Family of Elements
By: Michael Pompei College Chemistry Pd.6
Hydrogen
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Hydrogen is not found in a specific family.
It has 1 valence electron.
Hydrogen also is an invisible gas that has no smell, taste, or color.
It is the most abundant element in the whole universe.
The atomic # of hydrogen is 1 and the symbol is H.
Hydrogen is used in hydrogen peroxide.
Hydrogen is very flammable.
Hydrogen
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Even though Hydrogen has the same amount of valence electrons as alkali
metals, it is not in that family because hydrogen can form covalent bonds
whereas alkali metals form ionic bonds. Hydrogen also can form cations
or anions whereas alkali metals only form cations.
Group 1 Alkali Metals
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Alkali metals have one valence electron.
A +1 cation is formed.
They’re soft, and shiny metals that react violently with water.
Alkali metals also have a lower density than other metals.
Francium
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Francium is in the Alkali metal group because it forms a +1 cation and it’
s very reactive like all Alkali metals.
Its atomic number is 87 and the symbol is Fr.
Francium is the second rarest element on the Earth.
It is very radioactive.
It has a maximum half-life of just 22 minutes.
Francium is used for just research.
it was found in 1939 by Marguerite Perey in Paris, France.
Group 2 Alkaline-Earth metals
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Alkaline-Earth metals have 2 valence electrons.
A +2 cation is formed.
Less active than Alkali metals.
Found in shells of sea animals, bones, and teeth.
Magnesium
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Magnesium is in the Alkaline-Earth metals group because it has 2 valence
electrons and forms a +2 cation. 50% of magnesium is also found in
bones of animals.
The atomic number is 12 and the symbol is Mg.
Magnesium is essential for life, and it’s found in mainly seawater.
By eating nuts and certain vegetables, magnesium can be obtained.
It is found in over 100 different minerals.
Magnesium is highly flammable and once it catches fire it is hard to
extinguish.
Transition Metals Groups 3-12
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Usually have one or two valence electrons.
They also usually form +1 or +2 cations
They’re much less reactive.
A lot of the elements are malleable or ductile.
Gold
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Gold is in the Transition metals group because it has normally has 1
valence electron and usually forms a +1 cation. It also is malleable
which is a characteristic for transition metals.
The atomic number is 79 and its symbol is Au.
Gold is used in coins, jewelry, and electronics.
It is obtained from the Earths crust, copper ores.
The symbol Au comes from aurum which means gold.
The discovery of gold was around 3000 B.C. and the person who founded
gold is unkown.
Group 13 Boron family
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The Boron family has 3 valence electrons.
A +3 cation is formed.
As you go down the group, the atomic radius increases.
When you go down the group the Electrode potential increases.
Boron
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Boron is in the Boron family because it has 3 valence electrons and forms
a +3 cation just like the rest of the family does.
The atomic number is 5 and the symbol is B.
Boron is known as a Lewis acid and it tends to form hydrides.
A weak compound called boric acid is one of the main compounds for
boron.
Borons melting point is 2076 degrees celsius.
Boron can be crystallized when mixed with hydrogen peroxide.
Group 14 Carbon family
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The Carbon family has 4 valence electrons.
They do not form ions, the form covalent bonds.
There are metals, non-metals, and metalloids in the Carbon family.
Carbon
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Carbon is in the Carbon family because it has 4 valence electrons and it
forms covalent bonds.
Carbons symbol is C and the atomic number is 6.
It is the fourth most abundant element on Earth.
It is considered the “backbone” of biology.
Other than Sulfur, Carbon has the most allotropes.
Graphite, diamond, and fullerenes are the 3 main solid states of Carbon.
Group 15 Nitrogen family
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The Nitrogen family has 5 valence electrons.
In this family a -3 anion is formed.
The melting point, boiling point, and metallic character all increase as
you go down the group, but the electron affinity, ionization energy, and
electronegativity decrease as you go down the group.
Nitrogen
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Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons and forms a -3 anion just like the other
elements of the group do.
Nitrogens symbol is N and the atomic number is 7.
It was discovered in 1770 by Scheele and Priestely.
It is nonmetallic and has no color, taste or odor.
It is found in nature and noncombustible material.
Also, Nitrogen makes up 0.002% of Earths crust.
Group 16 Oxygen family
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The oxygen family has 6 valence electrons.
In this family a -2 anion is formed.
All elements in this group can be found in nature and in free, and
combined states.
Oxygen
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Oxygen is in the Oxygen family because it has 6 valence electrons and
forms a -2 anion.
Oxygen’s symbol is O and the atomic number is 8
In room temperature oxygen is a gas.
1 atom of gas is tasteless, colorless and odorless.
It has 2 allotopes.
Due to its small size Oxygen can’t bond with more than 4 elements.
Group 17 Halogen family
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The Halogen family has 7 valence electrons.
In this family a -1 anion is formed.
This group is all non-metals, but the nonmetals are more reactive than
any other group because they only need one more electron to make a full
octet.
Iodine
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Iodine is apart of the Halogen family because it has 7 valence electrons
and forms a -1 anion.
The symbol for Iodine is I and the atomic number is 53.
It appears as a violent solid when it’s at room temperature.
It has only 1 stable isotope.
It was discovered in 1811 through the use of seaweed and sulfuric acid.
Iodine ions can be isolated in seawater.
Group 18 Noble Gas family
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Noble gases have 8 valence electrons.
Noble gases are nonreactive and do not form any types of ions.
In 1875 Henry Cavendish discovered Noble gases.
Helium
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Helium is apart of the noble gas family because it has 8 valence electrons
and it is nonreactive.
Heliums symbol is He and its atomic number is 2.
Helium was first found in 1868 by Pierre Jansen.
When Jansen discovered it he thought it was a sodium line.
It is tasteless, odorless, and colorless. It’s also non-toxic.
Also it is the second most abundant element.
Lanthanides
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Elements number 57-71 are lanthanides.
Lanthanides used to be called the rare Earth elements.
They have a bright silvery appearance.
4 of the elements are very reactive.
Lanthanides are very expensive, but they’ve found ways to reduce the
cost of them.
Lanthanum
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Lanthanum is apart of the lanthanide family because it has the same
appearance as the other elements in the group.
Lananthiums symbol is La and its atomic number is 57.
It was discovered by Carl Mosander in 1839.
Lanthanum is soft, malleable, ductile, and are a silver-white metal.
It is dumped into the environment in many different places.
It costs 64$ per gram.
It causes damage to the cell membrane in water animals.
Actinides
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Actinides are located on the lowest line of the periodic table.
All actinides are radioactive.
They have distinctive structures and are very dense.
Many allotropes may be formed.
They release Hydrogen gas when they’re in boiling water, or dilute acid.
Thorium
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Thorium is in the actinide family because it is dense and it’s radioactive.\
Thoriums symbol is Th and the atomic number is 90
Thorium is fertile.
It can only be used as fuel when mixed with a fissel material.
It was discovered in 1928 by Swedish chemist.
In its pure state it’s silvery-white but turns gray then black.