Dnipropetrovsk Medical Acadamy
The Department
of Foreign Languages
with the Latin course
Latin exercise manual
for medical students
Compiler : Klochko E.
Dnipropetrovsk
2003
Preface
This is elementary Latin - exercise manual for adult
students and their first steps in medical sciences. It can
be studied both with and without a teacher.
The practical course aims at helping the student acquire a
working knowledge of specific medical Latin so that he
could: read and understand the terms of Anatomy, Histology,
Biology, medical sciences ( e. g. Therapy, Surgery,
Gynecology etc).
The manual consists of the following sections of exercises:
1. Latin alphabet and rules of reading. The stress. Combi
nation of letters. Diphtongs.
2. The Noun. Five declentions of the Latin noun. Genetive
Case.
3. The gender of the Noun. The rules of determinging the
gender.
4. The Adjective. Grammar catagories. The dictionary form
of the adjectives.
5. The degrees of comparison of the Ajectives.
6. The 3- d Declention of the Noun. Exceptions of the rule.
7. The plural number of the Ajectives and Nouns. Genetive
Case of plural number.
8. Pharmacology. The structure of the prescriptions. The forms
of the medicines.
9. Some notions about Word- building. Clinical terms and cli
nical terminology.
10. Greek and Latin doublets.
11. Latin and Greek preffixes.
Thus, the manual gives the student a thorough practical
knowledge of the fundamentals of medical Latin. On
completing the course the student, if he so desires', will be
able to gain much more knowledge of Latin language.
SECTION 1
Latin alphabet and rules of reading. Combination of letters.
Diphtongs. The stress.
1.1. Review the rules of reading. Read the words and learn their meanings:
nervus - nerve, dens - teeth, febris - fever, teres - round, bene - good (well),
tendo - tendon ( sinew ), fovea - round hole.
2) vitaminum - vitamin, iunctura - connection, iecur-liver, jugum-comb,
crest.
3) dyspepsia - disorder of nutrition, hypotonia low tention, myoma - swelling
of the muscle.
4) gangraena - tissue decay, anaemia - blood disease, costae - ribs, laesio -lesion, paediater - pediatrition, auris - ear, neuritis - inflammation of
the nerves, aёr - air, uropoёticus - producing urine.
5) cerebrum - brain, caverna - cave, cervix-neck, cilium - eye- lash, cito—
quickly, ulcus-ulcer, coccygeus - belonged to coccyx.
6) habitus - appearance, herba - herb ( grass ), haema - blood, hiatus - slot.
7) lux - light, locus - place, longus - long, columna - column, medulla — brain
( of the spine ), pulmo - lung.
8) status - state, incisura - carving, fossa - oval hole, cavernosus - full of
caves, dosis - dose.
9)
radix - root, vertex - top, extensor - extenser, xiphoideus - sword like, extractum - extract.
10) zygoma-cheek oone, ozaena - chronic cold in the nose.
11) liquor - liquer, squamosus - scaly, triquetrus - consisted of three.
12) sanguis - blood, lingua - tongue ( language ), sublingualis - under tongue,
unguentum - ointment.
13) substantia - substance, solutio - solution, palpatio, auscultatio - met
hods of physical examination, digestio - process of nutrition.
14) erythema - reddening, haemophilia - blood malady, cochlea - cochlea,
concha - choncha, splanchnologia - science about inner organs,
thyreoideus - belonged to thyroid gland or cartilage.
1)
1.2. From the words given below copy out those in which letter C
is read as a) [ k ] and as b) [ ts ]
incisura, cito, colica, ulcus, cerebrum, cervix, costae, locus, cavernosus, cilium, auscultatio, extractum.
1.3.
1.4.
From the exercise 1.1 copy out the words in which letter S
is read as a) [ s ] and as [ z ].
Be ready to write down on the blackboard the words from the
exercise 1.1.
1.5.
Read & mark the stress in the following words; learn their
meanings.
curatio — treatment
aether — substence, which evaporates quickly
decoctum -- decoction
flavus -- yellow
pylorus -- pylorus
medicamentum -- medicine
palpebra -- eye- lid
abscessus -- abscess
abdomen -- abdomen
oleum ricini -- oil from Ricinus
tibia -- tibia
vulnus -- wound
mobilis -- full of motion
gingiva -- gum
cerebellum -- the part of cerebrum
auricula -- concha of the ear
ramulus -- little branch
cuticula -- skin
maxilla -- upper jaw
remedium -- remedy
fractura -- fracture
malignus -- malignent
1.6. Give the example of the word ( words ) in which letters b, c, d, g, p, t +
1 or r do not make the syllable long.
1.7. Tell the rule according to which one should read the following
words; mark the stresses: choledochus, charta, cochlea, concha,
chirurgus.
Questions for the control test
What diphtongs do you know ?
What are the rules of their reading ?
2. Explain the reading of the letter combinations ti , ngu,:
Give your examples.
3. In what way should we pronounce letter combinations
borrowed from Greek ph, ch, rh, th, sch ?
4. Explain the general rule of putting the stresses in Latin
words.
5. Speak about the stress in the suffixes
a. - al, - ar, at, - in, os ( suff. of adjectives )
b. - ura, it is, - oma
( suff. of nouns )
c. - ol, ul, cul
( suff. of nouns )
Give the examples.
1.
Section II
The Noun. Five declentions of the Latin nouns. Genetive Case.
l.Give the dictionary form of the following nouns and determine their
declention:
septum-
a partition between
two cavities
cornu-
a coneshaped hardening of
epidermis
the bony framework of the
body
skeleton-
textus,us - tissue
recessus,us - inward
protrusion
genu,us - the waved portion,
knee
wena-vain
angulus,i-corner,angle
vestibulum-entrance
meatus,us-the hole
processus,us-outward
protrusion
ramus
branch
tuberculum- tubercle,small lump
laminaa thin plate of layer(usually of
bone)
maxillaupper jaw
gangliona mass of nerve tissue
conchaconcha
2. Make the dictionary form complete, that is determine the gender of
the following nouns:
nasus, i-nose, digitus, i-finger
lobus,i-lobe, arcus,us-arch,
plexus,us-a network of vessels or nervs,
aquaeductus, us -the canal connecting the 3 and 4-th ventricles of the
brain.
3.Give the dictionary form of the following nouns, translate them and
explain their meaning:
spatium, septum,ostium, substantia,maxilla, crista, glandula,capitulum,
ulna.
The Words for obligitory learning
The first Declention
arteria, ae f- artery
calvaria,ae f- the skull-cap
cellula,ae f- cell
clavicula, ae f- the collar-bone,clavicular
costa, ae frib
crista,ae f - comb
fossa, ae fpit, hole
lamina,ae f- a thin plate of layer
incisura, ae f- a cutting
linea, ae fline
massa,ae fmass
mandibula,ae f - low jaw
maxilla, ae f- upper jaw
scapula, ae f- the shoulder blade-a large, lat, triangular bone
sella, ae fsaddle
substantia ae f- substance
sutura, ae fstich, suture
tuba,ae ftube
vena, ae fvain
The second Declention
angulus, i m - angle
collum, i nneck
cranium, i n - skull
dorsum, i n - back, back side
humerus, i m- bone of the shoulder
manubrium, i n- handle, a handle-shaped structure, the upprer part of
the breast bone or sternun.
musculus, i m - muscle
septum, i n - a partition between two cavities, sternum, i n –
sternum, sulcus, i m - a furrow or groove, tuberculum, i n - a
small rounded prominence usually on bone.
The Third Declention
os, ossis n - bone
The Fourth Declenton
arcus, us m - arch
cornu, us n - a coneshaped hardening of epidermis
meatus, us m - meatus
processus, us m - a prominence or outgrowth of any part
The Fifth Declention
facies, ei f - surface, face
Control questions
1. What does the dictionary form consists of?
2. How many declentions are there in the Latin language ?
3. In what way do we determine the declention of the noun ?
4. What is the characteristic feature of the
a) first declention;
b) second declention;
c) third declention;
d) fourth declention;
e) fifth declention;
5. How do we determine the Gender of the noun?
6.
What is the Gender of the nouns with the endings
- um, - on, - en ?
7. What endings in Gen. sing do the nouns with the ending
-- us have ?
Give your examples.
Remember the expressions:
Casus ordinarius -- usual case
Casus extraordinarius -- unusual case
Exitus letalis -- mortal outcome
Section IV
The Adjectives of the Second Group.
1. Give the form of Gen.sing of the following Adjectives:
frontalis, e
biceps, bicipitis
lateralis, e
par, paris
simplex, icis
nasalis, e
2. Learn the following Adjectives of the 2-nd group:
articularis, e - belonging to the joints
clavicularis, e - beloning to the collar-bone
costalis, e - belonging to the ribs
ethmoidalis, e - ethmoid (lattice)
frontalis, e - belonging to the forehead
jugularis, e - pertaining to the throat
lacrimalis, e - belonging to tears
nasalis, e - belonging to nose
orbitalis, e - belonging to the eye holes
vertebralis, e - pertaining to the vertebra
abdominalis, e - pertaining to the abdomen
auricularis, e - pertaining to the ear
cerebralis, e - belonging to the brain (cerebrum)
medullaris, e - pertaining to the marrow
parietalis, e - pertaining to the two bones which form the sides of
the skull
pulmonalis, e - belonging to the lungs
sphenaidalis, e - wedge-shaped
simplex, icis - simple
teres, teretis – round
simplex,icis
3.Transtate the terms into Latin: the soft roof of the mouth, the external
comb of the neck, the surface of the upper jaw, oval hole.
4. Translate the terms into English (Russian): os parietale, os temparale, os
occipitale, os lacrimale, os nasale, os sphenoidale, os ethmoidale.
Answer the questinons:
1. What does the dictionary form of the Adjectives consist of? Give the
examples.
2. Give the gender endings of the 1-st group Adjectives.
3.What does the dictionary form of the 2-nd group Adjectives
consist of?
4. What are the gender endings of the 2-nd group Adjectives? Give the
examples.
5. What are the endings of the 1-st group Adjectives (that is with us
(er),
a, um in Nom. sing. ( in Gen. sing.)? Give your examples.
6. What are the endings in Gen. sing of the 2-nd group Adjectives? Give
your examples.
3.
7. Learn the Latin savings:
Vis medicatrix naturae. - The treating force of nature. Vita
brevis, ars longa. - The life is short, the art is eternal.
Section V
Degrees of compatison of Adjectives. The comparative degree.
1. Learn the Adjectives in comparative degree which are used in
Anatomy as the Adjectives in Positive degree:
superior, ius
posterior, ius
inferior, ius
majar, ius
anterior, ius
minor, us
2. Compose the anatomical terms from the following words and give
their forms in Nom. sing. and Gen. sing.
a) foramen, inis n;
magnus, a, um
b) arteria, ae f;
parvus, a, um
3. Compose the anatomical terms:
The front arch
The front hole
The front lump
Use the following words:
arcus, us m
anterior, ius
fossa, ae f
tuberculum, in
Translate into English (Russian): spina nasalis anterior, linea .temporalis
superior, facies articularis anterior, linea nuchae superior, tuberculum
humeri minus, ala major ossis sphenoidalis, incisura ischiadica major.
Translate into Latin the following terms and put them in Gen. sing.:
the big hole of the mouth roof, the low protrusion of the joint, the upper
transversal bond (connection), the front median surface.
6. Learn the following terms:
Nouns
1-st declention
fibula, ae f
- one of the longest and thinnest bones of the body
(on the outer side of the leg)
tibia, ae f
- the shin-bone; the larger of the two bones in the
lower part of the leg
ulna, ae f
the bone of the elbow
2-nd declention
digitus, i m - finger
nasus, i m - nose
radius, i m - beam, beam bone
ligamentum, i n - connecton, bond
membrum, i n - extremity, part of the body
palatum, i n - roof of the mouth
skeleton or sceleton, i n - framework of body bones
5.
Adjectives
coccygeus, a, um - belonging to the coccyx
externus, a, um - external
hyoideus, a, um - underlingual (bone)
hypoglossus, a, um - underlingual (nerve)
petrosus, a, um - resembling stone
pharyngeus, a, um - belonging to pharynx parvus,
a, um - small
pterygoideus, a, um - wing-like
rotundus, a, um - round
internus, a, um - inner
magnus, a, um - big (large)
obliquus, a, um - oblique
osseus, a, um - consisting of bone
sigmoideus, a, um - S-shaped
styloideus, a, um - resembling a pen or stylus
thoracicus, a, um - belonging to thorax
zygomaticus, a, um - belonging to the cheekbone
Section VI
Degrees of comparison of Adjectives.
The superlative degree
1. Remember the following Adjectives which form the comparative and
superlative degrees from different roots:
Positive degree
bonus, a, um - good
malus, a, um - bad
magnus, a, um - big (large)
parvus, a, um - little (small)
Comparative degree
melior, melius - better
peior, peius - worse
maior, maius - bigger (large)
minor, minus - less (smaller)
Superlative degree
optimus, a, um - the best
pessimus, a, um - the worst
maximus, a, um - the biggest (largest)
minimus, a, um - the least (smallest)
The superlative degree of the adjective
superior, ius (upper)
is
supremus, a, um
2. Translate the medical terms into Latin:
The longest muscle of the back;
the upper surface of the joint;
the front hole of coccyx;
the biggest dose;
the big straight muscle of the head;
the upper oblique muscle;
the front nasal comb;
the big horn of the underlingual bone.
3. The words for obligitory learning:
Nouns: The 1-st declention
mucosa, ae f-a mucous membrane;
tunica, ae f-a lining membrane;
flexura, ae f- a bending;
urethra, ae f - the passage from the bladder through which urine is
excreted.
The 2-nd declention
colon, i n - the large bowel extending from the caecum to the rectum
duodenum, i n - the fixed, curved, first portion of the small intestine
ileum, i n - the lower three fifth of the small intestine
intestinum, i n - intestines
oesophagus, i m - esophagus
periton(a)eum, i m - the delicate serous membrane which lines the
ablominal cavity
rectum, i m - the lower part of the large intestine
uterus, i m - the womb ventriculus, i m - a small
belly-like cavity
The 3-d declention
dens, dentis m - tooth
Adjectives
The 1-st group
iliacus, a, um - belonging to the upper part of the innominate bone
maximus, a, um - the biggest (largest)
minimus, a, um - the least (smallest)
mucosus, a, um - belonging to or containing mucus
submucosus, a, um - below mucous membrane
supremus, a, um - the highest
The 2-nd group
intestinalis, e - beloning to the intestines
simplex, icis - simple teres, etis - round
4. Learn the Lating sayings: Primus inter pares - The first among the
equal Quod licet Jovi, not licet bovi - What is permitted to Jupiter is
not permitted to the bull.
Section VII
The III-declention of the Nouns
Part I
1. Learn the endings in Nom. and Gen. sing. of the masculinum-gender
Endings
Nom. sing
l.-or
2. -os
3. -er
Nouns:
Gen. sing with
the part of the
root
- oris
- oris
- ris
- eris
- eris
4. -ex
- icis
5. -es
- edis
- etis
- onis
- inis
6.-o
Nota bene!!!
os, oris n
os, ossis n
cor, cordis n
tuber, eris n
Examples
calor, caloris m - fever
flos, floris m - flower
venter, ventris m – abdomen
(of the muscle)
aether, aetheris m - aether
trochanter, trochanteris m - two
pocesses on the inner side of the
femur
cortex, corticis m - the outer layer
of the brain
pes, pedism- foot
paries, parietis m - wall
pulmo, pulmonis m - lung
homo, hominis m - person (man)
Exceptions of the rule
gaster, tris f
mater, tris f
pia mater - soft covering of the brain
dura mater - hard covering of the brain
2. Learn the words:
apex, icis m - upper part (of the nose, tongue ete)
cortex, icis m - the outer layer of smth, flos, floris m
– flower, homo, inis m - person (man) liquor, oris
m - liquid
paries, etis m - wall, some kind of separation between two parts
pulmo, onis m - lung
venter, ntris m - abdomen, the part of the muscle, vertex, icis m - the
top of the head, vomer, eris m – vomer, index, icis m - index, index
finger, humor, oris m - any fluid of the body, a liquid, pes, pedis m foot (leg) pollex, icix m - the big finger of the hand, stapes, edis m - the
stirrup-shaped medial bone of the middle ear, ureter, eris m - the tube
passing from each kidney to the bladder for the conveyance of urine
3. Give the form of Gen. sing. of the following nouns and underline the
root: pulmo, embryo, flos, tumor, humor, calor, dolor, tuber, paries,
apex, liquor, pollex, venter, gaster.
4. Translate (orally), denote the Gender of the nouns of the III
declention:
apex cordis, apex nasi, apex linguae, tunica mucosa oris, liquor cerebrospinalis, paries mastoideus, paries lateralis, liquor pericardii, flos rubber,
flos albus, homo sapiens, cortex cerebelli, os zygomaticum, os lacrimale,
os pedis.
5. Translate into English (Russian), write out the dictionary form of each
term:
pulmo dexter, pulmo sinister, apex pulmonis dextri, facies pulmonis
superior, fissura horisontalis pulmonis dextri, tuber frontale, atrium
cordis, os parietale, os nasale, paries jugularis, dura mater, trochanter
major.
6. Learn the Latin sayings:
Arbor vitae - The tree of the life.
Per os. - Through the mouth.
Per rectum - Through the rectum.
Part II
7. Learn the endings in Nom. and Gen. sing. of the femininum- gender
Nouns:
English
Examples
Nom. sing.
Gen. sing.
(with the part of
the root)
1. - as
- atis
extremitas, extremitatis f2. - us
extremity, the end
- utis
iuventus, iuventutis fthe youth
- udis
incus, incudis f-the
middle bone of three
3.-is
bones in the ear iris,
(with not
iridis f- colored
equal sylabals)
muscle ring of the eye
4. - is
- is
(equal
auris, auris f - ear
sylabals)
5. - es
- is
(equal
tabes, tabis f- the process
sylabals)
of wasting
6. - s
- tis
(with the
mens, mentis f - wit
consonant before)
(r+s) (n+s)
7. - x
- cis
pars, partis f - part (or side)
(but not
cervix, cervicis f - neck
gis
meninx, meningis fex)
surrounding which protects
the brain and spinal cord
8. - do
- inis
- go
- inis
- io
- onis
longitudo, longitudinis flength
mucilago, mucilaginis f sticky gelatinous substance
solutio, solutionis fsolution
Nota bene!!!
The exceptions of the rule
canalis, canalis m - canal
sanguis, inis m - blood
lapis, idis m - stone
pulvis, eris m - powder
unguis, is m - nail
dens, dentis m - tooth
thorax, acis m - chest
larynx, yngis m
pharynx, yngis m
coccyx, ygis m
tendo, inis m - a strong band of connective tissue
margo, inis m - edge
axis, is m - the central line; the 2-n vertebra in the neck
vas, vasis n - vessel
pancreas, pancreatis n - pancreas gland
8. Learn the words (terms):
appendix, icis f
a. carotis, tidis f
articulatio, onis f-joint
auris, is f-ear
basis, is f-basis
cavitas, atis f- cavity
cervix, icis f-neck
cutis, is f- skin
frons, frontis f-forehead
gl. parotis, tidis f- the gland round the ear
meninx, ngis f- covering of the brain
par, partis f-part
radix, icis f-root
pelvis, is f- a basin-shaped cavity
pelvis renalis f- pelvis of the kidney
regio, onis f-region
extremitas, atis f- extremity, the end
tuberositas, atis f - a bony prominence
9. Give the form of Gen. sing., underline the roots of the words:
a) tuberositas, juventus, pars, dens, thorax, cervix, radix, meninx,
tendo, margo, iris, regio, articulatio.
b) cutis, auris, pulvis, basis, pubes.
10. Translate into English (Russian) and write down the dictionary
form of each term:
terminatio nervi cutis, caput pancreatis, os coccygis, vas capillare,
arteria carotis, regio thoracis posterior, pars thoracica aortae, cavitas
thoracis, margo dexter cordis.
11. Learn the following Latin expessions:
Anamnesis morbi. - Some notions about the disease.
Anamesis vitae. - Some notions about the life.
Part III
12. Learn the endings in Nom. and Gen. sing. of the neutrum - gender
Nouns:
Endings
Nom. sing.
1. -en
2. -ur
3. - us
4.-e
5.- al
Examples
Gen. sing.
(with the part
of the root)
- inis
- oris
- uris
- oris
- eris
- uris
- is
- alis
abdomen, abdominis
n abdomen
iecur, iecoris n - liver (pharm.)
sulfur, sulfuris
n - sulfur,
chemical element.
pectus, pectoris n - breast
ulcus, ulceris n - ulcer
pus, puris n - pus
6. - a r
7. - m a
(Gr.)
8. - c
-1
-t
- aris
- atis
secale, secalis n - sereal
animal, animalis n - animal
calcar, calcaris n - spur
trauma, traumatis n - trauma
- tis
- is
- itis
lac, lactis n - milk
mel, mellis n - honey
caput, capitis n - head
Nota bene!
The exceptions of the rule
lien, lienis m - spleen
ren, renis m - kidney
13. Learn the following terms:
abdomen, inis n - abdomen
caput, it is n - head
corpus, oris n - body
diaphragma, atis n - diaphragm
foramen, inis n - hole
crus, cruris n - leg-like, root-like (leg)
hepar, atis n - liver
occyput, it is n - the back of the head
pectus, oris n - breast
stroma, atis n - a coil of arterial capillaries
tempus, oris n - temple
zygoma, atis n - the upper part of the cheek
femur, oris n - hip
chiasma, atis n - crossing
glomus, eris n systema, atis n - system
14. Give the form of Gen. sing of the following words and underline the
root of the terms:
abdomen, foramen, genus, pectus, tempus, pus, sulfur, femur,
carcinoma, rete, fel (fellis), mel, caput, occiput.
15. Translate into English (Russian):
Glomus caroticum, systema lymphaticum, cavitas (= cavum)
abdominis, glomus pulmonale, caput superius musculi pterygoidei,
foramen palatinum majus, cavitas oris propria, foramen venae cavae,
hepar mobile.
16. Translate into Latin:
lymphatic vessel of the surface, the basis of the heart, the upper part of
the heart, the root of the lung, the left lobe of the liver, the longest
muscle of the head, the front region of the face, the root of the tongue.
17. Learn the Latin sayings
De facto - Actually, in reality
De jure - Formally, according to the law.
Diagnosis bona - Good diagnosis gives good treatment.
curatio bona
Section III
The Adjective. Grammar catagories.
The dictionary form of the Adjectives.
The first group of adjectives. Grammatical agreement of the Adjectives
with the noun.
1) Give the forms of Nom. et Gen. singularis of the following
Adjectives.
rectus, a, um
vagus, a,um
asper, a, um
externus, a, um
longus, a, um
albus, a, um
ruber, bra, brum
rectus, a, um
dexter, tra, trum
e.g. Nom. sing rectus recta rectum
Gen. sing recti rectae recti
2) Put the following Anatomical terms in the form of Gen.sing.
a) cavum nasi, corpus vertebrae, fossa cranii, aqua menthae, skeleton
membri, linea nuchae, canalis nervi, os degiti, tuber maxillae.
b) musculus rectus, ala dextra, nervus vagus, protuberantia externa,
ligamentum flavum, arteria gastrica sinistra, fossa cranii media.
3) Learn the following words: canalis, is m
tuber, eris n
Nouns
1 -st declention
ala, ae f-wing
columna, ae f- spinal column, spine
nucha, ae f - back side of the neck
squama, ae f- scaly; spina,
2-nd declention
nervus, i m - nerve acromion, i n - the
tip of the shoulder olecranon, i n - the
tip of the elbow spatium, i n - space
between two parts
3-d declention
corpus, oris i n - body
foramen, inis - hole
4-th declebtion
ductus, us m - canal
sinus, us m - a hollow or cavity (especially the nasal cavity)
Learn the Latin proverbs and savings:
Gabitus aegroti - General appearance of the sick
Lapsus calami - slip of the pen
Lapsus linguae - slip of the tongue
Lapsus memoriae - slip of the memory
Tabula rasa - clean board (used to denote an ignorant person)
Terra incognita - unknown world (that is some unknown sphere of
knowledge)
Adjectives
1-st group
acusticus, a, um - beloning to the hearing
asper, a, um - rough
opticus, a, um - beloning to the sight
palatinus, a, um - beloning to the mouth-roof
sinister, tra, trum - left
compactus, a, um - compact, dense
dexter, tra, trum - right
liber, era, erum - free
longus, a, um - long
mastoideus, a, um - nipple-shaped
medianus, a, um - middle
medius, a, um - middle
spinosus, a, um - beloning to the spine
spongiosus, a, um - sponge-like
squamosus, a, um - scaly
verus, a, um - true, veritable
Section VIII
General notion about Pharmacological terms
1. Learn the following drug-forms;
Aёrosolum, i n - a substance in container sprayed out through a valve
Granulum, i n - a small grain
Gutta, ae f- a drop
Unguentum, i n - an unguent used externally for healing or cleansing the skin
Linimentum, i n - a liquid medicinal preparation for rubbing into the skin to
relieve pain
Pasta, ae f- a moist, fairly stiff mixture of liquid and powder substance
Emplastrum, i n - 1) something adhesive, that becomes soft at body temperature;
2) plaster of paris - a medicinal preparation spread on a cloth
and applied to the body.
Suppositorium, i n - a cylinder, cone, or oval made of cacao butter etc whish is
inserted into the rectum or vagina, where it dissolves and
releases the medicament it contains (e.g. suppositorium
rectale, suppositorium vaginale)
Pulvis, eris m - powder, whish may be used for external use or injection if
dissolved
Tabuletta, ae f- a tablet, a medical pastille with the definite dose of the
medicament
Tabuletta, obducta - a tablet covered with the special substance to preserve taste
Dragee (Fr.) - medicinal form in the shape of grain covered with layers of sertain
medicaments
Solutio, onis f- liquid with the dissolved medicament(s) for external use or
injections
Emulsum, i n - a colloidal dispersion of two incompletely miscible liquids, one
ofwhich is in the form of fine droplets, or of a finely divided
insoluble sold in a liquid
Pilula, ae f- a pill, ball-shaped hard medicinal form (weight 0,1-0,5)
Tinctura, ae f- a solution, usually in alcohol, of a medicinal substance
Infusum, i n - a liquid resulting form infusion (e.g. tea)
Decoctum, i n - the resultant liquor obtained by boiling to extract some medicinal
substance
Sirupus, i m - a thick liquid with flavoring or some medicinal substance added
(medicinalis)
Membranula ophthalmica seu - a thim polymeric plate used instead of eye-drops
Lamella ophthalmica
Extractum, i n - the solid or semisolid concentrated matter whish remains of a
substance after evaporation of moisture or the use of solvents
2. Learn the following words:
flos, floris m - flower
cortex, icis m - the outer layer of the plants (e.g. trees)
folium, i n - a leaf
fructus, us m - a fruit
gemma, ae f- an asexual unicellular or multicellular outgrowth of a plant
rhizoma, atis n - a thickened, usually underground stem or branch of a plant
herba, ae f - herb (grass)
radix, icis m - a root (of a plant)
semen, inis n - a bean