Miki Chiyoda
HN US 1
Mr. Kann
November 28, 2015
I.
II.
III.
The Death of Lincoln​
pg. 405
A. April 14, 1865
1. he and wife―> play @ Ford’s Theatre: ​
John Wilkes Booth
2. man obsessed with aiding the southern cause shot Lincoln
a) L died next day
3. Booth escaped on horseback but cornered by Union and shot
B. What this meant for the North and South
1. North thought this was part of a great conspiracy
a) directed by leaders of the defeated south
Johnson and “Restoration”​
pgs. 405-406
A. Andrew Johnson​
’s Personality
1. Democrat until he joined the Union w/ Lincoln
a) became republican president
2. Intemperate and tactless man
a) brash and uncontrollable in actions
3. openly hostile to freed slaves, unwilling to suppoe any plans that guaranteed
them civil equality
B. Johnson’s plan for “restoration”
1. implemented it during summer of 1865
2. offered amnesty to Southerners who would take oath of allegiance
3. resembled the ​
Wade Davis Bill
a) for each state: pres appointed provisional gov
(1) who uncited qualified voters to elect delegates to
constitutional con
C. Northern Attitudes Harden
1. many northerners were disturbed by reluctance of some delegates to
southern cons to abolish slavery & by refusal of all the cons to grant suffrage
to any blacks
The Black Codes​
406
A. The Black Codes
1. throughout 1865-1866, south state legs enacted sets of laws known as ​
Black
Codes
a) designed to give whites substantial control over former slaves
b) authorised local officials to apprehend unemployed blacks, fine the
and hire them→ private employers to satisfy fine
B. Johnson’s Vetoes
1. Congress responded by passing act that extended life of ​
Freedmen’s Bureau
and widening its powers
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IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
2. April 1866: Congress passed first Civil Rights Act
a) declared blacks to be citizens in the US
b) gave fed govt power to intervene in state affairs to protect rights of
citizens
The Fourteenth Amendment​
406-407
A. Citizenship for Blacks
1. Fourteenth amendment​
offered the first constitu definition of amer
citizenship
a) everyone born in US or naturalised→ citizen and entitled to all
privileges and immunities given by Constitution
(1) no other requirements
The Congressional Plan​
407-409
A. Three Reconstruction Bills
1. Radicals passed 3 ​
Reconstruction Bills​
in 1867
a) Johnson /x/ all of them
2. congress /x/ the Lincoln-Johnson govts
B. Fifteenth Amendment
1. forbade states and fed govt to deny suffrage to any citizen on race, colour or
previous condition of servitude
C. Tenure of Office Act
1. forbade prz to remove civil officials, including members of his own cabinet
w/o Senate consent
D. Command of the Army Act
1. /x/ prez issuing military orders unless through the commanding general of
the army
The Impeachment of the President​
409
A. Tenure of Office Act
1. Radical Republicans looked for a way to impeach Johnson cos he was
getting in the way of their plans
a) Johnson dismissed Sec of War despite Congress’s refusal to agree,
violating the Tenure of Office Act (worthy of impeachment)
B. Johnson Acquitted
1. trial lasted thru April-May 1868
2. on the first three charges to come to a cote, 7 republicans joined democrats
and independents to support the acquittal. 35:19, one short of the ⅔majority
Reconstruction Governments​
409-410
A. “Scalawags”
1. (critics of reconstruction called) Southern white Republicans
a) planters or businessmen interested in the ↑ of Southern economy
b) farmers who wished for the end of their economic isolation
B. “Carpetbaggers”
1. (critics of reconstruction called) Northern white men→ Republican leaders\
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a) well educated people of middle class origin, many doctors, lawyers
etc
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
C. Freedmen
1. most numerous republicans in south were black freedmen
a) no experience in politics and tried to build institutions so they could
learn to exercise their power
2. “coloured conventions” Southern whites called freedmen conventions
a) one assembled in Alabama in 1867 and announce that they claim
the same rights , privileges and immunities as white men
Education​
411
A. Segregated Schools
1. Freedmen’s Bureau Schools were open to students of all races, barely any
whities tho
2. one fed effort to mandate school integration: ​
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Landownership and Tenancy​
411-412
A. Failure of Land Redistribution
1. By June 1865, the F Bureau settled about 10,000 black families in their own
land
a) southern plantation owners were returning to that land and
demanding the restoration of their property
(1) eventually land was confiscated from the freemen and many
disagreed w/ that
B. Sharecropping
1. most blacks did not own land during the Reconstruction
a) those who acquired it lost it by the 1890s
2. many black agricultural laborers worked for wages. Most became tenants of
whities
The Crop-Lien System​
412-413
A. crop-lien system
1. System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested
crops to pay back their loans.
B. New System of Credit
1. few of the traditional ways of credit returned after the war so in their place
emerged a new system which was centered on local country stores
a) blacks and whites, both landlords and tenants relied on these stores.
b) since farmers did not have a steady cash flow they relied on credit
from merchants
(1) stores able to set interest rate as much as 50-60 percent
The African-American Family in Freedom​
413-414
A. Changing Gender Roles
1. economic necessity caused black women to start in income-producing
activities: working as domestic servants, taking in laundry or helping in
field
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XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
The Soldier President​
414
A. U. S. Grant
1. had 500,000 black votes and Horatio Seymour as vice
2. used the spoils system (even more than Jackson did)
3. corruption in Grant administration
B. Liberal Republicans
1. opposed Grantism
2. in attempt to keep Grant from being reelected, they nominated their own
candidate: Horace Greeley
a) democrats also nominated him as their candidate as well, hoping to
unite with liberals to bring down Grant
The Southern States “Redeemed”​
416
A. Ku Klux Klan
1. formed in 1866
2. secret society just like ​
The Knights of White Camellia
3. lead by Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest
4. devised rituals, costumes, secret languages etc
The KKK Acts​
417
A. Enforcement Acts
1. 1870 and 1871: KKK produced 2 enforcement acts (the ​
Ku Klux Klan Acts​
)
a) the acts /x/ the states from discriminating against voters by race and
gave federal govt power to supersede state courts
B. Decline of the Klan
1. Enforcement acts used severely in S Carolina, but not as severely
everywhere else
2. by 1872, KKK violence was in decline throughout the region
Warning Northern Commitment​
417
A. Impact of Social Darwinism
1. Panic of 1873
a) financial crisis that sparked the long depression
2. The panic of 1873 undermined support for Reconstruction
a) spurred North industrialists and allis to find explanation for poverty
and instability
(1) found “​
Social Darwinism”
(a) theory that individuals who failed did so because of
their own weakness or inability
(b) encouraged critique of govt intervention in social
and economic life
The Compromise of 1877​
417-420
A. Hayes versus Tilden
1. Grant wanted to run again but everyone else was like, hell nah so instead
they looked for a candidate who was not associated with the problems of
the Grant years
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a) Republicans: Rutherford Hayes
b) Democrats: Samuel Tilden
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
2. Special Electoral Commission
a) to break up this deadlock between candidates, Congress created a
special commission that was composed of five senators, five reps and
five justices of the Supreme Court.
(1) Hayes won
B. Compromise of 1877
1. southern democrats exacted many pledges from the republicans in addition
to the withdrawal of troops
C. Republican Failure in the South
1. prez and his part hoped to build up “​
new Republican​
” organisation in the
south but that ⊗
a) Reconstruction hate was so strong that supporting the part was
practically impossible
The Legacies of Reconstruction​
420-421
A. Ideological Limits
1. people who directed the great assaults on racial injustice were weak and full
of error thus causing these assaults to not achieve more
The “Redeemers”​
421
A. Bourbon Rule
1. end of 1877: Every Southern state govt had been redeemed by white Dem
2. many whities rejoiced in restoration of the “home rule”
3. South fell under control of powerful, conservative oliarcju
a) members known as “Redeemers” or the “Bourbon”
B. The Readjuster Challenge
1. by late 1870s: significant dissenting groups were challenging Bourbons
2. In Virginia: bigotous readjuster movement emerged: demanding that state
recise debt payment procedures.
Industrialisation and the “New South”​
421-424
A. Henry Grady
1. editor of Atlanta Constitution
2. rarely challenged white supremacy, but did advocate for other important
changes in southern values
a) promoted virtues of thrift, industry and progress
b) encouraged industrialisation
B. Railroad Development
1. Railroad development ↑ in post-reconstruction years
a) tracks in the south doubled
(1) south took large steps toward integrating its transportation
system w/ the rest of the country
C. “Convict-lease” System
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XX.
XXI.
XXII.
1. southern states leased gangs of convicted criminals to private interests as a
cheap labour supply
a) Exposed convicts to harsh and fatal mistreatment and paid nothing
Tenants and Sharecroppers​
424-427
A. Transformation of the Backcountry
1. many farmers had no money to pay the landlords so they promised them a
large share of the crop when it was ready for harvest (hence “Sharecropper”)
2. crop-lien system added to the harsh social and economic change of
southern backcountry
3. result of commercial agriculture and fence laws as well
African Americans and the New South​
425-427
A. Black Middle Class
1. “New South creed” was ⊗property of just white peeps
2. some blacks rose to the middle class; former slaves ↑
B. Booker T. Washington
1. founder and prez of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.
2. he thought African Americans should attend school, learn skills and have a
strong footing in agriculture as well as trade
3. Blacks should also refine their speech, up their dress and adopt habits of
thrift and cleanliness.
a) so basically adopt standard of white middle class peeps
C. The Atlanta Compromise
1. Washington outlined a philosophy of race relations that was labeled as the
atlanta compromise
a) blacks should take part in severe and constant struggle in order to
gain economically.
The Birth of Jim Crow
A. Plessy v. Ferguson
1. Court said that having separate seating did not deprive African Americans
of equal rights
B. Restricting the Franchise
1. people looked for ways to cheat the Fifteenth Amendment
a) poll tax/a form of property qualification that few blacks could meet
the requirements of
b) literacy or understanding test: required voters to demonstrate the
ability to read and to interpret the constitution
c) grandfather law: if you don’t pass the literacy test and your ancestor
has voted before, you’re good.
C. White Control Perpetuated
1. segregation laws : Jim Crow laws
a) blacks had little to no access to anything
(1) movies, public parks, beaches, picnic areas
D. Lynchings
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XXIII.
XXIV.
1. 1890s: white violence against blacks ↑ ↑
a) average of 187 lynchings per year
(1) 80 % in the south
2. Antilynching movements
a) Ida B Wells produced a series of articles after three of her friends
were lynched.
E. White Unity
1. White supremacy helped soften the class differences and hate between the
crackers and bourbons.
Crashcourse 20
A. Civil war was deadlier fo america than Amer Rev+WWI+WWII combined
B. 1861-1865: civil war
1. The Union (the North) fought against Confederate south
2. the war was because of slavery, nothing else was the cause
3. union had bigger army and better supplies, more railroad, 2 mil men v
9,000
a) better military leaders for south
(1) they all had cool last words, too
4. confederate govt passed first conscription act in american history
C. Grant was willing to sacrifice 41% of his battle in order to wear down the south
D. July 1863 and AUgust 1864
1. July:
a) Grant laid siege to Vicksburg of Mississippi so control of river
b) battle of gettysburg, Penn
2. August:
a) union general SHerman took atlanta
(1) last time confederate states could have won the civil war
Crash Course 22
A. emancipation proclamation
1. January 1, 1863
B. lincoln did free the slaves in territory that was rebelling against the US, a.k.a where
the US govt had no authority to free slaves
1. sure ok but then he did not free slaves where he had the authority? bruh
C. The southerners best chance at winning the civil war would be by getting help
from Britain
D. technology ↑
1. cannons, rifles
E. Matthew Brady
1. he and his staff created many images (10,000) to show the war
a) he actually staged many of them
F. Congress passed the Homestead Act in 1862
1. giving away land to anyone who had eighteen bucks and was willing to
live on it and farm it for five years. gotta live in Oklahoma
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G. Morrill Land Grant Act financed colleges to offer training in scientific and agri
techniques
XXV.
Crash Course 23
A. American Railroads ↑
B. Vertical Integration: INNOVATION!
1. Horizontal Integration: small farms→ (swallowed by) big farms
C. JP Morgan: Steel
D. Laborers worked hella
1. whities made up most sharecroppers by the late 1860s
E. Andrew Johnson thought that giving blacks equal rights discriminated against
whites
F. congress passed reconstruction act
1. divided south into 5 military districts and required each state to create new
govt one that included the participation of black ​
men
a) if they wanted to go back into the union they had to ratify the
fourteenth amendment
G. pinckney BS Pinchback
H. Bargain of 1877: killed reconstruction
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