4-Handout - Duke Computer Science

!"#$%&'($()*+,-"*.$/(0-1"(*&(2/*.#(
34(5#&&$()$4#+(
6$4(7898(
!?--+*&'($()-+,(
0?#(J"+,(,?*&'(,-(A-(*+(,-(.?--+#($(?-+,(,?$,(<*//(&$""$,#(4-1"(
,-1"G(H(<$&,(I4(?-+,(,-(F#(5-?&(2G(K-#F/*&'D(,?#(A#+*'&#"(-E(
,?#(3"--=/4&(3"*A'#G(
H(<*//(.?--+#(,?#((
6$AL.*#&%+,(-FM#.,((
,-("#C"#+#&,((
K-#F/*&'D($&A($AA(*,((
,-(I4(<-"/AG(N-(,-((
2AA(:FM#.,+(,-((
.?--+#($&(-FM#.,((
,?$,(4-1(,?*&=(F#+,((
"#C"#+#&,+(4-1"((
?-+,G(((
:;#";*#<(
6$=*&'($(>?*+,-"*.$/(,-1"@(*&(2/*.#(
*+($('--A(<$4(,-(;*+1$/*B#($(
?*+,-"*.$/(C/$.#D(#;#&,D(-"(C#"+-&D(
$&A((.$&(?#/C(4-1(/#$"&(E$.,+($F-1,(
?*+,-"4G(H&(,?*+(,1,-"*$/D(
(H(<*//(F#(I$=*&'($(
(?*+,-"*.$/(,-1"(*&(2/*.#(
($F-1,(,?#(F1*/A*&'((
$&A(1&;#*/*&'(-E(,?#((
3"--=/4&(3"*A'#G(
)-<#;#"D(,?#(,1,-"*$/((
<*//(C"-;*A#('1*A#/*&#+(
E-"(I$=*&'($(,-1"((
$F-1,($&4(,-C*.(,?$,((
*&,#"#+,+(4-1G((
O$I*&'(P-1"()-+,(
H&(4-1"(-FM#.,(,"##D(
"*'?,(./*.=(-&(4-1"(
?-+,D(*&(I4(.$+#D(
6$AL.*#&%+,G(!/*.=(
"#&$I#D($&A(,?#&('*;#(
4-1"(?-+,(*,+("#$/(
&$I#G(H(<*//(&$I#(
I*&#(5-?&(K-#F/*&'G((
Q*.=*&'($(3$.='"-1&A(
:C#&(1C(4-1"(*&,#"&#,(F"-<+#"($&A(A-($(N--'/#(*I$'#(+#$".?(
E-"(,?#(I$*&(,-C*.(-E(4-1"(,-1"G(HRI(+#$".?*&'(E-"(>F"--=/4&(
F"*A'#@G(Q*.=(-&#(,?$,(4-1(/*=#(E-"(,?#(F$.='"-1&A(-E(4-1"(
*&,"-A1.%-&G(L$;#(,?$,(*I$'#(-&,-(4-1"(.-IC1,#"D(+-I#<?#"#(
<?#"#(4-1(.$&(J&A(*,($'$*&G((
2AM1+%&'(,?#(3$.='"-1&A(
O-<(<#(<$&,(,-($AM1+,(
,?#(+*B#($&A(C-+*%-&(-E(
,?#(C*.,1"#(+-(,?$,(*,(
,$=#+(1C(,?#(#&%"#(
+."##&($+($(F$.='"-1&AG(
T+#(,?#(-FM#.,(
C-+*%-&*&'(F1V-&+(,-(
I$=#(*,(/$"'#"D(,1"&(*,D(
$&A(F"*&'(*,(E-"<$"A(1&%/(
*,(J//+(1C(,?#(+."##&(-E(
4-1"(2/*.#(<-"/AG(H,(
+?-1/A(/--=(/*=#(I*&#(
A-#+(-&(,?#(&#W,(+/*A#G((
H&+#"%&'(,?#(3$.='"-1&A(
!/*.=(-&(S*/#(*&(2/*.#D($&A(,?#&(./*.=(-&(6$=#(3*//F-$"A(*&(,?#(
A"-C(A-<&(/*+,G(T+#(,?#(<*&A-<(,?$,(C-C+(1C(,-(J&A(<?#"#(
4-1(+$;#A(,?#(C*.,1"#G(U?#&(4-1(J&A(*,D(./*.=(-&(*,D($&A(,?#&(
./*.=(-&(HIC-",G(2(+I$//(C*.,1"#(<*//($CC#$"(*&(4-1"(<-"/AG((
Q-+*%-&*&'(P-1"()-+,(
O-<(,?$,(4-1R;#('-,(4-1"(F$.='"-1&AD(4-1(&##A(,-(I$=#(
4-1"(?-+,(;*+*F/#($'$*&G(!/*.=(-&(4-1"(?-+,R+(&$I#(*&(,?#(
-FM#.,(,"##D($&A(A"$'($&A(A"-C(*,(-;#"(4-1"(<-"/A+(;*#<*&'(
<*&A-<G(2(A"-C(A-<&(/*+,(<*//($CC#$"G((
Q-+*%-&*&'(P-1"()-+,(
L#/#.,(I-;#(,-D(,?#&(,?#(
&$I#(-E(4-1"(C*.,1"#(
F$.='"-1&A(*&(,?#(/*+,G(
P-1"(?-+,(<*//(I-;#(,-(,?#(
C*.,1"#($&A(4-1(<*//(F#(
$F/#(,-(+##(?*IX?#"($'$*&G(
T+*&'(,?#(-FM#.,(
C-+*%-&*&'(
F1V-&+DC-+*%-&(4-1"(
?-+,(+-(,?$,(,?#4($"#(
+,$&A*&'(*&(E"-&,(-E(,?#(
C*.,1"#(+-I#<?#"#G(L##(
I*&#(-&(,?#(&#W,(+/*A#G(((
L$;*&'(,?#(Q-+*%-&(-E(,?#(!$I#"$($&A()-+,(
U#R"#('-*&'(,-(F#(I-;*&'(
,?#(?-+,($&A(,?#(.$I#"$(
$"-1&A(I-"#($+(<#(+#,(1C(
,?#(<-"/AD(F1,(<#(<$&,(,-(
,-("#I#IF#"(<?#"#(,?#4(
$"#(&-<G(!/*.=(-&(I-"#(
.-&,"-/+(1&A#"(,?#(-FM#.,(
C-+*%-&*&'(F1V-&+G(!/*.=(
-&(A"-C(A1II4($,(.$I#"$G(
2(Y1II4(:FM#.,+(E-/A#"(
<*//($CC#$"(*&(4-1"(-FM#.,(
,"##G(!/*.=(-&(,?#(C/1+(+*'&(
&#W,(,-(*,(,-(+##(<?$,R+(*&(
*,G((
L$;*&'(,?#(Q-+*%-&(-E(,?#(!$I#"$($&A()-+,(
K*'?,(./*.=(-&(,?#(A1II4(-FM#.,D($&A("#&$I#(*,(*&,"-Z*#<G(
P-1(.$&("#,1"&(,-(,?*+(-FM#.,(<?#&(4-1(<$&,(4-1"(.$I#"$(,-(
'-(F$.=(,-(,?#(F#'*&&*&'G(O-<(./*.=(-&(4-1"(?-+,(*&(,?#(
-FM#.,(,"##D($&A(,?#&(./*.=(-&(,?#(A"-C(A1II4($,(+#/#.,#A(
-FM#.,(F1V-&G(2&-,?#"(A1II4(<*//($CC#$"(*&(,?#(-FM#.,(,"##G(
K#&$I#(,?*+(-&#(*&,"-Q-+*%-&G((
U"*%&'(,?#(H&,"-(L.#&#(
H&(,?#(F-W(,?$,(C-C+(1CD(&$I#(,?#(I#,?-A(*&,"-L.#&#G(O-<(
*,R+(%I#(,-(<"*,#(,?#(I#,?-AG()$;#(4-1"(?-+,(*&,"-A1.#(,?#(
,-1"D($&A(+$4(+-I#(F$+*.(E$.,+($F-1,(4-1"(,-C*.G(P-1(.$&(
<"*,#(I#,?-A+(+-(,?$,(4-1"(?-+,(I-;#+($"-1&A(+-I#D(-"(4-1(
.$&(=##C(4-1"(?-+,(+,$%-&$"4G(2,(,?#(#&A(-E(,?*+(+.#&#D(4-1(
I$4(<$&,(,-(?$;#(4-1"(?-+,(*&,"-A1.#(,?#(&#W,(+.#&#D(<?*.?(
<*//(F#(*&(E"-&,(-E($&-,?#"(C*.,1"#(,?$,(4-1(A#.*A#G(L##(,?#(
&#W,(+/*A#(E-"(,?#(.-A#(*&(I4(*&,"-L.#&#G((
U"*%&'(,?#(H&,"-(L.#&#(
O-<(*,R+(%I#(,-(<"*,#(
,?#(J"+,(+.#&#G(!/*.=(
,?#(Y-&#(F1V-&(,-('#,(
-1,(-E(,?#(-FM#.,+(
+."##&G(0?#&(./*.=(-&(
<-"/A(*&(4-1"(-FM#.,(
,"##D($&A(./*.=(-&(
."#$,#(&#<(I#,?-A(*&(
,?#(A#,$*/+(C$&#G((
2+(4-1R"#(<"*%&'(4-1"(I#,?-AD(,#+,(*,(-1,(F4(+#[&'(4-1"(
U?#&(,?#(<-"/A(+,$",+(#;#&,(,-(<-"/AG*&,"-L.#&#G((
0?*+(*+($(I#,?-A(H(<"-,#(,-(
I$=#(I4(?-+,(I$=#($(
>E-//-<(I#@(,4C#(-E('#+,1"#G((
U?#&(4-1"(?-+,(+C#$=+D(I$=#(
+1"#(,?#(A1"$%-&(*+(/-&'(
#&-1'?(+-(,?$,(4-1(.$&(#$+*/4(
"#$A(<?$,(,?#4($"#(+$4*&'G((
L#[&'(1C(,?#(L#.-&A(L.#&#(
O-<(<#R//(I-;#(,?#(
.$I#"$($&A(,?#(?-+,(
+-(<#(?$;#($(E"#+?(
$"#$(,-(+#,(1C($(&#<(
+.#&#G(!/*.=(-&(
.$I#"$(*&(,?#(-FM#.,(
,"##($&A(A"$'($&A(
A"-C(*,(-&,-(,?#(
;*#<*&'(+."##&(E-"(
4-1"(<-"/AG(N-(,-(
I-;#D(,?#&("*'?,D(
,?#&(98(I#,#"+G(P-1"(
.$I#"$(<*//(I-;#(,-(
$&(#IC,4($"#$G((
L#[&'(1C(,?#(L#.-&A(L.#&#(
O-<(<#(<$&,(-1"(
?-+,(F$.=(*&(;*#<(-E(
,?#(.$I#"$G(!/*.=(-&(
4-1"(?-+,(*&(,?#(
-FM#.,(,"##D($&A(A"$'(
$&A(A"-C(*,(-;#"(,?#(
;*#<*&'($"#$(E-"(
4-1"(<-"/AG(N-(,-(
I-;#D(,?#&(/#\D(
,?#&(98(I#,#"+G(
Q-+*%-&(?*I(*&(E"-&,(
-E(,?#(.$I#"$($+(4-1(
<*+?G((
L#[&'(1C(,?#(L#.-&A(L.#&#(
O-<('-(F$.=(,-(N--'/#($&A(J&A($(F$.='"-1&A(C*.,1"#(E-"(4-1"(
+#.-&A(+.#&#G(K#C#$,(,?#(C"-.#++(,-($AA(,?#(F$.='"-1&A(*&,-(
4-1"(<-"/AG(H,(<*//(A"-C(*&,-(4-1"(<-"/A(*&(,?#($"#$(<?#"#(4-1"(
J"+,(+.#&#(*+D((
+-(,-(I-;#(*,D((
./*.=(-&(*,+(
&$I#(*&(,?#((
-FM#.,(,"##D((
A"$'($&A(A"-C((
*,(-;#"(,?#((
;*#<*&'(+."##&D(
$&A('-(,-((
I-;#(,-D(,?#&((
,?#(&$I#(-E((
4-1"(?-+,G((
L#[&'(1C(,?#(L#.-&A(L.#&#(
2AM1+,(4-1"(F$.='"-1&A(<*,?(,?#(-FM#.,(I-;*&'(F1V-&+(
1&%/(*,(/--=+("*'?,(,-(4-1G(O-<D(,?*+(I$4(&-,(F#(,?#(.$+#(E-"(
4-1D(F1,(I4(C*.,1"#(*+($(+,"$&'#(+?$C#D($&A(.$&R,("#$//4(F#(
J,(*&,-(,?#(F$.='"-1&A(;#"4(<#//G(U#(.$&(JW(,?*+G((
L*&.#(I4(
C*.,1"#(*+($(
A*]#"#&,(
+?$C#A(
"#.,$&'/#D(HR//(
?$;#(,-(J//(*&(
,?#("#+,(-E(,?#(
F$.='"-1&A(
<*,?(
+-I#,?*&'(
#/+#G((
S*W*&'(,?#(3$.='"-1&A(
N-(,-(4-1"(
-FM#.,('$//#"4D(
$&A(./*.=(-&(,?#(
L?$C#+(E-/A#"G(
L."-//(-;#"(1&%/(
4-1(J&A(,?#(
L^1$"#D($&A($AA(
*,(*&,-(4-1"(
<-"/AG(6$=#(*,(
I-;#(,-(4-1"(
?-+,(+-(,?$,(4-1(
.$&(+##(*,(*&(4-1"(
+#.-&A(+.#&#(
$"#$G((
L$;*&'(,?#(Q-+*%-&(-E(,?#(!$I#"$($&A()-+,(
U?#&(4-1R;#('-,(,?#(?-+,(
C-+*%-&#A(?-<(4-1(<$&,(?*IX
?#"D(+$;#(,?#(C-+*%-&(-E(F-,?(
,?#(?-+,($&A(,?#(.$I#"$(F4(
A"-CC*&'(A1II4(-FM#.,+(
<?#"#(,?#4($"#D(1+*&'(,?#(
F1V-&+(*&(,?#($AA(-FM#.,+(
<*&A-<G(Y-&R,(E-"'#,(,-(
"#&$I#(,?#I($+(,?#4($CC#$"(
*&(4-1"(-FM#.,(,"##D(4-1(+?-1/A(
&$I#(,?#I(+.#&#0<-Z*#<(E-"(
,?#(.$I#"$(-FM#.,D($&A(
+.#&#0<-Q-+*%-&(E-"(,?#(?-+,G((
S*W*&'(,?#(3$.='"-1&A(
O-<(C-+*%-&(,?#(+^1$"#(+-(
,?$,(*,(,$=#+(1C(,?#("#+,(-E(
,?#(F$.='"-1&A(+C$.#(&-,(
.-;#"#A(F4(,?#(C*.,1"#G(P-1(
.$&(.?$&'#(,?#(.-/-"(-E(,?#(
+^1$"#(*E(4-1(<$&,D(F4(
./*.=*&'(-&(+^1$"#(*&(,?#(
-FM#.,(,"##D(,?#&('-*&'(,-(*,+(
C"-C#"%#+(,$F(-&(,?#(C$&#(
F#/-<(,?$,D(,?#&(./*.=*&'(
&#W,(,-(.-/-"G(0"4(-1,($(E#<(
.-/-"+(,-(+##(<?$,(/--=+(
F#+,G((
U"*%&'(L.#&#(0<-(
O-<(*,+(%I#(,-(<"*,#(+.#&#(,<-G(!/*.=(-&(<-"/A(*&(,?#(-FM#.,(
,"##($&A(,?#&('-(,-(*,+(I#,?-A+(C$&#G(!/*.=(-&(."#$,#(&#<(
I#,?-AD($&A(&$I#(*,(+.#&#0<-G((
U"*%&'(L.#&#(0<-(
0?#(J"+,(,?*&'(+.#&#(,<-(&##A+(*+(.-A#(,?$,(I-;#+(,?#(?-+,(
E"-I(,?#(*&,"-(+.#&#(,-(<?#"#(,?#4($"#(&-<G(Q1,($(Y-(
,-'#,?#"(*&(L.#&#0<-R+(.-A#D(,?#&(./*.=(-&(4-1"(?-+,(*&(,?#(
-FM#.,(,"##D($&A(A"$'($(I-;#(,-(*&,-(,?#(Y-(0-'#,?#"G(6$=#(
,?#(?-+,(I-;#(,-(+.#&#0<-Q-+*%-&G((
U"*%&'(L.#&#(0<-(
O-<(<"*,#(,?#("#+,(-E(+.#&#(,<-G(P-1"(?-+,(+?-1/A('*;#(
*&E-"I$%-&($F-1,(,?#(&#<(F$.='"-1&A(C*.,1"#D($&A(4-1(
.$&($/+-(<"*,#(.-A#(+-(,?$,(4-1"(?-+,(I-;#+($"-1&A(*E(4-1(
<$&,G(64(J&*+?#A(.-A#(*+(-&(,?#(&#W,(+/*A#G((
U"*%&'(L.#&#(0<-(
O-<(<#(<$&,(,-(A-(,?#(+$I#(,?*&'(,-(,?#(.$I#"$G(!/*.=(
-&(.$I#"$(*&(,?#(-FM#.,(,"##($&A('-(,-(,?#(.$I#"$R+(
I#,?-A+G(S*&A(I-;#(,-D($&A(*&(,?#(Y-(,-'#,?#"D(I$=#(
,?#(.$I#"$(I-;#(,-(+.#&#0<-Z*#<G((
L#[&'(1C(,?#(0?*"A(L.#&#(
S-"(,?#(,?*"A(+.#&#D(
<#(&##A(,-(I-;#(,?#(
.$I#"$($&A(,?#(?-+,(
$'$*&G(T+*&'(,?#(+,#C+(
H(-1,/*&#A(F#E-"#D(
I-;#(,?#(.$I#"$($&A(
,?#(?-+,(,-($(&#<D(
#IC,4($"#$D($&A(
C-+*%-&(,?#(?-+,(1&%/(
?#(*+(*&($('--A(
C-+*%-&(*&(E"-&,(-E(
,?#(.$I#"$G((
L#[&'(1C(,?#(0?*"A(L.#&#(
O-<D($'$*&D(4-1(I1+,(A"-C(
A1II4(-FM#.,+($,(F-,?(,?#(
.$I#"$($&A(,?#(?-+,(,-(+$;#(
,?#*"(C-+*%-&+G(T+#(,?#(
F1V-&+(-&(,?#($AA(-FM#.,(
+."##&D($&A(&$I#(,?#(
-FM#.,(E-"(,?#(.$I#"$(
+.#&#0?"##Z*#<D($&A(,?#(
?-+,(-FM#.,(
+.#&#0?"##Q-+*%-&G(
K#I#IF#"(,-(./*.=(-&(,?#(
?-+,(F#E-"#(4-1(A"-C($(
A1II4(E-"(?*ID(+-(,?$,(*,(
'-#+(,-(,?#("*'?,(C/$.#G((
L#[&'(1C(,?#(0?*"A(L.#&#(
S*&A($&-,?#"(F$.='"-1&A(C*.,1"#(1+*&'(N--'/#D($&A(C/$.#(
*,(*&,-(4-1"(<-"/AG(6-;#(*,(,-(4-1"(?-+,(+-(,?$,(*,(*+(*&(,?#(
&#<(L.#&#(0?"##($"#$G(6*&#(*+($&-,?#"(-AA/4(+?$C#A(
C*.,1"#D(+-(H(<*//($/+-($AA(*&($(+^1$"#($'$*&(,-(.-;#"(,?#(
"#+,(-E(,?#($"#$G((
U"*%&'(,?#(0?*"A(L.#&#(
O-<(4-1(.$&(<"*,#(,?#(
,?*"A(+.#&#G(6$=#($(&#<(
<-"/A(I#,?-A(.$//#A(
L.#&#0?"##G(K#I#IF#"D($,(
,?#(F#'*&&*&'(-E(,?#(+.#&#(
4-1(I1+,(I-;#(,?#(?-+,(
$&A(,?#(.$I#"$(,-(,?#*"(
&#<(C-+*%-&+G(0?#&(,?#(
?-+,(<*//(A#+."*F#(,?#(&#<(
F$.='"-1&A(C*.,1"#G(
K#I#IF#"(,-(,#+,(-1,(4-1"(
.-A#($+(4-1($"#(<"*%&'(*,G(
L##(,?#(&#W,(+/*A#(E-"(I4(
.-A#(E-"(,?*+(+.#&#G((
L#[&'(1C(,?#(S*&$/(L.#&#(
0?*+(<*//(F#(,?#(/$+,(+.#&#G(6-;#(,?#(?-+,($&A(,?#(.$I#"$(
M1+,($+(4-1(A*A(*&(,?#(C"#;*-1+(,<-(+.#&#+D($&A(.?--+#($(
C*.,1"#(-&(N--'/#(,?$,(<*//(F#('--A(E-"($(.-&./1A*&'(+.#&#G((
K#I#IF#"(,?$,(4-1"(C*.,1"#(<*//(A"-C(*&,-(4-1"(<-"/A(*&(,?#(
*&,"-(+.#&#($"#$D(+-((
4-1(I1+,(1+#(I-;#(,-((
,-('#,(*,(*&,-(,?#(J&$/((
+.#&#G(2/+-D(A-&R,((
E-"'#,(,-(A"-C(A1II4(
-FM#.,+($,(4-1"(.$I#"$(
$&A(4-1"(?-+,D(,-((
"#I#IF#"(,?#*"((
C-+*%-&+G((
U"*%&'(1C(,?#(S*&$/(L.#&#(
O-<(."#$,#($(&#<(
<-"/A(I#,?-A(.$//#A(
S*&$/L.#&#D($&A(
<"*,#(,?#(.-A#(E-"(
,?#(J&$/(+.#&#G(
K#I#IF#"(,-(
*&./1A#(.-A#($,(,?#(
F#'*&&*&'(,-(I-;#(
,?#(.$I#"$($&A(?-+,(
,-(,?#(J&$/(+.#&#(
$"#$G(L##(I4(.-A#(
E-"(,?*+(+.#&#(-&(,?#(
&#W,(C$'#G((
Q1[&'(*,(2//(0-'#,?#"(
O-<(<#(M1+,(?$;#($(E#<(I-"#(+,#C+(,-(I$=#(-1"(?*+,-"*.$/(
,-1"(.-IC/#,#G(S*"+,(-E($//D(<#(I1+,(I-;#(,?#(.$I#"$($&A(,?#((
?-+,(F$.=(,-(,?#(
*&,"-(C-+*%-&+D((
+-(,?$,(<?#&(<#(
C"#++(Q/$4(,-(+##(
-1"(<-"/AD(,?$,((
*+(<?#"#(,?#4((
F#'*&G(T+#(,?#((
-FM#.,(,"##($&A((
I-;#(,-(,-('#,((
,?#I(F$.=(,-((
,?#+#(C-+*%-&+G((
Q1[&'(*,(2//(0-'#,?#"(
0?#(/$+,(+,#C(*+(,-(
C1,($//(-E(,?#(.-A#(
E-"(-1"(+.#&#+(
,-'#,?#"G(N-(,-(,?#(
<-"/AGI4(J"+,(
I#,?-A(,$F(*&(4-1"(
I#,?-A(#A*,-"D($&A(
A"$'(4-1"(+.#&#+(*&(
-"A#"(E"-I(,?#(
<-"/AR+(I#,?-A+(
*&,-(,?*+($"#$G(L##(
,?#(&#W,(C$'#(E-"(
<?$,(*,(+?-1/A(#&A(
1C(/--=*&'(/*=#G((
0#+,(4-1"(U-"/A_(
O-<(,?#(-&/4(,?*&'(/#\(,-(
A-(*+(C"#++(C/$4_(
2/,?-1'?(H(?$;#(#&A#A(
I4(<-"/A(?#"#D(4-1(.$&(
.#",$*&/4($AA($+(I$&4(
+.#&#+($&A(F$.='"-1&A+(
$+(4-1(<*+?D(,-(I$=#(
4-1"(,-1"(/-&'#"G(P-1(.$&(
$/+-(*&,"-A1.#(-,?#"(
.?$"$.,#"+(*&,-(4-1"(,-1"D(
F#+*A#+(4-1"(?-+,G(0?#"#(
$"#(#&A/#++(C-++*F*/*%#+(
E-"(;$"*$%-&_((
S*W*&'(,?#(`*'?,(
HE(4-1($AA(I-"#(,?$&(
,?"##(+,-C+(*&,-(4-1"(
<-"/AD(4-1(I$4(&-%.#(
,?$,(,?#(E1",?#"(4-1(
I-;#(4-1"(.$I#"$D(,?#(
A$"=#"(4-1"(+."##&(
F#.-I#+G(0-(JW(,?*+D(4-1(
.$&(./*.=(-&(/*'?,(*&(4-1"(
-FM#.,(,"##D('-(,-(*,+(
C"-C#"%#+(,$FD(./*.=(,?#(
C/1+(+*'&(&#W,(,-(L#/A-I(
T+#A(Q"-C#"%#+D($&A(
.?$&'#(*,+(;#?*./#(,-(
.$I#"$G(N--A(/1.=(<*,?(
4-1"(,-1"_(