HLTAP401A Confirm health status
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Schematic Diagram
The Reproductive System
 Gonads – primary sex organs
 Testes in males
 Ovaries in females
 Gonads produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete hormones
 Sperm – male gametes
 Ova (eggs) – female gametes
Male Reproductive System
Primary reproductive organs:
 Testes
 Exocrine function sperm production
 Endocrine function testosterone production
Accessory structures
 Ducts or glands that aid delivery of sperm to external
environment
Male Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
Testes
 Coverings of the testes (continued)
 Septa – extensions of the capsule that extend into the testis and
divide it into lobules
Testes
 Each lobule contains one to four seminiferous tubules
 Tightly coiled structures
 Function as sperm-forming factories
 Empty sperm into the rete testis
 Sperm travels through the rete testis to the epididymis
 Interstitial cells produce androgens such as testosterone
Epididymis
 Lies on external surface of testis – superior & posterolateral side
 Coiled – 6 m long
 Temporary storage site for immature sperm
 Sperm move along epididymis (20 days) – mature able to swim
 Sexual stimulation causes sperm to move into to ductus deferens
Epipdidymus Schematic
Ductus deferens
 Also called vas deferens
 Extends up into pelvic cavity
 Empties into the ejaculatory duct – passes through the prostate
merges with urethra
 Function – propel sperm from storage sites to the urethra
 Ejaculation – peristaltic waves move sperm forward
Urethra
Extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the
penis
 Divided into 3 areas:
Prostatic urethra – prostate surrounds
Membranous urethra – middle from prostatic to
penile
Spongy (penile) urethra – length of penis
 Serves 2 functions – urinary & reproductive
 Cannot do both at same time, sphincter on bladder constricts

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Male-pelvic-organs2.jpg
Accessory Glands
Seminal vesicles
 Located at base of bladder
 Produce 60% semen
 Secretions rich in fructose, vitamin c, prostaglandins – nourish &
activates sperm
 Ducts join deferens & forms ejaculatory duct
 Sperm & seminal fluid enter the urethra together during
ejaculation
Prostate gland
 Encircles urethra below the bladder
 Secretion milky fluid – activates sperm – enters urethra thru
small ducts
Bulbourethral glands
 Inferior to prostate gland
 Produce clear mucus – cleanses urethra & serves as lubricant
Seamen
 Contains sperm - Male sex cells
 Milky white mixture of sperm
and accessory gland secretions
 Transport medium, nutrients
 Alkaline to neutralises acidity in vagina – protects & enhances
motility
 Dilutes sperm 2-5ml ejaculated (50-130million sperm per ml)
External Genitalia
Scrotum
 Sac of skin that houses the testes
 Provides a temperature that allows sperm to be viable
Penis
 Designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract
 Composed of a shaft, glans penis and prepuce
 Internally the penis has spongy tissue that fills with blood to
allow an erection to aid delivery of sperm
Male Sex Hormones
Testosterone
 Produced by interstitial cells in the testes
 Testosterone causes secondary sex characteristics in males &
causes reproductive organs to develop to their adult size
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
 Causes sperm production in testes
Romantic Loot
Luteinising Hormone
 Triggers interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone
Girl
Bits
Female Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
 Pair – almond size
 Contain ovarian follicles
 Secured by suspensory, ovarian and broad ligaments
 Each follicle contains an oocyte surrounded by follicle cells
 matures into Graafian follicle when ova ejected
Follicle
1- Menstruation
2 - Maturing
follicle
3 - Mature
follicle
4 – Ovulation
5 - Corpus
luteum
6 - Deterioration
of corpus
luteum
wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Order_of_changes_in_ovary.sv
Ovulation
 Ova ejected from the follicle
 Usually every 28 days
 ruptured follicle is called the corpus luteum
 Tacky mucous
wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_Ovary_with_Fully_Developed_Corpus_Luteum.jpg
The Female Duct System
Duct System
Fimbriae
 Distal end of fallopian tube expanded and has fingerlike projections
 The fimbrae collect the ova when expelled during ovulation
Fallopian tube
 Receive the oocyte and provide a site where fertilization can
occur
 Each 10 cm long extends from the uterus to the ovary
 Oocyte carried from the ovary to the uterus by peristalsis and cilia.
This takes 3-4 days
 Ova only viable for 24hrs after ovulation
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scheme_hysterectomy-en.svg
Uterus



Body
Fundus
Cervix
3 layers:

inner (endometrium) –
 epithelial tissue - embryo implantation -menses

middle (myometrium) smooth muscle – contractions in labour

outer (perimetrium) –
 serous layer
Vagina
 Lies between the bladder & rectum
 Thin walled tube
 Provides passageway for the delivery of an infant and for the
menstrual flow
 Receives the penis and semen during intercourse
 Contains a hymen which ruptures on first sexual intercourse
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fem_isa_3.gif
External Genitalia
Mons Pubis
 Fatty, rounded area over pubic symphysis
 Covered with pubic hair after puberty
Labia Majora
 Two elongated hair covered
folds
 Enclose the labia minora
and the vestibule
Labia Minora
 Two delicate, hair free folds
Vestibule
 Area that contains the external openings of the urethra & vagina
 Also contains the greater vestibular glands which secrete mucous
and are found on either side of the vagina
Clitoris
 Found anterior to the vestibule
 Corresponds to the male penis
Perineum
 The diamond shaped region between the anterior end of the
labial folds, the anus posteriorly and the ischial tuberosities
laterally
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vulva_with_Vaginal_Opening-it.jpg
Breasts
 Present in both sexes
 Normally only function in females
 Produce milk for infants
 Modified sweat glands
 Contains an areola & nipple externally
 Internally contain 15-25 lobes which radiate around the nipple
 Each lobe is separated by connective tissue and fat
 Within each lobe are lobules which contain alveolar glands
 These produce milk when the female is lactating
 The milk gets passed to lactiferous ducts which open to the nipple
Tanner Scale of maturity
The Menstrual
(Ovarian) Cycle
Menstrual phase
 Days 1-5 Menses
 Endometrial lining
sloughs off, bleeding
3-5 days
 Blood loss usually
50-150 ml
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MenstrualCycle.png
Proliferative phase
 Days 6-14
 Endometrium is repaired, blood supply increases – becomes
thick
 Ovulation occurs day 14
 Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) stimulates oestrogen
secretion
 FSH – stimulates follicle development in ovaries and as these
mature they produce oestrogen which stimulates ovulation
Secretory phase
 Increased levels of progesterone from corpus luteum act on
uterus to increase blood supply and stimulate glands to secrete
nutrients into uterine cavity.
 If fertilization occurs, progesterone continues to be produced, if
not corpus luteum degenerates.
 Decreased levels of ovarian hormones in the blood causes BVs to
die, thus endometrial cells die and slough off – menses.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Menstrual_cycle.png
Female Reproductive Hormones
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) stimulates oestrogen and
progesterone secretion – triggers ovulation and causes ruptured
follicle to become the corpus luteum and produce progesterone.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)-Stimulates ovarian
follicle maturation and oestrogen production
Oestrogen – produced by mature follicle cells. Provides
secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone – produced by corpus luteum. Helps maintain
pregnancy (produced by placenta), prepares breasts for lactation.
Easter Generater + Pro gestation
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lute_%28PSF%29.png
Common Disorders Associated with the
Reproductive System...
 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
 Ectopic Pregnancy
 Endometriosis
 Breast Cancer
 Mastitis
 In pairs chose one of the above – outline the disorder, it’s
aetiology, any impacting external or internal factors associated
with it’s development , it’s clinical manifestations and any
treatment considerations you may need to make as a nurse (nurse
management).
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cusco's_selfretaining_bivalve_vaginal_speculum_Left.jpg
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
●
Showing Blockage of urine
Prostate Milking
Inguinal Hernia
●
Loop of bowel
forms in the
inguinal canal, the
only fault in the
abdominal muscle
intended for the
vas deferens.
Hypospadias
●
●
Degrees of Hypospadias
showing a spectrum of
external genitalia from
relatively feminine to
relatively masculine.
Internal organs usually
externalize in utero.
ECTOPIC (Tubal) Pregnancy
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ectopic.gif
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:9-Week_Human_Embryo_from_Ectopic_Pregnancy.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mammo_breast_cancer.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:En_Breast_cancer_illustrations.gif
SNEAKY CHECK
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Breast_self-exam_NCI_visuals_online.jpg
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clubbing_foot.jpg
Next Session
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Complete Assessment
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Read Agosta & Pakiam
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Refer to other texts as neccesary
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Suggestions and comments to
[email protected]