begin v.
[bɪgɪn]
behave v.
[bɪe:v]
behind
[bɪɪ̞ nd]
bellows
[bæ̞ lɪz] + [bɛlɪz]
belly
[bɛlɪ] + [bɛ̞lɪ]
bench
[bɛnʃ]
berry
[bɛɹɪ]
pl.
[bɛɹɪz]
(unstressed)
[bəәɹɪz]
beside
[əәsaɪd]
best
[bɛst]
[bɛs]
[bast]
big
[bɪg]
biggest
[bɪgəәst]
billberries
[bɛ̝lbəәɹɪz]
birch sb. + v.[bəә˞tʃ]
bird
[bəә:d]
[bɹɪ̞ d]
pl.
[bɹɪ̞ dz]
bit
[bɪt] + [bɪ̞ t]
pl.
[bɪ̞ ts]
bitch
[bɪtʃ]
bite
[bæɪt]
black
[blak]
19
blackberries
blade
blind
blood
blow v.
blue
[ˈblakˌbəәɹɪz]
[ble:d]
[blaɪnd]
[blʊd]
[blʊ:]
[blu:] + [blü:]
[bl̩ ü]
boar
[bʊəә]
board
[bʊəәd]
boil v.
[bæɪl]
boiling pres. p. [bæɪlɪn]
bone
[bu:n] + [bʊ:n]
[bʊəәn]
bonnet
[bɒnɪt]
pl.
[bɒnɪtzs]
boats
[bü:ts]
both
[bʊəәθ]
bottom
[bɒtəәm]
boskin (partition in a shippon)
[bɒzgɪn]
bracken
[bɹakəәn]
branch
[bɹanʃ]
bread
[bɹɛd]
breadth
[bɹɛdθ]
break v.
[bɹe:k]
[bɹeɪk]
[bɹɛk]
broke v.
[bɹɒk]
broken pp.
[bɹɒkəәn]
[bɹɔ:k]
[bɹʊ:k]
[bɹʊ:kəәn]
breakfast
[bɹɛkfast]
brew v.
[bɹü:]
briars
[bɹaɪəәz]
bridge
[bɹɪdʒ]
brightened pp. [bɹaɪtəәnt]
bring v.
[bɹɪŋ]
bringing pres. p. [bɹɪŋgɪŋ]
bristles
[bɹəәslz]
brood
[bɹü:]
brook
[bɹu:k]
[bɹʊk]
pl.
[bɹʊks]
broom
[bɹü:m]
broth
[bɹɒθ]
brother
[bɹʊðəә]
brought v.
[bɹɔ:t]
brow
[bɹü:]
built pp.
[bɪlt]
bull
[bʊl]
pl.
[bʊlz]
bullock
[bʊləәk]
burdock
[bəәɹdɒk]
buried v.
[bɛɹɪd]
busy
[bɪzɪ]
but (unstressed)
[bəәt]
[bəәɹ]
butcher
[bʊtʃəә]
butter
[bʊttəә]
C.
cabbage
calf
[kjabɪtʃ]
[kɔ:f] + [kjɔ:f]
[ka:f] + [kja:f]
gen. sing.
[kjɑ:vz]
pl.
[kɔ:vz]
call
v.
[kɔ:]
3 pl. pres.
[kɔ:lz] + [kɔ:n]
can v.
[kan] + [kɒn]
can sb.
[kjɒn]
candle
[kjandl]
pl.
[kjɒndlz]
care v.
[kɛəә]
carpenter
[kja:pɪntəә]
carrot
[kjaɹəәt]
cart
[ka:t] + [kja:t]
casts v.
[kasɪz]
cast v.
[kʲast]
pp.
[kast]
cat
[kat] + [kjat]
pl.
[kats]
catch v.
[kɛtʃ]
[katʃ]
caught v.
[kɒpt]
[kjɛtʃt]
pp.
[kɔ:t]
[kjɛtʃt]
chaff
[tʃaf]
chain
[tʃɪəәn]
[tʃe:n]
chair
[tʃɛəә]
[tʃɪəә]
chance
[tʃans]
charlock
[ʃɑ:ləәk]
cheese
[tʃi:z]
chew v.
[tʃu:] + [tʃü:]
20
chewing pres. p.
[tʃuˈɪn]
chickens
[tʃɪkɪnz]
child
[tʃaɪld] + [tʃɑɪld]
children
[tʃɪldəә]
Christmas
[kɹɪ̞ sməәs]
[kɹɛ̝sməәs]
[kɹəәsməәs]
church
[tʃəә:tʃ]
churchyard
[tʃəәtʃja:d]
churn
[tʃəә:n]
pl.
[tʃəә˞nz]
clam house (slaughterhouse)
[tlamaɪs]
clay
[kle:]
clean
[klɪəәn]
clipping
[klɪpɪn]
climb v.
[klaɪm]
cloth
[klɒθ]
[klɔ:θ]
clothes
[klʊəәz]
[klo:z]
clouds
[klæʊdz]
clout
[klæʊt]
coal
[kʊəәl] + [kʊ:l]
cobwebby
[kɒbwɛbɪ]
cocks
[kɒks]
cold adj. + sb.
[kɛʊd] + [kɛ̈ʊd]
[kaʊd]
colour
[kʊləә]
colt
[kʊ:lt]
comb v.
[ku:m] + [kʊ:m]
come v.
[kʊm]
3 pl. pres.
[kʊmn̩ ]
coming pres.p. [kʊmɪn]
[kʊmɪŋg]
cooking
[ku:kɪn]
cool
[ku:l]
corn
[kɒ˞n] + [kɔ:n]
cough
[kɒf]
coughing pres. p.
[kœfɪn]
coulter
[ku:təә]
[kuːltəәɾ]
council
[kjæʊnsɪl]
cousins
[kʊzɪnz] + [kʊzəәnz]
cow
[kjæʊ] + [kjæ̞ ʊ]
[kaʊ]
pl.
cowslip
[kjæʊz] + [kjæ̞ ʊz]
[kjæʊslɪp]
creeping pres. p.
[kɹi:pɪn]
cress
[kɹɛs]
crop sb. + v. [kɹɒp]
cross adj. + adv. + v.
[kɹɒs[
cucumber
[kʊmbəә]
cud
[kʊd]
cupboard
[kʊbəәt]
curd
[kɹʊd]
pl.
[kɹʊdz]
curious
[kü:ɹɪəәs]
currants
[kɒɹəәnz]
cursing
[kəә:sɪn]
[kɒsɪn]
D.
daft
dairy
daisy
darning
dead
deaf
death
dew
different
dinner
dish
ditch
dizzy
dog
door
dough
doughy
dove
pl.
down
dozen
draining
draught
drink v.
dripping
[daft]
[dɛəәɹɪ]
[de:zɪ]
[da:nɪn]
[dɛd]
[dɛf]
[dɪəәθ]
[djü:]
[dɪfɹəәnt]
[dɪnəә]
[dɪʃ]
[dɪtʃ]
[dɪzɪ]
[dɒg]
[dəә:] + [dəә̝:]
[dʊəә]
[dəә:f]
[dɒfɪ]
[dʊv]
[dɒ̞vs]
[dæʊn] + [dæ̞ ʊn]
[daʊn]
[dæ̞ :n]
[da:n]
[d̩ u:n]
[dʊzn]
[dɹe:nɪn]
[dɹaft]
[dɹɪŋk]
[dɹɪppɪn]
21
drop
drought
[dɹɒp]
[dɹɔʊt]
drunk pp.
[dɹʊŋk]
[dɹʊŋkn]
[dɹʊŋkəәd]
[dɹæɪ] + [dɹaɪ] + [dɹɑɪ]
[dʊk]
[dʊks]
[dʊst]
dry
duck
pl.
dust
E.
each
ear
[i:tʃ]
[ɪəә]
pl.
[ɪəәz]
earth
[əә:θ] + [əә˞θ]
east
[i:st]
eat
v.
[i:t]
[e:t]
[ɛɪt]
ate
pt.
[e:t]
eaten pp.
[etn]
egg
[ɛg] + [e:g]
pl.
[ɛgz]
eight
[ɛɪt]
either
[e:ðəә] + [aɪðəә]
[aɪ̞ ðəәɹ]
elbow
[nɛlbəә]
eleven
[əәlɛvn]
elm
[ɛ̞lm] + [ɛ̞lməә]
else
[ɛls]
empty
[ɛmptɪ]
end
[ɛnd]
[ɪ̞ nd]
energetic
[ɛnəәdʒɛtɪk]
enough
[ɪnʊf] + [əәnʊf]
entice v.
[taɪs]
entire (stallion)
[ɛntaɪəә]
ever
[ɛvəә]
every
[ɛvəәɹɪ]
ewe
[ju:] + [jü:]
eye
[æ̞ ɪ] + [aɪ]
pl.
[æ̞ ɪz] + [æɪz]
eyelashes
[aɪlæ̞ ʃɪz]
F.
fall
v.
fallow
far
[fɔ:l]
[faləә]
[fɑ:]
[fəә:]
farm
[fɑ:m]
farmer
[fɑ:məә]
farmyard
[fɑ:mjɑ:d]
fast
[fast]
fat
adj. + sb.
[fat]
father
[fa:ðəә]
[fe:ðəә]
favour v. (resembles)
[fe:vəәz]
feared (afraid)
[fɪəәt]
[fɪəәd]
feed v.
[fi:d]
feel
v.
[fi:l]
feet
v.
[fi:t]
fellies
[fɛlɪz]
fellows
[fɛləәz
fence
[fɛns]
fern
[fəә:n]
fetch v.
[fɛtʃ]
field
[fi:lt]
[fi:ld]
pl.
[fi:lz] + [fɪəәlz]
fifth
[fɪft]
fight v.
[fɛɪt]
fill
v.
[fɪl]
filly
[fɪlɪ]
find v.
[fæɪnd] + [fɑɪnd]
finger
[fɪŋgəә]
pl.
[fɪŋgəәz]
fire
[fæɪəә] + [faɪəә]
fires v.
[fæɪəәz]
first
[fəә:st]
(unstressed)
[fəәst]
fist
[fɛ̝st]
five
[faɪv]
flea
[fli:]
flies
[flaɪz]
flitch
[flɪtʃ]
flood
[flʊd]
floor
[flʊəә]
[floəә] + [flɔəә]
[fləә:]
flour
[flæʊəә]
flowers
[flæʊəәz]
foal
[fʊ:l]
fodder
[fɒdəә]
22
fog
folk
[fɒg]
[fʊ:k]
[fʊəәk]
pl.
[fʊ:ks]
[fʊəәks]
food
[fu:d]
fool
[fəәu]
[fu:l]
foot
[fʊt]
[fü:t]
for
(unstressed)
[fəә]
forgets v.
[fəәgɛts]
fork
[fɔ:k]
pl.
[fɔ:ks]
forty
[fɔ:tɪ]
[fɒʔtɪ]
forward(s)
[fɒɹəәt]
found pt. + pp.
[fʊn]
four
[fʊəә]
fox
[fɒks]
Frenchman
[fɹɛnʃməәn]
Friday
[fɹɑɪdɪ]
friends
[fɹɛnz]
frost
[fɹɒst]
frostbitten
[fɹɒsbɪ̞ təәn]
full
[fʊl]
furrow
[fəәɹəә]
pl.
[fəәɹəәz]
further
[fəә:ðəә]
G.
gadfly
[gjadflaɪ]
game
[gʲeəәm]
gander
[gɒndəә]
gap
[gjap]
gaping (yawning)
pres. p. [ge:pɪn]
garden
[ga:dɪn] + [gja:dɪn]
gate
[ge:t] + [gje:t]
gather (fester)
v.
[gɛðəә]
gathering (whitlow)
[gjɛðəәɹɪn]
gay-pawed (left handed)
[gje:pɔ:d]
geese
[gi:s]
generally
[dʒɛnəәlɪ]
get
v.
[gɛt] + [gjɛt]
[gjɛʔ]
2. pl. pres.
[gɛtn]
[gɛttn̩ ]
got
pp.
[gɛtn]
getting pres. p. [gɛtɪn]
[gɛɹɪn]
girls
[gjəә:lz]
give
[gɪv]
pp.
[gɪvəәn]
glad
[glad]
glass
[glɑ:s]
gloves
[dlʊvz]
gnats
[nats]
gold
[gæʊd]
[gʊuld]
[gu:ld]
good
[gʊd]
goose
[gü:s]
gooseberries [gü:sbəәɹɪz]
gossip
[gɒsɪp]
grandfather [gɹɒnfeɪðəә]
grandmother [gɹɒnmʊðəә]
grass
[gɹas] + [gɹɛ̞s]
graves
[gɹe:vz]
great
[gɹe:t]
[gɹɛt]
green
[gɹi:n]
grey
[gɹe:]
groop (drain) [gɹü:p]
ground
[gɹaʊnd]
[gɹæ̞ nd]
grow v.
[gɹʊ̞:]
grew pt.
[gɹʊ̞:] + [gɹu:] + [gɹɪü]
growing pres. p.
[əәgɹoʊɪn]
gruel
[gɹüɪl]
gums
[gʊmz] + [gü:mz]
H.
hack v.
[akk]
hacking pres. p.
[akkɪn]
hair
[ɛəә]
half
[e:f]
[a:f]
halfpenny
[ɔ:pnɪ]
halfpennyworth
[ɔ:pnɪzwəәθ]
23
halter
hames
hammer
hand
pl.
handful
handkerchief
pl.
hang
happened v.
hard
hare
harvest
hay
head
hear v.
hearse
hearth
heat sb.
heat v.
hedge
pl.
heel
pl.
heifer
height
help v.
hen
pl.
henpecked
herdsman
here
herring
pl.
hill
pl.
hilly
hive
hobble v.
hold v.
[ɒltəә˞] + [ɒltəәɾ]
[e:mz]
[aməә] + [ɒməә]
[and] + [ɒnd]
[ɒnz]
[anfʊl]
[aŋkɪtʃɪf]
[ankɪtʃɪvz]
[aŋg]
[ɪŋ]
[apəәnt]
[a:d]
[ɛəә]
[a:vɪst]
[e:]
[ɛd] + [jɛd]
[ɪəә]
[əә:st]
[a:θ]
[ɪəәt]
[i:t]
[e:ts]
[ɛdʒ]
[ɛdʒəәz] + [ɛdʒɪz]
[i:l]
[ɪilz]
[ɛfəә]
[ɛɪt] + [ɛ̞ɪt]
[ɛlp]
[ælp]
[ɛn]
[ɛnz]
[ɛnpɛkt]
[əә˞dzməәn]
[ɪəә]
[ɛɹɪn]
[ɛɹɪn]
[ɪl]
[əәl]
[ɪ̞ lz]
[ɛlz]
[ɪ̞ lɪ]
[aɪv]
[ɒpl]
[ɔʊld]
[oʊlt]
hole
pl.
holiday
holly
home
hoof
pl.
hook
pl.
hopeless
horse
pl.
hour
house
pl.
how
humblest
hundred
hungry
I.
ice
idle
implement
in
instance
iron
ivy
[ʊəәl]
[̞ʊ̞:l]
[ʊəәlz]
[ɔʊlz]
[ʊulz]
[ɒlade:]
[ɒlɪ]
[wäm]
[ü̞ :f] + [ü:v̥ ]
[ü̞ :fs] + [ü:vz]
[u:k] + [ü:k] + [ʊ:k]
[u:ks]
[ɔpləәs]
[ɔ:s] + [ɔ̞:s]
[ɒs]
[ɔ:sɪz] + [ɔ̞:sɪ̞ z]
[æʊəә]
[æʊs] + [æ̞ ʊs]
[aɪs]
[æʊzəәz]
[æʊ]
[ʊmblɪst]
[ʊndɹəәt]
[ʊŋgəәɹɪ]
[aɪst]
[aɪdl]
[ɪmplɪməәnt]
[ɪn]
[ɪ]
[ɛnstəәns]
[aɪəәn] + [æ̞ ɪəәn]
[aɪvɪ]
J.
jacket
[dʒakɪt]
pl.
[dʒakɪts]
jiggered (exhausted)
[dʒɪgəәt]
journey
[dʒəә:nɪ]
K.
keep
v.
[ki:p]
2 pl. pres.
[ki:pn]
kettle
[kjɛtl]
key
[kɪi]
keyhole
[kɪiʊ̞:l]
kind sb.
[kɑɪnd]
24
kindling-wood [kɪnlɪn]
kitchen
[kɪtʃɪn]
kittens
[kɪttɪnz]
knead v.
[ni:d]
[ne:d]
knee
[ni:] + [nɛɪ]
knife
[naɪf] + [nɑɪf]
know v.
[nu:] + [nʊ:] + [nɔ:]
2 +3 pl. pres.
[nɔ:n]
L.
ladder
lamb
[ladəә] + [lɑdəә]
[lɑm]
[lɒm]
pl.
[lɒmz]
land
[lan] + [land]
(unstressed)
[ləәnd]
last
[last] + [lɑst]
laughing
[lafɪn] + läfɪn]
law
[lɔ:]
lay
v.
[le:]
laid
pt.
[le:d]
leading pres. p.
[li:dɪn]
lean
[lɪəәn]
learn v.
[ləә:n]
learned p.p. [la:nd]
[la˞nt]
learning v. sb. [la:nɪn]
leg
[lɛg]
pl.
[lɛgz]
left-handed [lɛ̞ftɒndəәt]
lend v.
[lɛn]
length
[lɛŋθ]
lice
[læɪs] + [laɪs]
lie
[lɑɪ]
life
[lɑɪf]
light
[li:t]
lightning
[li:tnɪn]
like
[laɪk]
like
v.
[laɪk] + [læɪk]
little
[lɪtl] + [lɪ̞ tl]
load
[lʊ:d]
load
[lʊ:f]
loft
[lɒft]
pl.
[lɒfs]
long
[lɒŋ] + [lɒ̝ŋ] + [lɒ̞ŋ]
[lʊŋ]
louse
low
[læɪs]
[lɔʊ]
M.
make
[me:k]
[mɛk] + [mɛ̞k]
made pt. + pp.
[me:d]
man
[man] + [mɑn] + [mɒn]
(unstressed)
[məәn]
mare
[mɛəә]
market
[ma:kɪt]
married pp. [maɹɪd] + [maɹɪt]
meadow
[mɛdəә]
meal
[mi:l] + [me:l]
mice
[mæɪs] + [maɪs]
milk
[mɪlk] + [mɪ̞ lk]
milking
[mɪlkɪn]
mill
[mɪl]
[mɛ̝l]
mittens
[mɪ̞ tɪnz]
Monday
[mʊndɪ]
month
[mʊnθ]
pl.
[mʊnθs]
moon
[mu:n] + [mü:n]
moor
[moəә]
more
[mʊəә]
morning
[mɔ:nɪn] + [mɔəәnɪn]
most
[mʊəәst] + [mʊɪst]
mother
[mʊðəә]
mouse
[mæʊs] + [ma̝ ʊs]
[mæɪs]
mouth
[mæʊθ]
mow
[mʊ̞]
much
[mʊtʃ]
[mɪtʃ]
much sb. + v. [mʊk]
mushrooms [mʊʃɹü:m]
N.
nail
naked
naught
near
needle
neighbours
nephew
never
next
[ne̝ əәl]
[ne:kt]
[næʊt] + [nɛ̈ʊt]
[nɪəә]
[ni:dl]
[ne:bəәz]
[nɛfɪ]
[nɛvəә]
[nɛkst] + [nɛks]
25
new
niece
night
nine
noise
none
north
nose
now
[nu:] + [nü:]
[ni:s]
[ni:t]
[nɑɪt]
[naɪn] + [nɑɪn]
[nɔɪz]
[nɒn]
[nɔ:θ]
[nʊəәz]
[na:]
O.
oak
oatmeal
[oʊk]
[wʊtme:l]
[ʊ:tmɛɪl]
oats
[wʊts]
[ʊ:ts] + [ʊ̞:ts]
off
[ɒf]
office
[ɒfɪs]
oftener
[ɒfəәnəә]
oil
[ɔɪl] + [ɑɪl]
old
[ɛʊd] + [ɛ̈ʊd]
[ɔ̈ʊd]
[ʊ:ld]
older
[ɛʊdəә]
oldest
[ʊ:ldɪst]
on
[ɒn]
[əә]
once
[wʊns]
[wʊnst]
[wɒ̝ns]
one
[wɒn] + [wɒ̝n]
[wʊn]
(unstressed)
[əәn]
onion
[ʊnɪəәn]
pl.
[ʊnɪəәnz]
only
[ɔ:nɪ] + [ʊ̞:nlɪ]
open v.
[ɒpn]
other
[ʊðəә]
over
[ɔ:vəә] + [ʊ:vəә] + [ɔʊəә]
+ [ɔ̝ʊəә]
owl
[æʊl]
P.
pan
parlour
parson
parted pp.
[pɒn]
[pa:ləә]
[pa:səәn]
[pa:tɪd]
partridge
[pa:tɹɪdʒ]
pl.
[pa:tɹɪdʒɪz]
pasture
[pastjəә]
pea
[pi:] + [pe:]
pl.
[pi:z] + [pe:z]
pear
[pɛəә]
pl.
[pæ̈ z]
pea shell (peapod)
[pi:ʃʊl] + [pe:ʃʊl]
person
[pəә:səәn]
pheasant
[fɛzəәnt]
pipes
[paɪps]
plough
[plau] + [plau:] + [pləәʊ]
[plæ̈ ʊ]
plucking pres. p.
[plʊkkɪn]
pocket
[pɒkɪt]
pl.
[pɒkɪts]
poison
[paɪsəәn] + [pɑisəәn]
pool
[pu:]
poor
[pʊəә]
poplar
[pɒpləә]
porridge
[pɒɹɪdʒ]
potato
[pəәte:təә] + [te:təә]
pl.
[pəәte:təәz]
potter
[pɒttəә]
potty (silly) [pɒttɪ]
pound
[pæʊnd]
[pæ̞ ɪnd]
pl.
[pund]
pull v.
[pʊl]
pulling v.
[pʊlɪn]
put
v.
[pʊt] + [pü:t]
2 pl. pres.
[pʊtn]
putting
[pʊtɪn]
Q.
quarry
[kwɒɹɪ]
[kwaɹɪ]
[kwa:t]
[kwa:təә]
[wɪk]
[kwɪkəә]
[kwɪklɪ]
[kwɪlt]
quart
quarter
quick
quicker
quickly
quilt
R.
rabbit
pl.
[ɹapɪt]
[ɹapɪts]
26
rain
[ɹe:n]
reach v.
[ɹi:tʃ]
pt. pp. [ɹi:tʃt]
reaching pres. p.
[ɹi:tʃɪn]
ready
[ɹɛdɪ]
red
[ɹɛd]
relations
[ɹɪle:ʃəәnz]
remember v. [ɹɪmɛmbəә]
ridge
[ɹɪdʒ]
right
[ɹi:t]
right-handed [ɹi:tɒndəәt]
ring
[ɹɪŋ]
road
[ɹʊəәd]
[ɹu:d]
[ɹo:d]
pl.
[ɹʊəәdz]
roll
[ɹɛ̈ʊl]
roof
[ɹü:f]
room
[ɹu:m] + [ɹü:m]
pl.
[ɹu:mz]
roots
[ɹü:ts]
rough
[ɹʊf]
round
[ɹæʊnd]
rubbish
[ɹʊbɪʃ]
ruffled pp.
[ɹʊfəәlt]
S.
saddle
Saturday
sawdust
school
scissors
scratching
[sadl]
[ˈsɛʔtˌdɪ]
[sɔ:dʊst]
[sku:]
[sɪðəәz]
[skɹattɪn]
[skɹatɪn]
scruff (of neck)
[skɹʊft]
second
[sɛkəәnd]
see
v.
[si:]
saw pt.
[sɔ:]
[si:d]
seen pp.
[si:n]
seed
[si:d]
pl.
[si:dz]
selling pres. p.
[sɛlɪn]
[sɛllɪn]
send v.
[sɛn]
set
v.
[sɛt]
seven
[sɛvn] + [sɛvəәn]
sexton
shaft
[sɛkstəәn]
[ʃaft]
pl.
[ʃafs]
share
[ʃɛ̞əә]
sheaf
[ʃi:f]
pl.
[ʃi:vz] + [ʃi:v̥ z]
sheep
[ʃi:p]
shelf
[ʃɛlf] + [ʃɛləәf]
shepherd
[ʃɛpəә˞d]
shilling
[ʃɪ̞ lɪn]
shippon
[ʃɪpəәn] + [ʃɪpɪn]
shirt
[ʃəә:t]
shoe
[ʃɪü:]
pl.
[ʃɪü:z]
shopping pres. p.
[ʃɒppɪn]
shoulder
[ʃɪüðəә]
shovel
[ʃʊvl] + [ʃʊvəәl]
[ʃu:] + [ʃü:]
show v.
[ʃʊ:]
shrink v.
[ʃɹɪŋk]
shut v.
[ʃʊt]
sick
[sɪk]
side
[saɪd] + [sɑɪd]
sight
[saɪt]
silver
[sɪlvəә]
singing pres. p.
[əәsɪŋgɪn]
single v.
[sɪŋgl]
sit
v.
[sɪ̞ t]
six
[sɪks]
skin
[skɪn] + [skɪ̞ n]
sky
[skaɪ]
slaughter
[slɔ:təә]
sledge
[slɛdʒ]
sleeps v.
[sli:ps]
slippery
[slɪpɪ]
small
[smɔ:]
smart v.
[sma:t]
snails
[sne:lz]
snout
[snæʊt]
snow
[snʊ̞:]
so
[sʊ:] + [sʊ]
socket
[sɒkɪt]
soft
[sɒft]
soften v.
[sɒfəәn]
soil
[sɔɪl] + [sæɪl] + [saɪl]
soldier
[sʊəәdʒəә]
some
[sʊm]
somewhat
[sʊməәt]
27
son
[sʊn]
soon
[su:n] + [sü:n]
soot
[sü:t]
sore
[sʊəә]
sort
[sʊəәt]
sough
[sʊf]
sour v. (curdle)
[sæʊəә]
south
[sæʊθ]
sow
[sæʊ]
spade
[spe:d]
speaks v.
[spe:ks]
speeches
[spi:tʃɪz]
splay-footed [sple:fü:tɪt]
spoiling pres. p.
[spɔɪlɪŋk]
spokes
[spʊəәks]
spoon
[spu:n] + [spü:n]
spoonful
[spü:nfʊl]
spotted
[spɒtɪd]
sprawly-footed
[spɹɔ:lɪfʊtɪd]
Spring
[spɹɪŋg] + [spɹɪŋ]
springing (showing signs of calving)
[spɹɪŋɪn]
squirrel
[skwəәɹɪl]
stairs
[stɛəәz]
stars
[sta:z]
stand v.
[stan]
[stɒn]
3sg. pres.
[stɑnz]
stealing
[sti:lɪn] + [ste:lɪn]
stepping
[stɛpɪn]
sticky
[stɪkkɪ]
stile
[staɪl]
sting v.
[stɪŋg]
stink v.
[stɪŋks]
stitch
[stɪtʃ]
stomach
[stʊməәk]
stone
[stʊəәn]
[stu:n] + [stʊ:n]
(unstressed)
[stəәn]
stool
[stu:]
storm
[stɔ:m]
straight
[stɹɛɪt]
[stɹe:t]
strain v.
[stɹe:n]
strained pp. [stɹe:nt]
straw
string
[stɹɔ:]
[stɹɪŋ]
pl.
[stɹɪŋz]
stupid
[stjüpɪd]
suck
[sʊk]
suet
[süɪt]
sugar
[ʃʊgəә]
suit
[sɪüt]
sun
[sʊn]
Sunday
[sʊndɪ]
sure
[ʃɪüəә]
swearing pres. p.
[swɛəәɹɪn]
sweating pres. p.
[swɪəәtɪn]
swim v.
[swɪm]
swing
[swɪŋ]
swingle-tree [ˈswɪŋl̩ ˌtɹi:]
pl.
[swɪŋltɹi:z]
T.
tail
[te:l]
[te:lz]
take
[tɛk] + [tɛ̞k] + [tak]
[te:k]
took pt.
[tü:k] + [tu:k]
taken pp.
[te:n]
taller
[tɔ:ləә]
team
[ti:m]
[tɪ̞ i:m]
tear
v.
[tɛəә]
teeth
[ti: θ]
tell
[tɛl]
that (unstressed)
[at]
thatch
[θatʃ]
thatching
[θatʃɪn]
thatcher
[θatʃəә]
thawing pres. p.
[θʊɹɪn]
them
[ðɛm]
there
[ðɪəә]
[ðɛəә]
[ðəә]
thigh
[θi:]
thimble
[θɪmbl]
think v.
[θɪŋk]
third
[θəә:d]
thirty
[θəә:tɪ]
this
[ðɪs]
pl.
v.
28
thistles
[ðɪ̞ slz]
thousand
[θæʊzəәnd]
thread
[θɹɛd]
thread v.
[θɹi:d]
threshing pres. p.
[θɹɛʃɪn]
thripples (cart-ladders)
[θɹɛpəәz]
thumb
[θʊm]
thunder
[θʊnəә]
time
[taɪm] + [tɑɪm]
pl.
[taɪmz]
to
[təә]
toad
[tʊəәd]
today
[təәde:]
toes
[tʊ:z]
tomorrow
[təәmɒɹəә]
tongs
[tʊŋz]
tongue
[tɒ̝ŋg]
[tʊŋg̥ ]
tonight
[təәni:t]
tooth
[tü:θ]
tough
[tɒf]
tree
[tɹi:]
tremendous [tɹɪmɛndjəәs]
troubled pp. [tɹʊblt]
trough
[tɹɒf]
Tuesday
[tjü:zdɪ]
tune
[tjü:n]
turnips
[təә:nɪps] + [təә˞nɪps]
twelve
[twɛlv]
twenty
[twɛntɪ]
two
[tu:] + [tü:]
[tɪü]
U.
uncle
upwards
us
[ʊnkl]
[ʊpəәts]
[əәz]
V.
very
voice
[vɛɹɪ]
[vɑɪs]
W.
waistcoat
walk
v.
[we:skəәt]
[wɛskəәt]
[wɔ:k]
wall
[wɔ:]
pl.
[wɔ:lz]
walted (overturned) pp.
[wɔ:tɪd]
want v.
[wɒnt]
wanted pt.
[wɒntɪd]
wanting
[wɒntɪŋɡ]
warm
[wa:m]
warts
[wa:ts]
wash v.
[wɒʃ]
[wɛʃ]
washed pp.
[wɛʃt]
wasps
[wasps]
[was]
watch
[wɒtʃ]
water
[we:təә]
wattles
[wadlz]
weak
[we:k]
weakness
[we:knɪs]
wears
[wɛəәz]
weeds
[wi:dz]
week
[wi:k]
[wɪk]
weight
[wɛɪt]
west
[wɛ̞st]
what
[wɒt]
whatever
[wɒtɛvaɹ]
wheat
[wi:t]
wheel
[wi:l] + [wï:l]
when
[wɛn]
where
[wɪəә]
[wɛəә]
whey
[we:]
which
[wɪtʃ]
while
[wɑɪl]
whip
[wɛ̝p]
white
[wæɪt] + [waɪt] + [wɑɪt]
whitsunday [wɪ̞ tsʊndɪ]
whittling pres. p.
[wɪtlɪŋk]
who is
[u:z]
whole
[wo:l]
[wʊl]
wide
[waɪd]
wife
[wæ̞ ɪf]
wind
[wɪnd] + [wɪ̞ nd]
wind v.
[waɪnd]
windows
[wɪndəәz]
wine
[waɪn]
29
wing
[wɪŋ]
pl.
[wɪŋz]
withered v.
[wɛðəәt]
woman
[wʊməәn]
women
[wɪmɪn]
wood
[wʊd]
wool
[wʊl]
words
[wəәdz]
work
[wəә:k] + [wa:k]
worms
[wa:mz]
writing v. sb. [ɹæɪtɪn]
Y.
yard
year
pl.
yellow
yesterday
yolk
youngest
[ja:d]
[jɪəәɹ]
[ɪəә]
[ɪəә]
[jaləә]
[jɪstəәdɪ]
[jʊ:k]
[jʊŋɡɪst]
30