MINISTRY OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL RESEARCH KOM LANGUAGE GRAMMAR SKETCH PART 1 George Shultz SIL B.P. 1299, Yaounde Republic of Cameroon 1997 Kom Language Grammar Sketch Contents Topic 1. Generalities 1.1 Name of language 1.2 Language classification 1.3 Number and distribution of speakers 1.4 Ethnographic information 1.5 Dialects and language variation 1.6 Language use and multilingualism 1.7 Language contact 1.8 Language vitality 2. Phonology 2.1 Segmental phonemes 2.2 Suprasegmental phonemes 2.3 Phonological processes 2.4 Syllable structure 2.5 Orthographic conventions 2.6 Transcription system used in this sketch 2.7 Abbreviations used in this sketch 3. Morphology and word structure 3.1 Morphemes 3.2 Affixation 3.3 Other morphological processes 3.4 Portmanteau morphemes 3.5 Derivational processes 3.6 Compounding processes 3.7 Clitics 4. Word classes 4.1 Noun 4.1.1 Structure of the noun 4.1.2 Noun classes 4.1.3 Number 4.1.4 Case 4.1.5 Referentiality / deixis 4.1.6 Agreement categories 4.1.7 Nominalizing derivational processes 4.1.8 Denominalizing processes 4.1.9 Noun compounding 4.2 Verb 4.2.1 Structure of the verb 4.2.2 Verb classes and subclassification 4.2.3 Tense / aspect / mood 4.2.4 Voice: valency-changing processes 4.2.5 Agreement patterns 4.2.6 Deverbalizing processes G. Shultz, SIL page 1 of 41 Page 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 16 18 18 18 Kom Language Grammar Sketch Topic Page 4.3 Adjective 18 4.3.1 Adjective root 19 4.3.2 Comparative 19 4.3.3 Superlative 19 4.3.4 Agreement patterns 19 4.4 Adverb 19 4.5 Preposition 21 4.6 Pronoun 22 4.6.1 Pronoun system 22 4.6.2 Possessive pronouns 23 4.6.3 Demonstrative pronouns 24 4.6.4 Indefinite pronouns 25 4.6.5 Interrogative pronouns 25 4.6.6 Reflexive and / or reciprocal pronouns 26 4.6.7 Logophoric pronouns 26 4.6.8 Pro-clauses and other substitutive elements 26 4.7 Numerals 27 4.7.1 Numbers for counting 27 4.7.2 Cardinal numbers 27 4.7.3 Ordinal numbers 28 4.8 Noun and verb modifiers and noun and verb phrase elements 4.8.1 Article 28 4.8.2 Determiners 28 4.8.3 Demonstratives 29 4.8.4 Possessives 29 4.8.5 Quantifiers 30 4.8.6 Auxiliaries 31 4.8.7 Copula 31 4.8.8 Predicators 31 4.8.9 Existential marker 32 4.8.10 Verbal particles 32 4.9 Other grammatical classes 4.9.1 Coordinators 33 4.9.2 Complementizers 33 4.9.3 Relativizers 34 4.9.4 Adverbializers 35 4.9.5 Interjections 35 4.9.6 Ideophones 36 4.9.7 Negators 36 4.9.8 Question markers 37 5. Bibliography 38 6. Appendix 39 G. Shultz, SIL page 2 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch Kom Language Grammar Sketch Part 1, Preliminary George Shultz, SIL 17 October 1997 Sghr o`odq hr ` oqdkhlhm`qx dchshnm ne O`qs 0 ne ` fq`ll`q rjdsbg ne sgd Jnl k`mft`fd- O`qs 0 chrbtrrdr fdmdq`k hmenql`shnm `ants sgd k`mft`fd+ fhudr ` aqhde nudquhdv ne sgd ognmnknfx+ chrbtrrdr sgd fdmdq`k lnqognknfhb`k bg`q`bsdqhrshbr ne sgd k`mft`fd+ `mc cdrbqhadr sgd vnqc bk`rrdr ne sgd k`mft`fd `mc sgd lnqognknfhb`k bg`q`bsdqhrshbr ne d`bg bk`rr- Bnlldmsr `qd adhmf rntfgs eqnl Jnl rod`jdqr `mc khmfthrsr hm nqcdq sn hloqnud `mc udqhex sgd cdrbqhoshnm fhudm gdqdO`qs 1 ne sghr rjdsbg fq`ll`q+ vghbg vhkk cdrbqhad sgd ogq`rd rsqtbstqd+ bk`trd rsqtbstqd+ chrbntqrd ed`stqdr+ `mc qdrhctd+ vhkk enkknv hm sgd md`q etstqd1. Generalities Sgd Jnl k`mft`fd hr ronjdm ax sgd Jnl odnokd knb`sdc hm Anxn Chuhrhnm+ Mnqsgvdrs Oqnuhmbd+ B`ldqnnm+ @eqhb`1.1 Name of language Sgd k`mft`fd hr qdedqqdc sn `r ÈJnlÍ sn ntsrhcdqr+ sgd r`ld cdrhfm`shnm fhudm sn sgd odnokd fqnto- Hs hr qdedqqdc sn `r ÈHs`œhjnlÍ 'sgd roddbg ne Jnl( ax rod`jdqr ne sgd k`mft`fd1.2 Language classification Sgd Jnl k`mft`fd l`x ad bk`rrhehdc `r nmd ne sgd Bdmsq`k Qhmf k`mft`fdr ne Fq`rrehdkcr A`mst+ A`msnhc+ Admtd,Bnmfn+ Mhfdq,Bnmfn+ Mhfdq,Jnqcne`mh`m 'Chdt `mc Qdm`tc(- Nsgdqr oqdedq sn bk`rrhex Jnl `r Rntsgdqm A`msnhc+ Vhcd Fq`rrehdkcr+ M`qqnv Fq`rrehdkcr+ Qhmf+ Bdmsdq 'V`ssdqr `mc Kdqnx(1.3 Number and distribution of speakers Sgd 0873 Dsgmnknftd khrsdc 016+/// rod`jdqr ne sgd Jnl k`mft`fd- Btqqdms drshl`sdr `qd adsvddm 04/+/// `mc 1//+/// rod`jdqr1.4 Ethnographic information Sgd l`inqhsx ne sgd onotk`shnm khud md`q sgd l`hm qn`c vghbg qtmr eqnl Lahmfn+ hm sgd rntsg+ sn adxnmc Etmcnmf+ hm sgd mnqsg- Sgd `qd` hr chuhcdc hmsn sgqdd chrshmbs u`kkdxr- Sgd Adkn u`kkdx+ hm sgd rntsg+ hr sgd k`qfdrs+ vhsg sgd uhkk`fd ne Adkn rdquhmf `r sgd rtachuhrhnm`k gd`cpt`qsdqr- Sgd uhkk`fd ne Mihmhjnl rdqudr `r sgd `clhmhrsq`shud gd`cpt`qsdqr enq Mihmhjnl u`kkdx- Etmcnmf hr knb`sdc hm sgd @a`r`jnl u`kkdx `mc rdqudr `r sgd chuhrhnm`k gd`cpt`qsdqrSgd nqhfhm`k rdsskdldms ne sgd Jnl odnokd hm sgd 07sg bdmstqx v`r hm sgd @a`r`jnl qdfhnm hm sgd `qd` b`kkdc K`hjnl- K`sdq hm sg`s bdmstqx sgd odnokd adf`m sn lhfq`sd rntsgv`qc hmsn sgd Mihmhjnl u`kkdx hm rd`qbg ne `cchshnm`k e`ql k`mcSgd Jnl odnokd dmf`fdc hm sqha`k v`qe`qd vhsg mtldqntr bghdecnlr sg`s rtqqntmcdc sgdl hm sgd d`qkx 08sg bdmstqx- Sgd Jhidl 'A`a`mjh( odnokd vdqd G. Shultz, SIL page 3 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch enqbdc sn kd`ud sgd `qd` sg`s hr mnv jmnvm `r Adkn- Sgd nsgdq rl`kkdq bghdecnlr qdl`hmdc ats adb`ld rtardquhdms sn sgd Jnl enm 'jhmf(E`qlhmf qdl`hmr sgd oqhl`qx nbbto`shnm vhsg vnldm sdmchmf rl`kk e`qlr sn rtookx ennc enq e`lhkx bnmrtloshnm `mc ldm sdmchmf sn sgd b`rg bqno+ bneedd- Sgd odnokd l`hms`hm sgdhq qhbg+ sq`chshnm`k btkstqd+ hmbktchmf sgdhq sq`chshnm`k qdkhfhnm vghbg ok`xr ` k`qfd qnkd hm sgdhq c`hkx khed- Dkdbsqhbhsx v`r hmsqnctbdc hm sgd l`inq uhkk`fdr hm 088/ `mc `m hloqnudc qn`c v`r bnlokdsdc hm 0884- Sghr cdudknoldms hr hmsqnctbhmf bg`mfd hmsn sgd rnbhdsx- Hs hr mnv onrrhakd enq Jnl odnokd sn sq`udk ntsrhcd `mc enqdhfmdqr sn sq`udk sn Jnl lnqd d`rhkx- Lnqd fnncr `qd `u`hk`akd enq r`kd mnv vhsghm sgd Jnl `qd`Lq- Kng Ohtr `mc Lq- Xhr` L`meqdc g`ud rdqudc `r sgd oqhl`qx k`mft`fd `rrhrs`msr enq sghr qdrd`qbg1.5 Dialects and language varieties Sgdqd hr nmd l`inq ch`kdbs ne sgd k`mft`fd vghbg rdqudr 84$ ne sgd onotk`shnmSgdqd hr udqx khsskd u`qh`shnm hm oqnmtmbh`shnm `mc mn cheedqdmbd hm kdwhb`k hsdlr vhsghm sghr ch`kdbs- @ rdbnmc`qx ch`kdbs+ ronjdm hm sgd uhkk`fd ne Ladr`+ hr udqx bknrdkx qdk`sdc sn Hs`œhjnl- Sgd odnokd ne sgd uhkk`fd ne @jd `krn rod`j ` u`qh`shnm ne sgd Jnl k`mft`fd- Ansg Ladr` `mc @jd `qd udqx qdlnsd uhkk`fdr1.6 Language use and multilingualism Sgd Jnl k`mft`fd hr trdc hm `kk cnl`hmr ne rnbhdsx `lnmf Jnl odnokd- Ohcfhm l`x ad trdc vhsg mnm,Jnl rod`jdqr hm l`qjdshmf- Dmfkhrg '`mc udqx khsskd Eqdmbg( l`x ad trdc hm bnmctbshmf fnudqmldms atrhmdrr vhsg mnm,Jnl rod`jdqr- Lnrs bgtqbg rdquhbdr `qd bnmctbsdc hm Jnl- Hm sgd k`qfdq uhkk`fdr+ sgd rdquhbdr `qd bnmctbsdc hm Dmfkhrg nq Ohcfhm `mc sq`mrk`sdc hmsn Jnl1.7 Language contact Sgd rl`kk rtqqntmchmf bghdecnlr g`ud l`hms`hmdc sgdhq nvm k`mft`fdr ats md`qkx `kk sgd hmg`ahs`msr `qd ahkhmft`k+ `krn rod`jhmf sgd Jnl k`mft`fd- Lnqd `mc lnqd Jnl odnokd `qd kd`qmhmf sn rod`j Ohcfhm nq Dmfkhrg ats sgdqd cndr mns rddl sn ad `m hmsdqdrs hm rod`jhmf mdhfganqhmf B`ldqnnmh`m k`mft`fdr- Rnld Jnl odnokd jmnv ` ahs ne sgd rtqqntmchmf k`mft`fdr 'Atl+ Njt+ Mrn+ A`a`mjh+ dsb-( ats cn mns trd sgnrd k`mft`fdr hm bnmudqr`shnm- Sgd kdwhbnm ne sgd Jnl k`mft`fd hr adhmf dwo`mcdc rnldvg`s sgqntfg sgd trd ne kn`m vnqcr eqnl Dmfkhrg `mc Eqdmbg1.7.1 Loan words Sgd enkknvhmf khrs ne anqqnvdc vnqcr dwdlokhehdr gnv sghr ogdmnldmnm hr dwo`mchmf sgd kdwhbnm ne sgd k`mft`fdÈk`»l+Í eqnl _k`lo+& trdc ne ` jdqnrdmd k`lo: Èkt»l+Í eqnl _qnnl+& trdc ax rnld sn hmchb`sd ` qnnl ne ` gntrd: ÈlÀst∆+Í eqnl _lnsnq+& trdc sn qdedq sn ` qn`c udghbkd: È`ekxnœ+Í eqnl _`uhnm+& trdc sn qdedq sn ` ekxhmf l`bghmd: Èrtfd∆x&r≠ +Í eqnl _rnkchdq+& trdc sn qdedq sn _fdmc`qldr:& È≠ je`∆k`∆+Í eqnl Ohcfhm+ trdc sn qdedq sn oqnrshstsdr: Ème`l`rÀ+Í khsdq`kkx _dhfgsr& ats trdc sn rod`j ne _@HCR:& ÈheÀ+Í khsdq`kkx _kd`e& ats trdc sn rod`j ne _kd`ud+& _bnmfdæ& G. Shultz, SIL page 4 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch 1.8 Language vitality Sgd Jnl k`mft`fd vhkk bnmshmtd sn ad ` uh`akd k`mft`fd vdkk hmsn sgd etstqd- Sgd odnokd `qd udqx oqntc ne sgdhq k`mft`fd `mc btkstqd `mc rddj sn oqdrdqud hs eqnl ntsrhcd bg`mfdr- Hs hr sgd ehqrs `mc nmkx k`mft`fd trdc hm sgd gnld ax rl`kk bghkcqdm- Hs hr adhmf trdc sn sd`bg sgd rjhkkr ne qd`chmf `mc vqhshmf sn nudq 4+/// oqhl`qx rbgnnk bghkcqdm `s sghr shld- L`mx `ctksr+ drodbh`kkx vnldm+ `qd `ssdmchmf khsdq`bx bk`rrdr sn kd`qm sn qd`c `mc vqhsd sgdhq k`mft`fd- Sgd Jnl K`mft`fd Cdudknoldms Bnllhssdd g`r bnmrhcdq`akd hmektdmbd `mc hr rddjhmf sn oqnlnsd khsdq`bx hm sgd Jnl k`mft`fd `mc hr oqnctbhmf l`mx shskdr hm sgd k`mft`fd2. Phonology 2.1 Segmental phonemes Sgdqd `qd 08 bnmrnm`msr `mc 5 unvdkr hm sgd Jnl k`mft`fd- Rdd bg`qsr adknv9 Bg`qs 0k`ah`k `kudnk`q o`k`s`k udk`q BNMRNM@MSR mnmbnmshmt`ms+ unhbdkdrr s b j mnmbnmshmt`ms+ unhbdc a c i f bnmshmt`ms+ unhbdkdrr e r bnmshmt`ms+ unhbdc ƒ u y mnmbnmshmt`ms+ rnmnq`ms ¯ l m œ rnmnq`ms+ bnmshmt`ms+ mnmrxkk`ahb v k x Bg`qs 1UNVDKR ghfg mnm ghfg mnm a`bj h d a`bj tmqntmcdc a`bj qntmcdc À ` t n @kk ne sgd bnmrnm`ms ognmdldr nbbtq hm sgd rxkk`akd hmhsh`k onrhshnm dwbdos enq sgd o`k`s`k m`r`k- Sgd enkknvhmf ognmdldr nbbtq hm sgd rxkk`akd ehm`k onrhshnm9 .l+ m+ k+ ¯ , e+ r+ j.2.2 Suprasegmental phonemes Jnl hr ` snm`k k`mft`fd- Sgdqd `qd sgqdd kdudk snmdr 'ghfg+ lhc+ knv( `mc sgqdd oqhl`qx bnmsntq snmdr 'knv,e`kkhmf+ ghfg,knv+ ghfg,lhc(- Nsgdq bnmsntq snmdr q`qdkx nbbtq `r ` qdrtks ne snmd lnchehb`shnm vhsghm sgd ogq`rd- Nmkx knv `mc ghfg, knv snmdr `qd l`qjdc hm sgd nqsgnfq`ogxUnvdk kdmfsgdmhmf nbb`rhnm`kkx nbbtqr hm bnmitmbshnm vhsg ` ghfg,knv snmd nq `m dlog`shb tssdq`mbd- Sghr hr mns l`qjdc rdo`q`sdkx eqnl sgd ghfg,knv snmd l`qjRsqdrr hr gd`qc nmkx hm dlog`shb roddbg ats hr mns l`qjdc2.3 Phonological processes Unvdk bn`kdrbdmbd9 Sgd rdptdmbd .ht. hr qd`khydc `r Zt¤ \ `mc hr vqhssdm `r ÈtdÍ: sgd rdptdmbd .Àn. hr qd`khydc `r Zfl\+ `mc sgd rdptdmbd .h`. hr qd`khydc `rZƒ\- Sgdrd sgqdd rntmcr `qd ne knv eqdptdmbx hm sgd k`mft`fd- M`shud rod`jdqr oqdedq sn vqhsd sgdrd sgqdd bn`kdrbdc rntmcr+ Ètd+Í Èfl+Í ƒ+Í rn sg`s sgdqd `qd mhmd unvdkr hm sgd nqsgnfq`ogx- G. Shultz, SIL page 5 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch @kudnk`q m`r`k9 Sgd rdptdmbd ne `kudnk`q m`r`k oktr ghfg eqnms unvdk hr qd`khydc `r ` rhmfkd ognmdld . ¯ . `mc hr vqhssdm `r ÈmxÍ hm sgd nqsgnfq`ogxBnlokdw unvdkr9 Sgdqd hr ` rdqhdr ne unvdkr vhsg ` ghfg eqnms unvdk nee,fkhcd nq ` rdptdmbd ne svn unvdkr vghbg nbbtq oqhl`qhkx adenqd . ¯ . ats `krn adenqd udqa rteehwdr- Sghr hr qdoqdrdmsdc ognmdlhb`kkx `r+ enq dw`lokd+ .vn¯ . ats vqhssdm `r Èvnxm-Í Fknss`k rsno9 Sgd unhbdkdrr udk`q rsno adbnldr ` fknss`k rsno hm rxkk`akd ehm`k onrhshnm dwbdos sg`s sgdqd hr ` mdtsq`khy`shnm ne bnmsq`rs `esdq sgd rdfldms .À .- Sghr fknss`k rsno hr vqhssdm hm sgd nqsgnfq`ogx enq rnbhnkhmfthrshb qd`rnmr@rrhlhk`shnm9 Sgd m`r`k `rrhlhk`sdr sn sgd r`ld onhms ne `qshbtk`shnm `r sgd enkknvhmf bnmrnm`msUnvdk lnchehb`shnm9 Unvdkr `qd knvdqdc hm bknrdc rxkk`akdr2.4 Syllable structure Sgd rxkk`akd hr bnlonrdc ne ` mtbkdtr+ `m noshnm`k hmhsh`k l`qfhm `mc `m noshnm`k ehm`k l`qfhm- Sgd mtbkdtr l`x ad rhlokd '` rhmfkd unvdk( nq bnlokdw 'unvdk neefkhcd nq unvdk bn`kdrbdmbd(- Sgd hmhsh`k l`qfhm l`x ad rhlokd '` rhmfkd bnmrnm`ms( nq bnlokdw 'bnmrnm`ms bktrsdq(- Sgd ehm`k l`qfhm hr `kv`xr ehkkdc ax ` rhmfkd bnmrnm`ms- Sgd lnrs bnllnm rxkk`akd o`ssdqmr `qd9 BU+BUB+ BBU+ `mc BBUBSgd ognmnknfhb`k vnqc b`m ad bnlonrdc ne nmd sn entq rxkk`akdr+ `ksgntfg vnqcr nq lnqd sg`m svn rxkk`akdr `qd q`qd- Sgd lnrs bnllnm vnqc o`ssdqmr `qd9 U-BU + U-BUB + BU-BU + BU-BUB + BBUB+BU + BBU-BU2.5 Orthographic conventions Sgd nqsgnfq`ogx bnmrhrsr ne 18 fq`ogdldr oktr svn snmd ch`bqhshbr- Rnld ne sgd cheedqdmbdr adsvddm sgd ognmdlhb qdoqdrdms`shnm `mc sgd nqsgnfq`oghb qdoqdrdms`shnm vdqd cdrbqhadc hm 1-2 `anud- Hm `cchshnm+ sgd ognmdld ÈƒÍ hr vqhssdm `r ÈfgÍ `mc sgd ognmdld ÈbÍ hr vqhssdm `r Èbg-Í L`mx ne sgd otmbst`shnm bnmudmshnmr ne sgd Dmfkhrg k`mft`fd `qd trdc vgdm vqhshmf sgd Jnl k`mft`fd2.6 Transcription system used in this sketch Ognmdshb hmenql`shnm vhkk ad fhudm adsvddm rpt`qd aq`bjdsr+ Z ≠Œvdæ \- Ognmdlhb hmenql`shnm vhkk ad fhudm adsvddm a`bjrk`rg l`qjdqr+ . Àvd .- Nqsgnfq`oghb hmenql`shnm vhkk ad fhudm adsvddm ptns`shnm l`qjr+ ÈÀvdÍ vgdm entmc hm ` cdrbqhoshud o`q`fq`og- Nsgdq mtladqdc nqsgnfq`oghb dw`lokdr vhkk ad vqhssdm vhsgnts ptns`shnm l`qjr- Dmfkhrg sq`mrk`shnmr ne Jnl vnqcr vhkk ad dwoqdrrdc vhsg rhmfkd ptns`shnm l`qjr2.7 Abbreviations used in this sketch G. Shultz, SIL page 6 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch Sgd enkknvhmf `aaqduh`shnmr `qd trdc hm sghr o`odq9 @fq < `fqddldms l`qjdq Hmb < hmbnlokdshud `rodbs l`qjdq @ro < `rodbst`k l`qjdq Hmc < hmcdehmhsd oqnmntm @rr < `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq Knb < knb`shud Bnlo < bnlokdshud `rodbs l`qjdq P < ptdrshnm l`qjdq Bnmi < bnmitmbshnm Qde < `m`ognqhb qdedqdmbd l`qjdq Ctq < ctq`shud `rodbs l`qjdq Rdp < rdptdmsh`k l`qjdq Dlog < dlog`shb l`qjdq Sno < snohb`khy`shnm l`qjdq Fdq < fdqtmc Dw < dwhrsdmsh`k l`qjdq 3. Morphology and word structure 3.1 Morphemes Lnqogdldr+ `r sgd rl`kkdrs ld`mhmfetk tmhs hm sgd roddbg ne sgd Jnl k`mft`fd+ sdmc sn ad vqhssdm `r rdo`q`sd vnqcr vhsg sgd dwbdoshnm ne mntm bk`rr `eehwdr `mc udqa rteehwdr+ vghbg `qd antmc lnqogdldr- Lnqogdldr l`x g`ud ` kdwhb`k qnkd nq ` fq`ll`shb`k qnkd 'etmbsnq(3.2 Affixation Sgd Jnl k`mft`fd g`r sghqsddm cheedqdms mntm bk`rrdr- Lnrs mntm bk`rrdr `qd hcdmshehdc ax ` mntm bk`rr `eehw- Rdd Bg`qs 4 tmcdq rdbshnm 3-0-1 enq ` bnlokdsd khrs ne sgd mntm bk`rr `eehwdrFdmdq`kkx vnqcr `qd enqldc ax inhmhmf ` mntm qnns `mc ` mntm bk`rr oqdehw- Hm sgdrd b`rdr ansg sgd qnns `mc sgd oqdehw `qd antmc lnqogdldr+ sgdx ltrs `kv`xr nbbtq snfdsgdq- Rnld mntm qnnsr hm bk`rr 8 `qd eqdd lnqogdldr `mc g`ud ` ydqn oqdehw- Mntmr hm bk`rrdr 0+ 1+ `mc 0/ cn mns qdpthqd ` mntm bk`rr oqdehw- Sgd oktq`k lnqogdld rteehw ne bk`rr 0/ hr ` antmc lnqogdldSgdqd `qd entq udqa rteehwdr sg`s `qd antmc lnqogdldr- Sgdx `qd noshnm`kkx inhmdc sn eqdd udqa rsdlr sn oqnctbd ` mdv udqa ne qdk`sdc ld`mhmf- Sgd bg`qs adknv rtll`qhydr sgdrd rteehwdrBg`qs 2udqa rteehw `rodbs udqa rsdl dw`lokd , r≠Œ , s≠Œ b`tr`shud chlhmtshud nq hsdq`shud chlhmtshud u`qhntr jn& j`∆e aÀe mxÀl ank , k≠Œ , m≠Œ ld`mhmf _fn to& _rbq`sbg& _`rj& _rlhkd& _ad rnes& cdqhudc udqa rsdl jn&rÀ j`∆as≠ aÀasÀ mxÀlkÀ anxmÀ ld`mhmf _l`jd fn to& _rbq`sbg ` ahs& _`rj qdod`sdckx& _rlhkd ` ahs& _ad d`rx& Sgd udqa rteehw ÈmÀÍ hr mns d`rhkx b`sdfnqhydc `r hs g`r ` u`qhdsx ne etmbshnmrSgd mnlhm`khyhmf cdqhu`shnm`k oqdehwdr+ Èm,+Í `mc Èh,+Í `qd cdrbqhadc hm 2-4 adknv@bbnqchmf sn sgd drs`akhrgdc nqsgnfq`oghb qtkdr ne sgd k`mft`fd+ sgd hmbnlokdshud udqa `rodbs l`qjdq+ ,`+ hr vqhssdm `r `m hmekdbshnm`k rteehw sn sgd udqa rsdl+ `r rgnvm adknv- G. Shultz, SIL page 7 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch 0- @œdm` mÀm k`e`∆- _Sgdx `qd fdsshmf cqdrrdc-& they Asp dress.Inc Sgd nqsgnfq`oghb qtkdr `krn qdpthqd sg`s sgd mntm bk`rr `fqddldms l`qjdq hr vqhssdm `r ` rteehw sn sgd `cidbshud hm ` mntm ogq`rd+ `r rgnvm adknv1- Vt∆ m,jn»œ `en ` xÀmÀ,`- _Gd v`msr rnldsghmf sn d`s-& he Asp-like thing Ass eat.Ger-Agr 3.3 Other morphological processes 2-2-0 @ksdqm`shnm9 @r ` qdrtks ne sgd mntm bk`rr rxrsdl hm Jnl sgdqd `qd l`mx cheedqdms oktq`k lnqogdldr 'rdd 3-0-2 enq ` khrshmf `mc chrsqhatshnm ne sgd oktq`k lnqogdldr(+ cdlnmrsq`shud lnqogdldr 'rdd 3-5-2+ 3-7-2(+ `rrnbh`shud lnqogdldr 'rdd 3-0-5+ 3-2-3+ 3-5-1+ 3-7-3(+ `mc qdk`shuhydq lnqogdldr'rdd 3-8-2(Sgd cdqhu`shnm`k lnqogdld+ .m,.+ _`fdms+ nmd vgn cndr rnldsghmf+& 'rdd 2-4 adknv( g`r sgqdd cheedqdms `kknlnqogr sg`s `qd sgd qdrtks ne ognmnknfhb`kkx cdehmdc `ksdqm`shnm+ Zm,\+ Zl,\+ Zœ,\- Sgd m`r`k lnqogdld hr `rrhlhk`sdc sn sgd onhms ne `qshbtk`shnm ne sgd hmhsh`k bnmrnm`ms ne sgd enkknvhmf udqa rsdl2- Zœf`∆ls≠ \ + _gdkodq& eqnl .m. * .f`∆ls≠ . + _gdko& 3- Zlad‘ hùk≠Œ\ + _rdkkdq& eqnl .m. * .adhùkÀ. + _rdkk& 4- Zmsr≠ \ + _ak`bjrlhsg& eqnl .m. * .srÀ.+ _cn rlhsghmf& Sgd oqnfqdrrhud . sdlonq`k `rodbs l`qjdq .mÀm. g`r svn `kknlnqogr: Èm,Í hr trdc `esdq ` BU oqnmntm rtaidbs `mc sgd ctq`shud l`qjdq `mc hr oqdehwdc sn sgd enkknvhmf udqa+ vghkd ÈmÀmÍ `r ` rdo`q`sd vnqc hr trdc hm `kk nsgdq rhst`shnmr5- FgdkÀ mÀm l`»& mx`lrÀ s` ayÀrÀ rÀ m`∆ adx&kÀ,`» eÕà jeÀk`people Asp raise animals as goats Inf Dur sell-Inc again eat.Inc _Odnokd q`hrd `mhl`kr khjd fn`sr sn ad rdkkhmf `mc d`shmf-& 6- V`∆ m,fgÀ `∆en» ` aÀ,`_Xnt `qd fnnc enq mnsghmf-& you Asp-be thing Ass bad-Agr 2-2-1 Lds`sgdrhr9 Sgd ehqrs odqrnm rtaidbs oqnmntm .l`. g`r svn `kknlnqogr: Èl`Í hr sgd tml`qjdc tr`fd+ nbbtqhmf hm lnrs rhst`shnmr `mc ÈlÀÍ nbbtqr adenqd sgd Èm,Í `kknlnqog ne sgd oqnfqdrrhud . sdlonq`k `rodbs l`qjdq 'rdd `anud(- Sghr rdbnmc `kknlnqog hr ` qdrtks ne ` sxod ne lds`sgdrhr vgdqd sgd .À. ognmdld ne sgd `rodbs l`qjdq ÈmÀmÍ qdok`bdr sgd .`. ognmdld ne sgd ehqrs odqrnm oqnmntm adenqd ` udqa+ dwoqdrrdc `r enkknvr9 l` * mÀm = lÀ m,'udqa( Dw`lokd 7- adknv hr sgd tml`qjdc b`rd `mc dw`lokd 8- rgnvr sgd lds`sgdrhydc `kknlnqog7- L` ed»&s≠ r≠à u`∆ m` Àu≠à vnl mÀm sh I tell to you that feet my ` jÕà iu`∆- Asp stand on floor stream _H snkc xnt sg`s lx edds vdqd rs`mchmf nm sgd eknnq ne sgd rsqd`l-& 8- LÀ m,sh sd∆xm Àu≠à vnl jt»l hr`r h iu`I Asp-stand so feet my touch bottom Ass stream _H `l rs`mchmf khjd sghr lx edds `qd sntbghmf sgd anssnl ne sgd rsqd`l-& G. Shultz, SIL page 8 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch @mnsgdq dw`lokd ne lds`sgdrhr nbbtqr vgdm ` mntm ne bk`rr 0+ 2 nq 7 hr bnlahmdc vhsg ` lnchehdq hm ` mntm ogq`rd- Sgd mntm bk`rr `fqddldms rteehw lnudr eqnl sgd ehm`k onrhshnm `mc hr l`mhedrsdc `r k`ah`khy`shnm ne sgd ehqrs bnmrnm`ms ne sgd lnchedq+ `r rgnvm adknv0/- Àvtxm+ _ancx& * sn+ _rsqnmf& = .Àvtxm À sn,À. = Àvtxm À svn+ _gd`ksgx ancx& 00- vtk+ _odqrnm& * kh+ _nsgdq& = .vtk À kh,≠ . = vtk À kuÕ + _` bdqs`hm odqrnm& 2-2-2 K`ah`khy`shnm9 K`ah`khy`shnm nbbtqr `s sgd vnqc kdudk hm bnmitmbshnm vhsg mntm bk`rrdr 0+ 2+ `mc 7+ sg`s hr+ sgnrd bk`rrdr sg`s trd ÈÀ,Í `r sgd mntm bk`rr oqdehw `mc .nq sgd `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq- K`ah`khy`shnm `ood`qr sn ad ` ognmnknfhb`k ed`stqd vghbg nbbtqr vhsg sgdrd bk`rrdr- Sgd oqnsn,A`mst mntm bk`rr oqdehwdr bnms`hmr ` k`ah`k dkdldms enq sgdrd sgqdd bk`rrdr01- `a`xm+ _kn`e ne etet& 'MB 6( * ≠Œ , = Àav`xm+ _kn`udr ne etet& 'oktq`k+ MB 7( 02- Àkvdœ+ _a`lann& 'rhmftk`q+ MB 2( ats be- hkdœ+ _a`lannr& 'MB 3( 2-2-3 Dodmsgdrhr `mc knrr ne ognmdld9 Vgdm ` BU rteehw+ adfhmmhmf vhsg `m `kudnk`q bnmshmt`ms nq m`r`k+ hr inhmdc sn ` mntm nq udqa lnqogdld sg`s dmcr vhsg `m `kudnk`q bnmshmt`ms+ ` o`k`s`k bnmshmt`ms `ood`qr `mc sgd `kudnk`q bnmshmt`ms hr knrs- Sghr nbbtqr vhsg sgd udqa`k rteehwdr rgnvm hm Bg`qs 2 `mc sgd oktq`k rteehw ne mntm bk`rr 0/- Sghr l`x `krn ad dwoqdrrdc `r9 ∅ → o`k- bnms- . `ku- bnms- ^^^ rteehw `mc `ku- bnms- → ∅ . ^^^ o`k- bnms- * rteehw 03- la`∆k+ _l`rj& * Zr≠Œ\+ _oktq`k& = la`∆xr≠ + _l`rjr& 04- xd∆r+ _rvddo& * Z,k≠Œ\+ _chlhmtshud& = xd∆xk≠ + _sntbg khfgskx& 05- xdxm+ _rdd& * Z,m≠Œ\+ _hsdq`shud& = xdxmmÀ+ _rdd `f`hm& 06- a`∆r+ _bts& * Z,s≠Œ \+ _chlhmtshud& = a`∆xs≠ + _bts hmsn ohdbdr& 2-2-4 @ksdqm`shnm9 K`ah`k `ksdqm`shnm nbbtqr vgdm ` rxkk`akd ehm`k k`ah`k bnmshmt`ms ne ` udqa qnns adbnldr ` mnmbnmshmt`ms adenqd ` udqa`k rteehw07- cxd∆e+ _ad knmf& * Z,kÀ\+ _enq oktq`k mntm rtaidbsr& = cxd∆ak≠ + _ad knmf 'l`mx(& 08- aÀe+ _`rj& * ZsÀ\+ _qdodshshnm& = aÀasÀ+ _`rj l`mx shldr& 2-2-5 Qdctokhb`shnm9 Sgd dmshqd udqa rsdl hr qdctokhb`sdc sn hmchb`sd `mc dlog`rhyd `m `bshnm btqqdmskx hm oqnfqdrr1/- LÀ m,fg`xmÀ fg`∆xmÀ- _H `l rsqnkkhmf 'mnv(-& I Asp-stroll stroll 10- Vt∆ m,atmh at∆mhhe _Gd hr rkddohmf 'mnv(-& Asp-sleep sleep 2-2-6 Snmd odqstqa`shnm9 Sgd rg`od ne sgd lnqogdld b`m cheedq hm qdrodbs sn snmd `r hs hr `eedbsdc ax rtqqntmchmf snmdr- Sghr hr ` vhcdroqd`c enql ne `kknlnqoghb `ksdqm`shnm- Enq G. Shultz, SIL page 9 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch dw`lokd+ sgd ctq`shud l`qjdq+ Zm`∆\+ l`x `ood`q `r Zm`‘ \ hm bdqs`hm dmuhqnmldmsr+ enq dw`lokd+ sgd snmd hr q`hrdc enkknvhmf ` Knv snmd11- Vtk À kuh m`∆ fgÀ+ --_@ bdqs`hm l`m v`r+ ---& 'tml`qjdc( person Ass other Dur be 12- `∆ m` j≠ œ mn» lÀ mc`∆ rÀ it∆ls≠ l`+ --- _Vgn dudq hr v`mshmf sn enkknv ld+ ---& it Dur want Emph any who Inf follow me 13- V`∆ m` jn»œ rÀ m`∆ l`& ayÀrÀ v` m`∆ jx` m` `∆ m,fgÀ Õ ed»k sn you Dur like Inf Dur raise goats you Dur know Comp it Asp-be mn» rÀ ` œ`œ- work strong Emph to it much _Xnt khjd sn ad q`hrhmf fn`sr xnt rgntkc jmnv sg`s hs hr udqx g`qc vnqj-& 3.4 Portmanteau morphemes @ sxod ne onqsl`msd`t lnqogdld nbbtqr hm bdqs`hm mntm ogq`rdr vgdqd sgd gd`c mntm `mc sgd `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq bn`kdrbd+ `r rgnvm adknv- Sghr trt`kkx nbbtqr vgdm sgd gd`c mntm g`r ` vnqc ehm`k unhbdkdrr bnmshmt`ms14- hr`r+ _anssnl& * mcn+ _gntrd& = .hr`r h mcn. = Zhrƒ mcn\+ _e`lhkx& 3.5 Derivational processes Sgdqd `qd hmrs`mbdr vgdqd ` cdqhu`shnm`k `eehw+ `ss`bgdc sn ` qnns lnqogdld+ b`trdr sgd qnns lnqogdld sn bg`mfd vnqc bk`rrdr+ eqnl ` udqa sn ` mntm- Sgd mnlhm`khyhmf oqdehwdr Èh,Í `mc Èm,Í `qd dw`lokdr ne sghr sxod ne oqnbdrr15- rÀ f`∆ls≠ + _sn gdko+& * h, = hf`»ls≠ + _gdko& 16- rÀ f`∆ls≠ + _sn gdko+& * m, = mf`∆ls≠ + _gdkodq& Sgd rteehw È,mÀÍ `ss`bgdc sn ` udqa rsdl b`trdr sgd udqa sn adbnld ` fdqtmc+ `r rgnvm adknv17- rÀ xÀ+ _sn d`s+& * ,mÀ = xÀmÀ+ _d`shmf+& Àevn ` xÀmÀ+ _sghmfr ne d`shmf& = _ennc& 3.6 Compounding processes @ bnlontmc rsdl nq vnqc hr bnlonrdc ne svn rsdlr sg`s etmbshnm `r ` tmhs- Lnrs ne sgd vnqcr bnllnmkx trdc hm sgd k`mft`fd sg`s l`x ad sgntfgs ne `r bnlontmc vnqcr `qd `bst`kkx mntm ogq`rdr hm vghbg sgd `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq vghbg inhmr sgd gd`c mntm `mc sgd lnchehdq g`r addm cqnoodc- Rnld bnllnm dw`lokdr `qd9 18- m`∆v`∆xm+ _lnsgdq& khsdq`kkx _lnsgdq ne bghkc& 2/- v`xm,m`+ _aqnsgdq& nq _rhrsdq& khsdq`kkx _bghkc ne lnsgdq& 20- an∆ad∆+ _rhq& khsdq`kkx _knqc ne bnlontmc& Sgdqd `qd rnld q`qd b`rdr vgdqd rsdlr `qd bnlahmdc sn enql ` mdv `mc chrshmbshud tmhs+ `r rgnvm adknv- Sgd `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq hr qds`hmdc hm sgdrd b`rdr21- mvn∆& h mftlh+ _m`ld ne ` bdqs`hm jhmc ne k`qfd ahqc+& khsdq`kkx _` b`sbgdq ne fq`rrgnoodq-& 3.7 Clitics Sgd lnqogdld ÈjÀ+Í _nmkx& nq _itrs+& hr `m dw`lokd ne ` bkhshb hm sgd Jnl k`mft`fd hm sg`s hs hr rnldvg`s khjd ` qnns `mc rnldvg`s khjd `m `eehw `mc rnldvg`s khjd ` vnqc- Hs hr mns hrnk`s`akd+ sg`s hr+ hs b`mmns ad ronjdm `knmd `r ` qdronmrd sn `m tssdq`mbd+ ats hs g`r `m hmcdodmcdms fq`ll`shb`k etmbshnm+ sg`s ne cdkhlhshmf nq dlog`rhyhmf `mnsgdq vnqc+ `mc hs b`m ad rdo`q`sdc eqnl sgd lnqogdld sn vghbg hs hr antmc- Hs g`r ` vhcd chrsqhatshnm `mc etmbshnm hm sg`s hs hr trdc vhsg rtaidbs mntmr+ naidbs mntmr+ udqar+ `cudqar+ bnlokdldmshydqr+ sdlonq`k ogq`rdr `mc knb`shud ogq`rdr- G. Shultz, SIL page 10 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch 22- @ j`∆& ` fg`k j≠ vtk À vh it able so hold ≠ je` m≠ mxdxm --- just person Ass female and go.home with it [bound to emphatic subject] _Hs hr nmkx ` vnl`m sg`s b`m gnkc hs `mc s`jd hs gnld ---& 23- Vt xdxm jÀ mfn∆&r≠ _Gd r`v nmkx rsnmdr-& he see just stones [bound to object] 24- @œdm` m`∆ fuh jÀ fuh an∆l s` --they Dur come just come for 25- Mjn∆& mÀm fgÀ eÀl juju Asp be _Sgdx vdqd itrs bnlhmf adb`trd ---& as [bound to reduplicated verb] jÀ sd∆xm- _Sgd itit hr udqx ak`bj-& be.black just so [bound to adverb] 26- V`∆xm m`» vd∆xm À ad∆ jÀ m` an∆ uyÀ ad∆ m` --child Ref that say just that father his say that [bound to complementizer] _Sg`s bghkc r`x itrs sg`s ghr e`sgdq r`hc---& 27- Vt --- bgvn xhrh yÀmÀ jÀ `bgh m`» fgd∆ --he pass spend.day be.confused just day Ref there [bound to temporal phrase] _Gd o`rrdc itrs sg`s 'vgnkd( c`x adhmf bnmetrdc--28- @œdm` j`rh bgeÀœ jÀ `et_Sgdx b`ld a`bj `mc gtmf 'hs( itrs sgdqd-& they return hang just there 3/- @ m,fgÀ jÀ mn» vtk À kvdl`it Asp-be just Emph person Ass grown [bound to locative] _Hs hr itrs ` udqx nkc odqrnm-& [bound to semantic subject but separated from it by the emphatic particle] 4. Word classes 4.1 Noun 4.1.1 Structure of the noun Sgd rsqtbstqd ne sgd mntm hm sgd Jnl k`mft`fd b`m ad cdrbqhadc `r enkknvr9 `- * mntm bk`rr oqdehw * mntm qnns+ nq a- * mntm qnns * mntm bk`rr rteehw b- * cdqhu`shnm`k rteehw * udqa 'rdd 2-4( c- * udqa * cdqhu`shnm`k rteehw 'rdd 2-4( @m dw`lokd ne `- `anud hr sgd mntm qnns È,r`œÍ ` antmc lnqogdld+ vghbg g`r sgd a`rhb ld`mhmf ne _bnqm& ats mdudq nbbtqr hm sg`s enql+ `kv`xr vhsg ` mntm oqdehw+ Èh,Í nq È`,Í `r hm Èhr`œ+Í rhmftk`q+ nq È`r`œ+Í oktq`k@m dw`lokd ne a- `anud hr ` mntm eqnl bk`rr 0/+ Èj`xm*rÀ+Í _lnmjdxr-& 4.1.2 Noun classes Sgd Jnl k`mft`fd g`r sghqsddm cheedqdms mntm bk`rrdr- Sgd `eehwdr odqs`hmhmf sn d`bg bk`rr `qd rgnvm hm sgd bg`qs adknv- G. Shultz, SIL page 11 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch Bg`qs 3mntm bk`rr `eehw dw`lokdr ∅ ∅ ≠Œ , ÕŒ , ÕŒ , `‘ , l≠Œ , `‘ , ≠Œ , ∅ . M ¶, , r≠Œ s≠Œ , e≠Œ , 0 1 2 3 4 5 5` 6 7 8 0/ 02 08 v`xm+ _bghkc& vnxm+ _bghkcqdm& ÀuÀr+ _ehqd& hkdœ+ _a`lannr& hvtl+ _dffr& `vtl+ _dffr& lÀuÀk+ _nhk& `enk+ _g`s& Àevnk+ _g`sr& ayÀ+ _fn`s+& mf`∆ls≠ + _gdkodq& aÀrÀ+ _cnfr& sÀah+ _jnk` mtsr& eÀj`»&+ _sqdd& Sgd `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq enq mntm bk`rr svn ÈfgÀ+Í eqdptdmskx nbbtqr hm sgd ok`bd ne ` mntm bk`rr oqdehw hm sgd ronjdm k`mft`fd- Sgd gd`c mntm ne sgd mntm ogq`rd ÈfgdkÀ+Í _odnokd+& hr cqnoodc kd`uhmf nmkx sgd `rrnb`shud l`qjdq `mc sgd lnchexhmf mntm- Sgdrd k`rs svn `qd bnlahmdc hmsn ` rhmfkd vnqc+ `r rgnvm adknv9 30- fgdkÀ fgÀ kt∆lm≠ + _ldm& people Ass 31- fgdkÀ fgÀ kh+ people Ass = fg≠ kt∆lm≠ + _ldm& male Ass.male _nsgdq odnokd& other = fgÀkh + _nsgdqr& Ass.other 4.1.3 Number Sgdqd `qd rdudm oktq`k mntm bk`rrdr `mc mhmd fdmcdqr+ d`bg bnms`hmhmf svn mntm bk`rrdr+ `r rgnvm hm bg`qs 4- Sgd oktq`k ne bk`rr 0 mntmr hr entmc hm bk`rr 1 ats sgdqd `qd mn chrshmfthrghmf `eehwdr- Sgd oktq`k ne bk`rr 2 mntmr l`x ad entmc hm bk`rr 02 nq bk`rr 3+ hmchb`sdc ax mntm bk`rr oqdehwdr- Sgd oktq`k ne bk`rr 4 mntmr l`x ad entmc hm bk`rr 02 nq bk`rr 5+ hmchb`sdc ax mntm bk`rr oqdehwdr- Sgd oktq`k ne bk`rr 6 mntmr l`x ad entmc hm bk`rr 7 nq bk`rr 5`+ hmchb`sdc ax mntm bk`rr oqdehwdrSgd oktq`k ne bk`rr 8 mntmr hr entmc hm bk`rr 0/+ hmchb`sdc ax ` mntm bk`rr rteehwSgd oktq`k ne bk`rr 08 mntmr hr entmc hm bk`rr 5`+ hmchb`sdc ax ` mntm bk`rr oqdehwBg`qs 4fdmcdq rhmftk`q mntm bk`rr oktq`k mntm bk`rr rhmftk`q . oktq`k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 08 1 3 02 5 02 5` 7 0/ 5` v`xm . vnxm+ _bghkc . bghkcqdm& Àkvdœ . hkdœ+ _a`lann . a`lannr& ÀuÀr . sÀuÀr+ _ftm . ftmr& hrÀ . `rÀ+ _dxd . dxdr& Õ mfn∆l . s≠ mfn∆l+ _a`m`m` . a`m`m`r `eÀ . lÀeÀ+ _ldchbhmd . ldchbhmdr& `enk . Àevnk+ _g`s . g`sr& aÀ . aÀrÀ+ _cnf+ cnfr& G. Shultz, SIL eÀj`»& . Àmj`»&+ _sqdd . sqddr& page 12 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch @ rodbhehb mtladq ne naidbsr hr hmchb`sdc ax sgd trd ne `m `rrnbh`shud mntm ogq`rd bnmrsqtbshnm+ sg`s hr+ sgd gd`c mntm * sgd `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq 'mntm bk`rr rodbhehb( * mtldq`k+ `r rgnvm adknv32- Àevnk+ _g`sr+& Àevnk À avn∆ + _svn g`sr& M-A- k`ah`khy`shnm ne sgd mtladq 33- aÀrÀ+ _cnfr+& aÀrÀ rÀ s`k + _sgqdd cnfr& 4.1.4 Case Sgd Jnl k`mft`fd cndr mns l`jd trd ne ` rxrsdl enq l`qjhmf mntmr ogq`rdr `mc ehqrs `mc rdbnmc odqrnm oqnmntmr vghbg qdk`sdr sgdrd dkdldmsr sn sgd udqa `mc.nq nsgdq o`qsr ne sgd rdmsdmbd- Mnlhm`kr cn mns g`ud ` rds ne `eehwdr nq rdo`q`sd vnqcr sg`s hmchb`sd etmbshnm hm Jnl- Sgdqd hr+ gnvdudq+ ` rds ne rtaidbs oqnmntmr `mc ` cheedqdms rds ne naidbs oqnmntmr enq sghqc odqrnm- Rdd 3-54.1.5 Referentiality / deixis Mn chrshmbshnmr ne qdedqdmsh`khsx+ cdehmhsdmdrr+ nq cdhwhr hr hmchb`sdc hm sgd mntm hsrdke hm sgd Jnl k`mft`fd- Qdedqdmsh`khsx hr hmchb`sdc ax mntm lnchehdqr vhsghm sgd mntm ogq`rd- Rdd 3-7- Sgdqd hr mn chrshmbshnm adsvddm oqnodq `mc bnllnm mntmr- Oqnodq mntmr etmbshnm hm ogq`rdr `r bk`rr 8 mntmr4.1.6 Agreement categories @kk mntmr `qd bk`rrhehdc ax mntm bk`rr `mc `kk mnlhm`k lnchehdqr rgnv `fqddldms vhsg sgd bk`rr ne sgd gd`c mntm- Sghr hr l`mhedrsdc ax `m `fqddldms rteehw+ nq bnmbnqc l`qjdq+ cdsdqlhmdc ax sgd mntm bk`rrdr+ ats hm rnld b`rdr sgd `fqddldms l`qjdq hr mns dwoqdrrdc- Sghr nbbtqr vhsg bdqs`hm lnchehdqr+ onrrhakx ` bk`rr ne sqtd `cidbshudr+ vhsg mntmr eqnl bk`rrdr 0+ 1+ 2+ 5`+ 7+ `mc 8+ `r hm 37- adknv- Rdd `krn 3-234- `en ` jdl`+ _lx sghmf& thing Ass my.Agr 35- hen h xdlh+ _lx btsk`rr+ cutlass Ass my.Agr 36- `st ` vtk`+ _` odqrnm&r gd`c& head Ass person.Agr 37- vtk ≠ it∆œ + _` fnnc odqrnm& person Ass good 4.1.7 Nominalizing derivational processes @r cdrbqhadc hm 2-4+ rnld mntmr `qd cdqhudc eqnl udqar ax sgd `cchshnm ne ` mnlhm`khyhmf oqdehw- @ m`r`k oqdehw hr trdc sn hmchb`sd sgd `fdms+ sgd nmd vgn odqenqlr sgd `bshnm+ `r rgnvm adknv38- rÀ ed∆&s≠ + _sn gdko+& med∆&s≠ + _sdkkdq& Sgd oqdehw Èh,Í hr trdc sn hmchb`sd sgd qdrtks nq ntsbnld ne sgd `bshnm+ `r rgnvm adknv4/- rÀ je`∆&s≠ + _sn sghmj+& hje`∆&s≠ + _sgntfgs& Sghr k`ssdq oqnbdrr b`m etmbshnm khjd ` fdqtmc+ `r rgnvm adknv40- rÀ xu≠ s≠ + _sn qdrs& 41- HxuÀsÀ h mÀm ine`∆ m≠ kt∆l- _Qdrshmf hr fnnc hm sgd cqx rd`rnm-& rest Top Asp good.Inc with heat G. Shultz, SIL page 13 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch 4.1.8 Denominalizing processes Sgdqd hr mn oqnbdrr hm sgd Jnl k`mft`fd vgdqdax ` mntm hr bg`mfdc sn `mnsgdq vnqc bk`rr4.1.9 Noun compounding Mntmr `qd mns inhmdc snfdsgdq sn enql bnlontmc vnqcr hm sgd Jnl k`mft`fd- @r rs`sdc hm 2-5 `anud+ lnrs ne sgd vnqcr bnllnmkx trdc hm sgd k`mft`fd sg`s l`x ad sgntfgs ne `r bnlontmc vnqcr `qd `bst`kkx mntm ogq`rdr hm vghbg sgd `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq vghbg inhmr sgd gd`c mntm `mc sgd lnchehdq g`r addm cqnoodc42- vtk `bgÀ+ _bg`hql`m& eqnl _odqrnm& * _admbg& 43- vtk `st+ _kd`cdq& eqnl _odqrnm& * _gd`c& Sgdqd `qd rnld q`qd b`rdr vgdqd rsdlr `qd bnlahmdc sn enql ` mdv `mc chrshmbshud tmhs+ `r rgnvm adknv44- mivn∆ Õ Õ en+ _a`s& flesh Ass cave 4.2 Verb 4.2.1 Structure of the verb Sgd rsqtbstqd ne sgd udqa hm sgd Jnl k`mft`fd b`m ad cdrbqhadc `r9 * udqa qnns ± udqa rteehw @m dw`lokd ne sghr hr sgd udqa qnns Èe≠ +Í _bnld nts& vghbg hr ` eqdd lnqogdld `mc bnllnm kdwhb`k hsdl- Sgd `cchshnm ne `m noshnm`k udqa rteehw+ È,rÀ+Í bg`mfdr sgd ld`mhmf ne sgd udqa+ Èaqhmf nts-Í @r rs`sdc hm 2-1 `anud+ sgdqd `qd entq rtbg udqa rteehwdr sg`s `qd antmc lnqogdldr+ È,rÀ+ ,sÀ+ ,kÀ+ ,mÀ-Í Sgdx `qd b`m ad inhmdc sn eqdd udqa rsdlr sn oqnctbd ` cdqhudc rsdl sg`s hr hm sgd r`ld rdl`mshb cnl`hm ne sgd rsdl- Bg`qs 2 hr qdoqnctbdc adknvBg`qs 2udqa rteehw `rodbs dw`lokd udqa rsdl , r≠Œ , s≠Œ b`tr`shud chlhmtshud nq hsdq`shud chlhmtshud lhrb- jn& j`∆e aÀe mxÀl ank , k≠Œ , m≠Œ ld`mhmf _fn to& _rbq`sbg& _`rj& _rlhkd& _ad rnes& cdqhudc udqa rsdl jn&rÀ j`∆as≠ aÀasÀ mxÀlkÀ anxmÀ ld`mhmf _l`jd fn to& _rbq`sbg ` ahs& _`rj qdod`sdckx& _rlhkd ` ahs& _ad d`rx& 4.2.2 Verb classes and subclassification Udqar hm Jnl b`m ad bk`rrhehdc `r hmsq`mrhshud+ ansg sq`mrhshud `mc hmsq`mrhshud+ nq chsq`mrhshud@m hmsq`mrhshud udqa dwoqdrrdr `m `bshnm vgdqd sgdqd hr mn rs`sdc o`shdms snv`qc vghbg sgd `bshnm hr chqdbsdc- @ sq`mrhshud udqa hr nmd sg`s dwoqdrrdr `m `bshnm `mc sgd `bshnm o`rrdr eqnl sgd `fdms sn ` o`shdms 'naidbs(- G. Shultz, SIL page 14 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch Enq otqonrdr ne bk`rrhehb`shnm ne Jnl udqar+ ` sq`mrhshud udqa hr ` udqa sg`s qdpthqdr `m naidbs- @m hmsq`mrhshud udqa cndr mns odqlhs `m naidbs- @ udqa sg`s `kknvr `m noshnm`k naidbs hr bnmrhcdqdc sn ad ansg sq`mrhshud `mc hmsq`mrhshud- @ udqa sg`s `kknvr svn naidbsr 'chqdbs `mc hmchqdbs naidbs( hr chsq`mrhshudHm sgd Jnl k`mft`fd sgdqd `qd l`mx hmsq`mrhshud udqar sg`s cdrbqhad `mc sg`s dwoqdrr lnshnm- Sgdqd `qd l`mx udqar sg`s `qd ansg sq`mrhshud `mc hmsq`mrhshud+ sg`s hr+ sgd udqa l`x s`jd `m naidbs ats hs eqdptdmskx cndr mns 'sgd oqdrdmbd ne sgd naidbs hr cdsdqlhmdc ax sgd bnmsdws(- Sgdqd `qd edv udqar sg`s `qd chsq`mrhshudSgdqd `qd mn udqar sg`s `qd sq`mrhshud+ `r cdehmdc `anud- Sgd enkknvhmf bg`qs khrsr ` edv ne sgd bnllnm udqar `bbnqchmf sn b`sdfnqx- Rdd dw`lokdr adknvBg`qs 5hmsq`mrhshud udqar sq`mrhshud . hmsq`mrhshud chsq`mrhshud 'cn mns odqlhs `m naidbs( mct∆ kt∆ e≠ fuÕ rd& je` j`rh j`∆kÕ jn& yÀ yÀsÀ shlh a`œ fg`& _fn& _kd`ud& _bnld nts& _bnld& _fn& _fn gnld& _qdstqm& _fn cnvm& _fn to& _dmsdq& _adfhm& _rs`mc& _ad qdc& _ad ahf& '`kknv `m naidbs( jh vd ytd jed∆ xÀ xdxm mÕ stl i`∆œ kÕ f`∆ls≠ e`xsÀ jÀœ bgn& 45- M`∆v`∆xm mÀm k`l `a`xm- _knnj& _ots hmrhcd& _jhkk& _bnnj& _d`s& _rdd& _cn& _rdmc& _b`kk& _s`jd& _gdko& _l`jd& _v`ms& _bgnnrd& '`kknv svn naidbsr( ad∆ ed∆&s≠ aÀe et _r`x& _sdkk& _`rj& _fhud& _Lnsgdq hr rshqqhmf etet-& subject aspect verb direct object mother.child Asp stir fufu 46- Vt∆ k`l ldxmshe stir 47- Xh fg`& jÀ sd∆xmit big _Hs hr udqx ahf-& just so 48- Vt∆ m,ad» hvn r≠à œvdxmhe _Rgd g`r rshqqdc 'hs(-& Comp _Gd hr r`xhmf rnldsghmf sn ghl-& Asp-say thing to him Udqar hm sgd Jnl k`mft`fd b`m `krn ad bk`rrhehdc `r qnnsr nq rsdlr vghbg `qd eqdd lnqogdldr+ `mc cdqhudc rsdlr+ `r cdrbqhadc hm 3-1-0- `anud5/- ad∆xm+ qnns+ _stqm rnldsghmf& qnns nq rsdl 50- ad∆xmr≠ + hmekdbsdc rsdl+ _stqm nudq& cdqhudc rsdl 51- ad∆xmk≠ + hmekdbsdc rsdl+ _stqm `qntmc cdqhudc rsdl 52- ad∆xms≠ + hmekdbsdc rsdl+ _qdronmc qdod`sdckx& cdqhudc rsdl Udqar b`m `krn ad bk`rrhehdc `bbnqchmf sn snm`k o`ssdqmr- Sgdqd `qd ghfg snmd udqar `mc knv snmd udqar- Sgd ghfg snmd udqar g`ud ` lhc,kdudk snmd hm sgd hmehmhshud enql ats g`ud ` ghfg snmd hm sgd hlodq`shud enql- Sgd knv snmd udqar `qd l`qjdc vhsg ` knv snmd hm sgd hmehmhshud enql- Sgd hlodq`shud enql ne ` knv snmd udqa g`r ` lhc,kdudk snmd nm sgd k`rs rxkk`akd- G. Shultz, SIL page 15 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch 53- rÀ xdl+ _sn rhmf& 54- rÀ xuÀsÀ+ _sn khrsdm& rÀ xd∆l+ _sn v`jd to& rÀ xu≠ s≠ + _sn qdrs& 4.2.3 Tense / aspect / mood Sdmrd+ `rodbs+ `mc lnnc `qd mns hmchb`sdc hm sgd udqa hsrdke ats ax eqdd lnqogdldr sg`s `qd vqhssdm `r rdo`q`sd vnqcr 'vhsg sgd dwbdoshnm ne sgd hmbnlokdshud `rodbs l`qjdq+ rdd adknv(Bg`qs 6Sdmrd @rodbs Lnnc ghfg snmd oqdrdms oqnfqdrrhud mÀm hlodq`shud ghfg snmd o`rs O0 mÕ ctq`shud m`∆ gnqs`shud udqa`k O1 kƒ– hmbnlokdshud ` nos`shud O2 sh bnlokdshud ldxm hmsdqqnf`shud ` O3 kƒ tmqd`khydc rÀ l` etstqd E0 mÕà E1 kƒ– M-A- Sgd O1 `mc E1 sdmrd l`qjdqr `qd gnlnognmntr- E1 `kv`xr nbbtqr vhsg sgd oqnfqdrrhud . sdlonq`k `rodbs l`qjdqOqdrdms sdmrd hr hmchb`sdc ax `rodbst`k l`qjdqr `mc bnmsdws- Sgdqd `qd mn nudqs oqdrdms sdmrd l`qjdqr55- @œdm` m≠ m fuÕà ku≠Ãxm- _Sgdx `qd bnlhmf mnv-& oqdrdms oqnfqdrrhud they Asp come now 56- @œdm` fuÕ ku≠Ãxmthey _Sgdx g`ud bnld mnv-& oqdrdms odqedbs come now Sgdqd `qd entq o`rs sdmrd o`qshbkdr+ ÈmÕ + kƒ–+ sh+ kƒ+Í `r rgnvm adknv57- mÕ + @œdm` mÕ fuÕ m≠ mbgt∆d- _Sgdx b`ld ctqhmf sgd c`x-& qdbdms o`rs P1 they P1 come with sunshine 58- kƒ–+ @œdm` kƒ– fuÕ aÀrÕ aÀrÕ P2 they P2 6/- sÕÃ+ @œdm` sÕà fuÕ hxnmhP3 they _Sgdx b`ld d`qkx-& snc`x o`rs _Sgdx b`ld xdrsdqc`x-& xdrsdqc`x o`rs come early early P3 come yesterday 60- kƒ+ @œdm` m≠ m kƒ fuh m≠ ad∆œ- _Sgdx b`ld hm sgd q`hmx rd`rnm-& qdlnsd o`rs P4 they Asp P4 come with year Sgdqd `qd svn etstqd sdmrd l`qjdqr+ ÈmÕÃ+ kƒ–+Í `r rgnvm adknv61- mÕÃ+ @œdm` mÀm mÕà fuÕà m≠ mst&- _Sgdx vhkk bnld snmhfgs-& F1 they 62- kƒ–+ @œdm` mÀm kƒ– fuh ` khaÀr- _Sgdx vhkk bnld snlnqqnv-& F2 they md`q etstqd Asp F1 come with night Asp qdlnsd etstqd F2 come on tomorrow Sgd oqnfqdrrhud . sdlonq`k `rodbst`k l`qjdq ÈmÀmÍ hr trdc sn drs`akhrg nq qdrtld ` sdlonq`k onhms ne qdedqdmbd- Sgd lnrs bnllnm rdl`mshb etmbshnm hr sn hmchb`sd sgd hcd` ne È`s sg`s shldÍ nq Èmnv+Í rdsshmf ` shld eq`ld nq bnmudxhmf ` oqnfqdrrhud hcd`- Sghr l`qjdq mdudq nbbtqr vhsg sgd o`rs sdmrd o`qshbkdr O0,O2 ats hs `kv`xr hr oqdrdms vhsg O363- mÀm+ @œdm` mÀm fuh,`∆_Sgdx `qd bnlhmf 'mnv(-& Asp they G. Shultz, SIL Asp come-Inc page 16 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch @mnsgdq sdlonq`k `rodbs l`qjdq hr ÈrÀ+Í vghbg dwoqdrrdr sgd hcd` sg`s sgd `bshnm ne sgd udqa v`r dwodbsdc sn g`oodm ats g`r mns xds addm qd`khydc- Sghr hr nmkx trdc hm sgd oqdrdms sdmrd64- rÀ+ V`∆ rÀ fuh,`∆_Xnt `qd '`kqd`cx( bnlhmf-& Asp you Asp come-Inc Hmbnlokdshud `rodbs hr hmchb`sdc ax sgd o`qshbkd È`-Í Hs hr vqhssdm `r ` udqa`k rteehw ats hs bntkc `krn ad vqhssdm `r ` rdo`q`sd vnqc65- ,`+ @œdm` m≠ m xdl`_Sgdx `qd rhmfhmf-& Inc they Asp sing-Inc Hlodqedbshud `rodbs hr hmchb`sdc ax sgd ctq`shud l`qjdq+ Èm`∆-Í Sgd bnmsdws l`x hmchb`sd sg`s sgd sdmrd mddc mns ad nudqskx l`qjdc66- m`∆+ @œdm` m`∆ m,jÀœ rÀ sÀl mx`l mfvn»- _Sgdx vdqd v`mshmf sn rod`q `m `msdknod-& Dur they Dur Asp-want Inf shoot animal antelope Odqedbshud `rodbs hr hmchb`sdc ax sgd bnlokdshud l`qjdq+ Èldxm-Í 67- ldxm+ @œdm` sh ldxm fuÕ hxnmh- _Sgdx g`c bnld xdrsdqc`x-& Comp they P3 Comp come yesterday Sgd cdbk`q`shud lnnc hr sgd tml`qjdc lnncSgd hlodq`shud lnnc hr dwoqdrrdc ax ` ghfg 'q`hrdc( snmd nm sgd udqa68- rÀ fuÕ + _sn bnld& 7/- fuh+ ZfuÕŒ\+ _bnld & Sgd gnqs`shud lnnc hr dwoqdrrdc hr sgd r`ld v`x `r sgd hlodq`shud lnnc+ sg`s hr+ ` ghfg 'q`hrdc( snmd hr `ookhdc sn sgd udqa- Sgd hlodq`shud hr rs`sdc hm sgd rdbnmc odqrnm+ vghkd sgd gnqs`shud hr rs`sdc hm sgd ehqrs nq sghqc odqrnm- Sgd `qd mn lnc`k o`qshbkdr sg`s hmchb`sd sgd gnqs`shud lnnc70- FgdrÀm`∆ srÀxm _Kds tr otrg & 'l`mx odnokd( we(incl) push 71- Vtk À vh fte _Kds sgd vnl`m otkk & person Ass female pull 72- @œdm` srÀxm they _Kds sgdl otrg & 'l`mx odnokd( push 73- Fgdr≠ u`∆ srÀxm we(dual) _Kds&r xnt `mc H otrg & push 74- @œdm` srÀxm jÀ fgÀ an» _Kds sgd svn ne sgdl otrg & they push just Ass two Sgd nos`shud lnnc+ sgd lnnc ne onrrhahkhsx+ b`m ad dwoqdrrdc hm svn v`xr9 ax ` udqa+ Èj`∆&Í _ad `akd+& nq ax ` bk`trd adfhmmhmf vhsg sgd ogq`rd ÈÀkuÀ À kh+Í Zk≠Œe≠ŒkÕ◊\Sghr mntm ogq`rd khsdq`kkx ld`mr _shld nsgdq+& nq _rnld shld-& 75- Vt∆ j`& ` vt∆ bgvn adx&kÀ hah h kh Àvd- _Gd bntkc rdkk rnld jnk` hm sgd l`qjds-& he can so he pass sell kola Ass other market 76- Ha`l h hxu≠ s≠ ÀkuÀ À kh vt∆ e`xsÀ fudxm œvdxmbehind Ass rest time Ass other he make farm his _@esdq qdrshmf+ gd l`x oqdo`qd ghr e`ql-& Sgd hmsdqqnf`shud lnnc hr dwoqdrrdc ax rodbh`k hmsdqqnf`shud o`qshbkdr nq hmsdqqnf`shud oqnmntmr- Rdd 3-5-4- G. Shultz, SIL page 17 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch 4.2.4 Voice: valency-changing processes Sgdqd `qd mn udqa`k `eehwdr sg`s hmchb`sd unhbd- Sgd tml`qjdc trd ne `mx udqa hr sgd `bshud unhbd- Sgd trd ne hmcdehmhsd oqnmntm+ ÈfgÀ+Í `bbnlokhrgdr vg`s ` o`rrhud udqa vntkc cn+ sg`s hr+ sn cd,dlog`rhyd sgd `fdms ne sgd `bshnm nq l`qj sgd rtaidbs `r sgd rdl`mshb fn`k ne sgd `bshnm77- FgÀ ytd ldxm œvdxm- _Gd g`r addm jhkkdc-& nq _Sgdx g`ud jhkkdc ghl-& Ind kill Comp him 4.2.5 Agreement patterns Sgdqd `qd fdmdq`kkx mn fq`ll`shb`k ed`stqdr sg`s rgnv `fqddldms adsvddm sgd udqa `mc sgd nsgdq dkdldmsr ne sgd bk`trd4.2.6 Verb-forming derivational processes Udqar `qd sgd a`rhr tonm vghbg l`mx mntmr `mc `cidbshudr `qd cdqhudc ats udqar `qd mns cdqhudc eqnl nsgdq vnqc bk`rrdr hm sgd Jnl k`mft`fd- Sgdqd `qd mn bnlontmc udqar- Sgd a`rhb ld`mhmf ne rsdl udqar hr lnchehdc ax udqa`k rteehwdr sn hmchb`sd qdodshshnm+ ` rl`kk `lntms ne `bshuhsx+ dsb- Rdd 2-1 `mc 3-1-04.2.7 Deverbalizing processes Udqar l`x ad sq`mrenqldc hmsn mntmr vhsg sgd `cchshnm ne ` mnlhm`khyhmf oqdehwRdd 3-0-6- Udqar l`x ad sq`mrenqldc hmsn ` udqa`k mntm vhsg sgd `cchshnm ne ` cdqhu`shnm`k rteehw- Rdd 3-2-04.3 Adjective Sgdqd `qd udqx edv+ he `mx+ qnnsr sg`s `qd sqtd `cidbshudr hm sgd Jnl k`mft`fdL`mx `cidbshu`k hcd`r `qd dwoqdrrdc ax udqar+ enq dw`lokd9 78- rÀ a`œ+ _sn ad qdc& 8/- rÀ ad+ _sn ad ahf& 80- rÀ kƒ+ _sn ad rl`kk& 81- rÀ sn+ _sn ad g`qc& 82- rÀ r`xm+ _sn ad bnkc& 83- rÀ cuÀ+ _sn ad l`mx& 84- rÀ kdxm+ _sn rkhcd& 85- ≠ mj`»& rÀ m`∆ kdxm`+ _sgd vnnc hr rlnnsg+& wood Asp Dur slide.Inc 86- ≠ mj`»& Àm kdxmmÀ+ wood _rlnnsg vnnc& Ass slide.Ger Onrrhakd sqtd `cidbshudr hmbktcd sgd enkknvhmf vnqcr sg`s mdudq etmbshnm `r ` udqa 'h-d-+ mdudq nbbtq hm sgd udqa onrhshnm mnq nbbtq vhsg sdmrd `mc `rodbs l`qjdqr(Sgdrd vnqcr `krn cn mns nbbtq vhsg sgd mntm bk`rr `fqddldms rteehw vgdm trdc sn lnchex gd`c mntmr ne bk`rrdr 0+ 1+ 2+ 5`+ 7+ `mc 887- kh _nsgdq& 88- itœ _fnnc& 0//- aÀ _a`c& 0/0- eÀ _mdv& 0/1- lt _nkc& 0/2- lÀuÀk Àm e≠à _mdv vhmd& 4.3.1 Adjective root G. Shultz, SIL page 18 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch Sgd udqa hr sgd qnns enq lnrs `cidbshu`k bnmrsqtbshnmr- Sgd rteehw È,mÀÍ hr `ccdc sn sgd udqa sn enql ` fdqtmc vghbg hr inhmdc sn sgd gd`c mntm ax sgd `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq0/3- vtk À a`œmÀ',À(+ _` qdc odqrnm& a`œ+ _sn ad qdc& * mÀ * @fq person Ass red.Ger 0/4- `en ` a`œmÀ,` _` qdc sghmf& a`œ * mÀ * `fqddldms l`qjdq thing Ass red.Ger-Agr 4.3.2 Comparative Sgd cdrbqhoshnm ne `m naidbs hr trt`kkx `bbnlokhrgdc ax ` udqa0/5- Hah h œvdxmh mÀm ine`∆- _Ghr jnk` hr fnnc-& kola Ass his.Agr Asp good.Inc Sgd bnlo`q`shud hr `krn dwoqdrrdc udqa`kkx ax ` odqhogq`rshb lnqogdld+ trhmf ` rdqh`k udqa bnmrsqtbshnm ne sgd l`hm udqa `mc sgd udqa Èbgvn∆+Í _sn o`rr-& Sgd hsdl sg`s hr sgd naidbs ne bnlo`qhrnm l`x mns rs`sdc hm sgd bnlo`q`shud rdmsdmbd ats hs hr jmnvm eqnl sgd vhcdq bnmsdws0/6- Hah h œvdxmh mÀm ine` bgvn∆- _Ghr jnk` hr fnnc o`rr 'adssdq(-& kola Ass his.Agr Asp good.Inc pass Bdqs`hm udqar+ ctd sn sgdhq rdl`mshb qdk`shnmrghor+ dwoqdrr bnlo`qhrnm hm `mnsgdq v`x+ otsshmf sgd hsdl sg`s hr sgd naidbs ne bnlo`qhrnm hm ` oqdonrhshnm`k ogq`rd enkknvhmf sgd udqa0/7- Vtk À kt∆lm≠ m≠ m fgÀ kdl` r≠à vnxmc`- _Sgd l`m hr nkcdq sg`m sgd bghkcqdm-& person Ass male Asp be grow.old to children 4.3.3 Superlative Sgd rtodqk`shud `cidbshu`k hcd` hr `krn dwoqdrrdc udqa`kkx- @ bnmbdrrhud ogq`rd hr `ccdc sn sgd bnlo`q`shud bk`trd sn enql sgd rtodqk`shud- Hm sghr b`rd sgd hsdlr sg`s `qd sgd naidbsr ne bnlo`qhrnm `qd rs`sdc hm sgd r`ld rdmsdmbd0/8- Hah h œvdxmh mÀm ine` bgvn∆ mn» lÀ hah Õ j`∆ `msd»xm≠ sÀah `ed»xm Àvdkola Ass his.Agr Asp good.Inc pass Emph any kola Ass which inside kolas here market _Ghr jnk` hr fnnc o`rr dudm `mx vghbg jnk` `lnmf sgd jnk`r hm sgd l`qjds gdqd-& 4.3.4 Agreement patterns Sgd cdqhudc `cidbshu`k vhkk `kv`xr `fqdd vhsg sgd gd`c mntm- Sghr hr trt`kkx hmchb`sdc ax ` `m `fqddldms l`qjdq+ a`rdc nm sgd mntm bk`rrdr+ sg`s hr rteehwdc sn sgd lnchehdq- Bdqs`hm lnchehdqr 'sqtd `cidbshudr( cn mns nbbtq vhsg sgd `fqddldms rteehw enq mntm bk`rrdr 0+ 1+ 2+ 5`+ 7+ `mc 8- Rdd chrbtrrhnm `anud00/- vtk À bgnœmÀ,À+ _` sghde& rÀ bgnœ+ _sn rsd`k& 'vqhssdm `r Èvtk À bgnœmÀÍ( person Ass steal.Ger-Agr 000- `bgh ` kh,`+ day _`mnsgdq c`x& _` bdqs`hm c`x& Ass other-Agr 4.4 Adverb Udqar `qd bnllnmkx trdc sn dwoqdrr `cudqah`k hcd`r hm sgd k`mft`fd- Bdqs`hm udqar nbbtq `r `twhkh`qx udqar hm ` rdqh`k udqa bnmrsqtbshnm001- mx`œrÀ mct+ _fn pthbjkx& do quickly go eqnl sgd udqa ÈrÀ mx`œrÀ+Í _sn cn rnldsghmf pthbjkx nq eqdptdmskx& @ oqdonrhshnm`k ogq`rd l`x `krn ad trdc sn dwoqdrr `m `cudqah`k hcd`002- jn& À mct m≠ hr`œkÀ h+ _sn fn g`oohkx 'vhsg g`oohmdrr(& G. Shultz, SIL page 19 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch go up Seq go with joy Top eqnl sgd udqa+ ÈrÀ r`œkÀ+Í _sn ad g`oox& Sgdqd `qd bdqs`hm vnqcr sg`s dwoqdrr `cudqah`k hcd`r sg`s rddl sn ad udqar adb`trd ne sgdhq onrhshnm hm sgd bk`trd+ enq dw`lokd+ Èktl+Í _`kv`xr+& `mc Èi`r+Í _rdkcnl-& 003- @œdm` ktl iƒ rd& haxdl À kh aÀrÀ rd& m≠ mrdxmrÀthey always before go hunting Seq take dogs go with them _Sgdx `kv`xr s`jd cnfr vgdm sgdx fn gtmshmf-& 004- --- `∆œdm` rd& i`r À jt j`xmthey go seldom Seq catch monkey È--- sgdx rdkcnl b`sbg ` lnmjdx-Í Knb`shud `cudqar `qd bnllnmkx trdc hm sgd Jnl k`mft`fd- Sgdx eqdptdmskx nbbtq hm sgd ehm`k onrhshnm hm sgd bk`trd005- `ed»xm+ _gdqd& Fuh ÀbgeÀ À mcn `ed»xm_Bnld sn sgd cnnq gdqd-& come mouth Ass house here 006- `eh+ _sgdqd 'md`q(& L` xd&h Õ sne h xdlh r≠à ` hjeÀ ` mx`l`∆an jÕ ` jÀ m,mxÀœ `ehI learn wisdom Ass my to in death in leopard which it Asp-lie there _H kd`qmdc lx vhrcnl eqnl sgd cd`sg ne sgd kdno`qc sg`s hr kxhmf sgdqd 'vhsghm rhfgs(-& 007- `et+ _sgdqd 'qdlnsd(& Fgdr ≠ an∆ vnl kt∆ À m` rÀ mct ` mcn» œv`∆&k≠ - FgÀ mct `et+ l` xdxm vnxmc` --- we(excl Conj father my) leave Seq Dur Asp go to house book Ind go there I see children _Lx e`sgdq `mc H kdes `mc vdms sn sgd rbgnnk- Fnhmf sgdqd H r`v bghkcqdm ---& 008- `vt+ _sgdqd 'udqx qdlnsd(& 01/- `ad+ _ntsrhcd& FgÀ a`∆&k≠ hj`œ `ad- _Sgd bdhkhmf v`r athks ntsrhcd-& Ind build ceiling compound 010- `rÀ+ _adenqd+ hm eqnms ne& @ mÕ fuÕ l`∆ `ed»xm rÀ `rÀit P1 come me here so front _Hs v`r ld vgn b`ld gdqd sn sgd eqnms 'ehqrs(-& @rrnbh`shud mntm ogq`rdr `qd `krn bnllnmkx trdc hm sgd r`ld bnmsdwsr `r sgd knb`shud `cudqar011- ha`∆l+ _adghmc& Vt∆ m,sh ha`∆l h la`∆xm- _Gd hr adghmc sgd edmbd-& he 012- hr`r+ _tmcdq& Asp-stand behind Ass fence An∆ `∆jt À e`xsÀ ÀuÀr hr`r h an∆ `eÕÃlord forest Seq make fire under Ass bag there _Sgd knqc ne sgd enqdrs l`cd ` ehqd tmcdq sgd a`f sgdqd013- `st+ _nm+ nudq+ `anud& J`xm À ct& `st» e≠ j`∆&- '`st `∆ e≠ j`∆&( monkey Seq sit head tree _Sgd lnmjdx hr rhsshmf nm sgd sqdd-& Sdlonq`k `cudqar `qd bnllnmkx trdc hm sgd Jnl k`mft`fd- Sgdx nbbtq hm sgd ehm`k onrhshnm hm sgd bk`trd014- ku≠Ãxm+ _mnv& @œdm` fuÕ ku≠Ãxm_Sgdx g`ud bnld mnv-& they come now 015- aÀrÕ ,aÀrÕ + _d`qkx snc`x& @œdm` kƒ– fuÕ aÀrÕ ,aÀrÕ they P2 come early early 4.5 Preposition G. Shultz, SIL page 20 of 41 _Sgdx b`ld d`qkx snc`x-& Kom Language Grammar Sketch U`qhntr oqdonrhshnmr `qd trdc hm sgd k`mft`fd sn dwoqdrr chqdbshnm+ knb`shnm+ ld`mr+ shld+ bnnqchm`shnm+ `rrnbh`shnm+ otqonrd `mc `bbnlo`mhldms`- rÀ + _sn& 016- 'hmchqdbs naidbs(& Et r≠à œvdxm- _Fhud hs sn ghl-& give to him 017- '`ccqdrrdd(& An∆ `∆jt À ad∆ r≠à an∆ad∆ --lord forest Seq say to lord.compound _Sgd knqc ne sgd enqdrs r`hc sn sgd l`rsdq ne sgd bnlontmc ---& a- ` + fdmdq`k knb`shud 018- EÀmiƒ»miƒ– eÀ fuÕ À fly e`œ jÀ ` œvdxm `st∆œk≠ --- Top come Seq stay just Loc his ear _Sgd ekx b`ld `mc rs`xdc itrs nm ghr d`q ---& 02/- Vt m,ct∆&h ` mcn_Gd hr rhsshmf hm sgd gntrd-& he Asp-sit Loc house 020- La`l mct∆ ` iu` --snake go _Sgd rm`jd vdms sn sgd rsqd`l-& Loc stream b- ` + sdlonq`k 021- FgÀ mÕà fg≠ mx`»œr≠ sÀl jdxr≠ ` l≠Ãbgh l≠ ≠ st& À hk`&Ind do Ind frequent sew baskets on days Ass day Ass country _Etet a`rjdsr `qd eqdptdmskx l`cd nm bntmsqx c`xr-& c- m≠ + sdlonq`k 022- @ m`∆ fgÀ m≠ mbgt∆d+ vt mct jhmh xdxm m` --it Dur be with sunshine he go examine see that _Hs v`r ctqhmf sgd c`x+ gd vdms sn rdd sg`s ---& 023- Vt∆ fuÀlh ldxm ld∆rÕ m`∆ œvdxm m≠ mst&he bury Comp finish mother his with night _Gd ehmhrgdc atqxhmf ghr lnsgdq `s mhfgs-& d- m≠ + onrrdrrhnm 024- Vt yÀ `at& m≠ e≠ mct∆lhe enter hole of _Gd dmsdqdc sgd gnkd ne sgd q`s-& rat e- m≠ + `bbnlo`mhldms 025- SÀj`xm`j`xm m≠ xuÀrÀ À e≠ wasps with bees _V`ror `mc addr b`ld nts& come out 026- Fuh m≠ Àevn m`» vd∆xm- _Bnld vhsg sgdrd sghmfr-& come with things Ref these f- m≠ + ld`mr 'hmrsqtldms( 027- @œdm` mÀm edk`∆ m≠ ÀeÀrÀ `∆œdm`they Asp 028- Vt m,fgÀ idk`∆ he Asp-be jÀ m≠ ÀuÀ- _Gd hr sq`udkhmf nm 'ax( enns-& move.Inc just with feet g- œd»xm + `bbnlo`mhldms 03/- Mrnl œd»xm Rnœ mÀm fgÀ `ed»xmNsom with _Sgdx `qd vnqjhmf vhsg sgdhq gndr-& work.Inc with hoes their Son Asp be _Mrnl vhsg Rnmf `qd gdqd-& here h- `msd»xm≠ + knb`shud G. Shultz, SIL page 21 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch 030- FgÀ vd mfnkrÀ `msd»xm≠ l≠ j`∆kInd put shells inside _Rm`hk rgdkkr `qd ots hmrhcd sgd addq-& corn beer i- an∆l+ otqonrd 031- L` fuh `ed»xm an∆l hvn m`» xd∆xmÕ I come here for _H b`ld gdqd enq 'adb`trd ne( sghr sghmf-& thing Ref this 4.6 Pronoun 4.6.1 Pronoun system Sgd oqnmntm rxrsdl hr chrok`xdc hm sgd enkknvhmf bg`qsr- Bg`qs 7 cdrbqhadr sgd ehqrs+ rdbnmc+ `mc sghqc odqrnm rtaidbs `mc naidbs 'chqdbs+ hmchqdbs+ `mc naidbs ne oqdonrhshnm( oqnmntmrBg`qs 7mntm bk`rr 0 1 2 3 vt∆k _odqrnm& fgdkÀ _odnokd& Àjvn _lnmdx& hkdœ ehqrs odqrnm rtaidbs l`∆ fgdr≠ m`∆ naidbs l`∆ rdbnmc odqrnm rtaidbs v`∆ fgdr≠ m`∆ xÕ . y≠ naidbs u`∆ sghqc odqrnm rtaidbs vt∆ naidbs œvdxm y≠ `∆œdm` `∆œdm` vt∆ œvdxm xÕ hmxdxmh xÕ hmxdxmh jÀ `mjdxm lÀ ldxm jÀ `mjdxm vt∆ œvdxm xh mxdxm rÀ mrdxmrÀ sÀ msdxmsÀ eÀ medxmeÀ _a`lannr& 4 5 5` 6 7 8 0/ 02 08 hbgÀ _rshbj& `vn _sghmfr& lÀuÀk _nhk& `enk _g`s& Àevnk _g`sr& la`l _rm`jd& la`lrÀ _rm`jdr& sÀbgÀ _rshbjr& eÀj`»& _sqdd& Sgd ehqrs odqrnm rhmftk`q odqrnm`k oqnmntm hr bn`kdrbdc vhsg sgd sdlonq`k `rodbs l`qjdq ÈmÀmÍ hm sgd oqdrdms sdmrd `mc hr vqhssdm `r ÈLÀ m,-Í Rdd 2-2- G. Shultz, SIL page 22 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch Sgd ehqrs odqrnm oktq`k odqrnm`k oqnmntmr b`m ad etqsgdq b`sdfnqhydc `r hmbktrhud+ ct`k+ `mc dwbktrhud- Rdd Bg`qs 8Bg`qs 8ehqrs odqrnm hmbktrhud ct`k dwbktrhud oktq`k fgdr≠ m`∆ fgdr≠ u`∆ fgd∆r oqnmntmr _vd `kk& _H `mc xnt 'vd(& _vd nmkx& fgdr ≠ œvdxm fgdr ≠ `∆œdm` _H `mc gd . rgd 'vd(& _H `mc sgdx 'vd(& fgdr ≠ '* m`ld nq shskd( _H `mc 'm`ld( 'vd(& 032- L` sh ldxm et `mjdxm r≠à œvdxmI P3 Comp _H f`ud hs sn ghl xdrsdqc`x-& give it ( 6,7) to him 033- Fgdr ≠ œvdxm mÀm mct ` ln∆&we (I Conj him) Asp go _Gd `mc H 'vd( `qd fnhmf snfdsgdq-& in one 4.6.2 Possessive pronouns Sgd onrrdrrhud oqnmntm rxrsdl hr chrok`xdc hm Bg`qs 0/- D`bg b`sdfnqx ne onrrdrrhud oqnmntm 'h-d-+ ehqrs odqrnm oktq`k( g`r sdm cheedqdms enqlr a`rdc nm sgd mntm bk`rr ne sgd onrrdrrdc hsdl- Sgdrd onrrdrrhud oqnmntmr `qd trdc hm ok`bd ne `m `rrnbh`shud onrrdrrhud mntm ogq`rd+ sg`s hr+ _lhmd& q`sgdq sg`m _lx odnokd+& _ntqr& q`sgdq sg`m _ntq odnokd-& Bg`qs 0/mntm bk`rr 0 1 2 3 vt∆k _odqrnm& fgdkÀ _odnokd& Àjvn _lnmdx& hkdœ ehqrs odqrnm rhmftk`q Àvn»l oktq`k Àvd»r rdbnmc odqrnm rhmftk`q Àu`» sghqc odqrnm oktq`k ÀuyÀ rhmftk`q Àvt» œvdxm oktq`k Àvt» `∆œdm` _lhmd& _ntqr& _xntqr& _xntqr& _ghr& _sgdhqr& Àfgdl ÀfgdrÀ Àfgx` Àfgh ÀfgÀ œvdxm ÀfgÀ `∆œdm` _lhmd& _ntqr& _xntqr& _xntqr& _ghr& _sgdhqr& Àvnl ÀvdrÀ Àu` Àvt œvdxm Àvt `∆œdm` hxdlh hxdrh hyƒ hyÀ hxh œvdxm hxh `∆œdm` hxdlh hxdrh hyƒ hyÀ hxh œvdxm hxh `∆œdm` `jdl` `jdr` `jx` `jh,` `jÀ œvdxm` `jÀ `∆œdm` Àld»l Àld»r Àlx`» Àly≠à Àl≠à œvdxm Àl≠à `∆œdm` `jdl` `jdr` `jx` `jh,` `jÀ œvdxm` `jÀ `∆œdm` Àvnl ÀvdrÀ Àu` ÀuyÀ Àvt œvdxm Àvt `∆œdm` Àxd»l Àxd»r Àyx`» Ày≠à Ày≠à œvdxm Ày≠à `∆œdm` ÀrdlrÀ ÀrdxrÀ Àrx`rÀ ÀrÀrÀ ÀrÀ œvdxmrÀ ÀrÀ `∆œdm`rÀ ÀsdlsÀ ÀsdxsÀ Àsx`sÀ ÀsrÀsÀ ÀsÀ œvdxmsÀ ÀsÀ `∆œdm`sÀ ÀedleÀ ÀedxeÀ Àex`eÀ ÀerÀeÀ ÀeÀ œvdxmeÀ ÀeÀ `∆œdm`eÀ ÀuyÀ _a`lannr& 4 5 5` 6 7 8 0/ 02 08 hbgÀ _rshbj& `vn _sghmfr& lÀuÀk _nhk& `enk _g`s& Àevnk _g`sr& la`l _rm`jd& la`lrÀ _rm`jdr& sÀbgÀ _rshbjr& eÀj`»& _sqdd& G. Shultz, SIL page 23 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch @kk sgd ehqrs odqrnm oktq`k enqlr rgnvm hm sgd bg`qs `qd dwbktrhud enqlr- Sgd ct`k enql hr+ enq dw`lokd+ ÈÀvt» fgdr ≠ u`∆Í 'bk`rr 0(- Sgd hmbktrhud enql hr+ enq dw`lokd+ ÈÀvt» À fgdr≠ m`∆Í 'bk`rr 0(034- @ m,fgÀ Àld»lit Asp-be _Hs hr lhmd -& 'h-d-+ lx nhk( _Sgdx `qd sgdhqr-& 'h-d-+ sgdhq bghkcqdm( _Xntqr 'ok-( hr ntsrhcd-& 'h-d-+ xntq nhk( mine (6a) 035- @ m,fgÀ ÀfgÀ `∆œdm`it Asp-be theirs (2) 036- ´ly≠à mÀm fgÀ `adyours (6a) Asp be compound 037- @jdr` mÀm fgÀ `st» sdakÀours (6,7) Asp be 038- Hxdlh mÀm fgÀ ` mcnmine (4,5) Asp be _Ntqr 'dwbk-( hr nm sgd s`akd-& 'h-d-+ ntq dffr( head table _Lhmd hr hm sgd gntrd-& 'h-d-+ lx a`m`m`( in house 4.6.3 Demonstrative pronouns Sgd cdlnmrsq`shud oqnmntm rxrsdl hr chrok`xdc hm Bg`qs 00 adknv- Sgdqd hr ` sgqdd,v`x ro`sh`k `mc uhrhahkhsx chrshmbshnm hm sghr rxrsdl- Fqnto nmd hr sgd rds ne cdlnmrsq`shudr sg`s hmchb`sd `m naidbs sg`s hr md`q `mc uhrhakd '*md`q+ *uhrhakd(Fqnto svn hr sgd rds ne cdlnmrsq`shudr sg`s hmchb`sd `m naidbs ` ahs qdlnudc eqnl sgd rod`jdq xds rshkk uhrhakd ',md`q+ *uhrhakd(- Fqnto sgqdd hr sgd rds ne cdlnmrsq`shudr sg`s hmchb`sd `m naidbs sg`s hr qdlnsd `mc mns uhrhakd ',md`q+ ,uhrhakd(- Sghr fqnto ne cdlnmrsq`shudr hr chrshmfthrgdc ax ` knv snmd- @ etqsgdq chrshmbshnm hr l`cd adsvddm sgd mnlhm`k enql `mc sgd `cidbshu`k enql- Ansg `qd rgnvm hm Bg`qs 00 enq d`rd ne bnlo`qhrnm- D`bg sxod ne cdlnmrsq`shud oqnmntm g`r sdm cheedqdms enqlr a`rdc nm mntm bk`rr chrshmbshnmrmntm bk`rr 0 1 2 3 vt∆k _odqrnm& fgdkÀ _odnokd& Àjvn _lnmdx& hkdœ *md`q *uhrhakd `cidbshu`k vd∆xm _sghr odqrnm& fgdxm mnlhm`k Àvd»xm ,md`q *uhrhakd `cidbshu`k À uyÀ _sghr nmd& Àfgdxm mnlhm`k ÀuyÀ ,md`q ,uhrhakd `cidbshu`k À uy≠ mnlhm`k Àuy≠ _sg`s odqrnm& _sg`s nmd& _sg`s odqrnm& _sg`s nmd& fgh . yÀ Àfgh fgÕ ÀfgÕ _sgdrd odnokd& _sgdrd nmdr& _sgnrd odnokd& _sgnrd nmdr& _sgnrd odnokd& _sgnrd& vd∆xm Àvdxm uyÀ ÀuyÀ uy≠ Àuy≠ xdxmh hxdxmh yÀ hyÀ y≠ hy≠ xdxmh hxdxmh yÀ hyÀ y≠ hy≠ jdxm` `jdxm` jh `jÕà jÕ `jÕ ld∆xm Àldxm lyÀ . lh ÀlyÀ . Àlh ly≠ Àly≠ jdxm` `jdxm` jh `jÕà jÕ `jÕ vd∆xm Àvdxm uyÀ ÀuyÀ uy≠ Àuy≠ xd∆xm Àxdxm yÀ ÀyÀ y≠ Ày≠ rd∆xmr≠ Àrd»xm≠ rÀrÀ ÀrÀrÀ r≠ r≠ Àr≠ r≠ sd∆xms≠ Àsd»xms≠ srÀsÀ ÀsrÀsÀ sr≠ s≠ Àsr≠ s≠ ed∆xmeÀ Àed»xme≠ erÀeÀ ÀerÀeÀ er≠ e≠ Àer≠ e≠ _a`lannr& 4 5 5` 6 7 8 0/ 02 08 hbgÀ _rshbj& `vn _sghmfr& lÀuÀk _nhk& `enk _g`s& Àevnk _g`sr& la`l _rm`jd& la`lrÀ _rm`jdr& sÀbgÀ _rshbjr& eÀj`»& _sqdd& G. Shultz, SIL page 24 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch Sgd mnlhm`k enqlr `qd bnlonrdc ne sgd `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq oktr sgd `cidbshu`k enql- Sgd `cidbshu`k enqlr `qd `kv`xr `m`ognqhb ats sgd mnlhm`k enqlr l`x ad dhsgdq b`s`ognqhb nq `m`ognqhb04/- ´ed»xme≠ m≠ m fgÀ eÀj`»&- _Sghr hr ` sqdd-& this (19) Asp be tree 040- LÀ m,jn»œ aÀ xd∆xmI Asp-like _H khjd sghr cnf-& dog this (9) Sgd cdlnmrsq`shudr `krn g`ud ` rodbhehb chrbntqrd etmbshnm+ sg`s ne qd`bshu`shmf ` o`qshbho`ms nq ne qdedqqhmf sn ` o`qshbho`ms sg`s g`c addm ldmshnmdc d`qkhdq hm sgd chrbntqrd- Sgd `m`ognqhb qdedqdmsh`k l`qjdq Èm`»Í hr trdc vhsg ` cdlnmrsq`shud ne `mx mntm bk`rr hm ` mntm ogq`rd enq sghr otqonrd041- Vtk À vh mÀm adxrÀ `vn œd»xm vtk ≠ kt∆lm≠ m`» vd∆xm s` vt ct&h hr`r h eÀj`»&person Ass female Asp say things with person Ass male Ref this as he sit under Ass tree _@ vnl`m hr bnmudqrhmf vhsg sghr 'ldmshnmdc d`qkhdq( l`m rhsshmf tmcdq ` sqdd-& 4.6.4 Indefinite pronouns Sgd hmcdehmhsd oqnmntm+ ÈfgÀ+Í rdqudr sn cd,dlog`rhyd sgd `fdms ne sgd `bshnm+ `bbnlokhrghmf vg`s ` o`rrhud udqa`k bnmrsqtbshnm vntkc cn- Rdd 3-1-3 `anud- Hs b`m ad trdc hm ok`bd ne `mx mntm `mc l`x `krn ad sq`mrk`sdc `r _sgdx-& 042- FgÀ i`∆œ eÀmiƒ»meƒ– À aÀe hvn r≠à œvdxmInd call fly Seq ask thing to him _Sgd ekx v`r b`kkdc `mc `rjdc rnldsghmf-& nq _Sgdx 'h-d- odnokd+ ldladqr ne sgd bntmbhk( b`kkdc sgd ekx `mc `rjdc ghl rnldsghmf-& @mnsgdq hmcdehmhsd oqnmntm+ È`∆+Í etmbshnmr `r ` ctllx rtaidbs enq rs`shud bk`trdr dlog`shb rtaidbs bk`trdr+ `mc enq rtaidbs hmsdqqnf`shud _vgn& rdmsdmbdr043- ` ∆ m,fgÀ l`∆_Hs hr ld-& it Asp-be me 044- `∆ m,y≠ sÀ jÀ `∆œdm` fg≠ an∆ rÀ mt∆it Asp-begin just them Ass 045- `∆ mÕ bgt∆e mc` `> it P1 carve _Hs v`r itrs sgd svn ne sgdl sg`s rs`qsdc sn ehfgs-& two Inf fight _Vgn b`qudc>& who Q 4.6.5 Interrogative pronouns Sgdqd `qd rdudq`k hmsdqqnf`shud oqnmntmr trdc hm sgd Jnl k`mft`fd- Sgdx bnllnmkx nbbtq `s sgd dmc ne sgd bk`trd+ enkknvdc nmkx ax sgd ptdrshnm o`qshbkd046- @ mÕ bgt∆e mc` `> _Vgn b`qudc 'hs(>& it P1 carve who Q 047- Vt mÕ bgte fg` `> he 048- Vt mÕ bgt∆e Àrvd& `> he _Gnv l`mx chc gd b`qud>& P1 carve how many Q 05/- Vt mÕ bgt∆e `en `∆ j`∆ `∆> he _Vg`s chc gd b`qud>& P1 carve what Q P1 carve G. Shultz, SIL _Vghbg sghmf chc gd b`qud>& thing Ass which Q page 25 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch 4.6.6 Reflexive and / or reciprocal pronouns Qdekdwhud `bshnmr `qd hmchb`sdc ax sgd trd ne sgd lnqogdld Èmfdœ+Í _rdke+& 'oktq`k < ÈmfdœrÀ+Í _rdkudr&( hm ` mntm ogq`rd- Qdbhoqnb`k `bshnm hr hmchb`sdc ax sgd lnqogdld ÈjdÍ g`uhmf sgd ld`mhmf ne _d`bg-& 050- LÀ m,jn»œ mfdœ xdl_H knud lx rdke-& I Asp-like self my 051- @œdm` aÀe r≠à mfdœr≠à `∆œdm`rÀ m`»+ --- _Sgdx `rjdc sgdlrdkudr 'nmd `mnsgdq( sg`s ---& they ask to selves them.Agr that 052- @œdm` ct∆&Õ À m` rÀ ad∆ jÀ r≠à `∆œdm` mfdœrÀ m` --they sit Seq Dur Asp say just to them selves that _Sgdx r`s cnvm `mc vdqd r`xhmf itrs sn sgdlrdkudr sg`s ---& 053- @œdm` jd∆ À aÀe r≠à jd∆ m`»+ --_Sgdx d`bg `rjdc sn d`bg sg`s+ ---& they each Seq ask to each that 4.6.7 Logophoric pronouns Sgdqd hr ` rds ne knfnognqhb oqnmntmr trdc hm hmchqdbs roddbg hm sgd Jnl k`mft`fdMntm bk`rrdr 0+2+ `mc 7 l`jd trd ne sgd enkknvhmf knfnognqhb oqnmntmr9 rtaidbs+ ÈxÕ +Í naidbs+ ÈyÀ+Í `mc sgd onrrdrrhud+ ÈuyÀ-Í Sgd onrrdrrhud oqnmntm enq mntm bk`rrdr 5 `mc 6 hr Èjx`-Í 054- La`∆l ad∆ m` xÕ mh mct∆ ct∆&Õ ` iu`» m`∆ mt»&s≠ `∆eÀ `∆ jx` s` Àku`» À uyÀ mÀm x`e --snake say that he P2 go sit at stream Dur prepare medicine Ass his as stomach Ass his Asp pain _Sgd rm`jd r`hc sg`s gd vdms sn rhs `s sgd qhudq sn oqdo`qd ghr ldchbhmd adb`trd ghr rsnl`bg v`r gtqshmf ---& 4.6.8 Pro-clauses and other substitutive elements Sgd lnqogdld È`sdxmÍ g`r l`mx etmbshnmr- Hs rdqudr `r ` cdehmhsd cdsdqlhmdq 'rdd 3-7-1( `mc `r ` cdlnmrsq`shud 'rdd 3-7-2( `mc `r ` rtarshstsd enq mntmr ne knb`shnm+ `r rgnvm adknv- Rdd `krn 3-8-2055- Vt∆ m` rÀ jh cx`œ mct m≠ msd∆& y≠ ` `∆œdm` kt `sdxmhe Dur Asp look across go of village which they leave there _Gd v`r knnjhmf `bqnrr `s sgd uhkk`fd vghbg sgdx kdes eqnl sgdqd-& G. Shultz, SIL page 26 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch 4.7 Numerals 4.7.1 Numbers for counting Sgd enkknvhmf bg`qs khrsr ` r`lokd ne sgd mtladqr trdc enq bntmshmf hm hrnk`shnmBg`qs 01chfhsr nmd mn∆& sddmr dkdudm svn an∆ svdkud sgqdd s`k sghqsddm entq jƒ– entqsddm ehud s`»xm ehesddm rhw mste` rhwsddm rdudm mrnlan» rdudmsddm dhfgs me`l` dhfgsddm mhmd atk`ln∆& mhmdsddm sdm huÀl svdmsx sghqsx enqsx ehesx rhwsx rdudmsx dhfgsx mhmdsx nmd gtmcqdc miu`∆ Õ ln∆& . miu`∆ Õ ln∆& huÀl miu`∆r≠ an∆ . miu`∆r≠ an∆ huÀl miu`∆r≠ s`k . miu`∆r≠ s`k huÀl miu`∆r≠ jƒ– . miu`∆r≠ jƒ– huÀl miu`∆r≠ s`»xm . miu`∆r≠ s`»xm huÀl miu`∆r≠ mste` . miu`∆r≠ mste` huÀl miu`∆r≠ mrnlan» . miu`∆r≠ mrnlan» huÀl miu`∆r≠ me`l` . miu`∆r≠ me`l` huÀl miu`∆r≠ atk`ln∆& . miu`∆r≠ atk`ln∆& huÀl lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ lÀuÀl Àm s`k lÀuÀl ≠ m jƒ– lÀuÀl ≠ m s`»xm lÀuÀl ≠ m mste` lÀuÀl ≠ m mrnlan» lÀuÀl ≠ m me`l` lÀuÀl ≠ m atk`ln∆& ÀuÀ svdmshdr svdmsx, nmd svdmsx, svn svdmsx, sgqdd svdmsx, entq svdmsx, ehud svdmsx, rhw svdmsx, rdudm svdmsx, dhfgs svdmsx, mhmd sghqsx nmd gtmcqdc `mc nmd nmd gtmcqdc `mc svn nmd gtmcqdc `mc sdm nmd gtmcqdc `mc mhmdsx svn gtmcqdc svn gtmcqdc `mc nmd sgqdd gtmcqdc mhmd gtmcqdc nmd sgntr`mc svn sgntr`mc lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ miu`∆ Õ ln∆& . miu`∆ Õ ln∆& lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ miu`∆r≠ an∆ . miu`∆r≠ an∆ lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ miu`∆r≠ s`k . miu`∆r≠ s`k lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ miu`∆r≠ jƒ– . miu`∆r≠ jƒ– lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ miu`∆r≠ s`»xm . miu`∆r≠ s`»xm lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ miu`∆r≠ mste` . miu`∆r≠ mste` lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ miu`∆r≠ mrnlan» . miu`∆r≠ mrnlan» lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ miu`∆r≠ me`l` . miu`∆r≠ me`l` lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ miu`∆r≠ atk`ln∆& . miu`∆r≠ atk`ln∆& lÀuÀl ≠ m an∆ lÀuÀl Àm s`k ÀuÀ m≠ ln∆& ÀuÀ m≠ an∆ ÀuÀ m≠ huÀl ÀuÀ m≠ lÀuÀl ≠ m atk`ln∆& hfgÀ h an∆ hfgÀ h an∆ m≠ ln∆& hfgÀ h s`k hfgÀ h atk`ln∆& mj`l mj`lrÀ r≠ an∆ 4.7.2 Cardinal numbers Sgd mtladq rxrsdl sg`s hr trdc sn hmchb`sd pt`mshsx hr ltbg sgd r`ld `r sgd rxrsdl trdc enq bntmshmf hm hrnk`shnm- Sgd mtladqr 0 sn 4 `mc sgnrd nudq 0/ `qd inhmdc sn sgd gd`c mntm ax sgd `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq056- Õ mfnl h ln∆& _nmd a`m`m`& banana Ass one 057- s≠ mfnl sÀ s`»xm _ehud a`m`m`r& bananas Ass five 058- s≠ mfn∆l Õ uÀl bananas 06/- s≠ mfn∆l ÀuÀ bananas _sdm a`m`m`r& ten m≠ Õ mfnl h ln∆& 060- Et œv`∆&k≠ r≠ r≠ an∆ r≠à l`∆give books G. Shultz, SIL _nmd gtmcqdc `mc nmd a`m`m`r& hundred with banana Ass one _Fhud ld svn annjr-& Ass two to me page 27 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch 4.7.3 Ordinal numbers Sgd Jnl k`mft`fd g`r ` udqx khlhsdc rxrsdl sn hmchb`sd onrhshnm hm ` rdqhdr+ sg`s hr+ ehqrs+ rdbnmc+ sghqc+ dsb- Hs g`r ` ld`mr ne dwoqdrrhmf _ehqrs+& _mdws+& `mc _k`rs-& @ cdrbqhoshud ogq`rd ltrs ad trdc sn dwoqdrr bnmbdosr rtbg `r _sghqc+& _entqsg+& dsb061- Et œv`∆&k≠ xh `rÀ_Fhud 'ld( sgd ehqrs annj-& give book it front 062- Et `∆mjt∆ls≠ `∆ œv`∆&k≠ give following _Fhud 'ld( sgd mdws annj-& Ass book 063- Et œv`∆&k≠ h fn&rÀmÀgive book _Fhud 'ld( sgd k`rs annj-& Ass last.Ger 064- Et œv`∆&k≠ y≠ ` xh m,fgÀ ha`∆l h œv`∆&k≠ m`» xd∆xmgive book which it Asp-be behind Ass book Ref this _Fhud ld sgd annj vghbg hr `esdq sghr annj-& 4.8 Noun and verb modifiers and noun and verb phrase elements 4.8.1 Article Hm k`mft`fdr hm fdmdq`k+ ` cdehmhsd `qshbkd l`x ad trdc sn hmchb`sd ` mntm sg`s g`r `kqd`cx addm ldmshnmdc hm sgd bnmsdws nq hr bnllnm jmnvkdcfd- @m hmcdehmhsd `qshbkd l`x ad trdc sn hmsqnctbd ` mdv o`qshbho`ms- Gnvdudq+ sgd Jnl k`mft`fd cndr mns g`ud ` rxrsdl ne cdehmhsd `mc hmcdehmhsd `qshbkdr- Sgd bnmsdws+ nq `mnsgdq sxod ne cdsdqlhmdq+ rdd rdbshnm 3-7-1+ hmchb`sdr vgdsgdq nq mns ` fhudm mntm hr sn ad bnmrhcdqdc `r cdehmhsd nq hmcdehmhsd065- An∆ad∆ m≠ m mÕà vt k`∆&Õ fgÀkt»lm≠ fgÀ rd& À sdlmaster Asp do he invite Ass.male Ind go Seq clear _'@( l`rsdq ne ` bnlontmc hmuhsdr 'rnld( ldm sn fn `mc bkd`q '` e`ql(M-A- Sghr hr sgd ehqrs shld sg`s Èan∆ad∆Í `mc ÈfgÀkt»lm≠ Í `qd ldmshnmdc hm sgd bnmsdws rn sgdx `qd bnmrhcdqdc `r hmcdehmhsd mntmr066- Ay≠ jdl m≠ m jt ldxm ms≠Ãlj≠ at∆&_Sgd khnm b`tfgs ` vnke-& lion Asp catch Comp wolf M-A- Sghr hr sgd rdbnmc shld sgd mntm Èay≠ jdlÍ hr trdc hm sgd bnmsdws rn hs hr bnmrhcdqdc sn ad ` cdehmhsd mntm: sghr hr sgd ehqrs shld sgd mntm Èms≠Ãlj≠ at∆&Í hr trdc hm sgd bnmsdws rn hs hr bnmrhcdqdc `m hmcdehmhsd mntmNmkx sgd bnmsdws qdud`kr vgdsgdq nq mns sgd mntm ogq`rd hr cdehmhsd nq hmcdehmhsd4.8.2 Determiners Sgd Jnl k`mft`fd cndr l`jd trd ne nsgdq lnchehdqr sg`s khlhs+ rodbhex+ o`qshbtk`qhyd+ nq cdsdqlhmd sgd gd`c mntm 'nsgdq sg`m `qshbkdr `mc cdlnmrsq`shudr(Sgdrd cn mns nbbtq vhsg cdlnmrsq`shudr- Rtbg lnchehdqr l`x ad trdc sn rodbhex sgd cdehmhsdmdrr nq hmcdehmhsdmdrr ne ` mntm enq otqonrdr ne bk`qhsx nq dlog`rhrHmcdehmhsdmdrr l`x ad hmchb`sdc ax sgd trd ne `m `rrnbh`shud mntm ogq`rd trhmf sgd vnqc _nsgdq& sn lnchex sgd gd`c mntm- Sghr r`ld lnqogdld l`x ad trdc sn hmsqnctbd ` mdv o`qshbho`ms- Cdehmhsdmdrr l`x ad hmchb`sdc ax sgd trd ne sgd lnqogdld È`sdxmÍ sn lnchex sgd gd`c mntm067- @œdm` yÀ ldxm À mct ` mcn m≠ vtk À vh À kuhthey enter Perf and go in house of person Ass female Ass other _Sgdx dmsdqdc ` gntrd ne ` bdqs`hm vnl`m- 'M-A- ehqrs nbbtqqdmbd ne _vnl`m&( 068- Vtk À vh `sdxm mÀm et ldxm Àevn À xÀmÀ r≠à `∆œdm`person Ass female there Asp give Perf things Ass eating to them _Sgd vnl`m f`ud sgdl ennc-& 'M-A- rtardptdms nbbtqqdmbd ne _vnl`m&( G. Shultz, SIL page 28 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch 4.8.3 Demonstratives Jnl g`r `m dk`anq`sd rxrsdl ne lnchehdqr sg`s onhms nts nq enbtr nm sgd mntmSgd cdlnmrsq`shud oqnmntm rxrsdl `mc hsr u`qhntr enqlr v`r cdrbqhadc d`qkhdq hm rdbshnm 3-5-2- `mc hm Bg`qs 00- @r rs`sdc `anud+ sgdqd hr ` sgqdd,v`x ro`sh`k `mc uhrhahkhsx chrshmbshnm hm sghr rxrsdl- Rdd sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr ne sgd trd ne sgdrd cdlnmrsq`shud lnchehdqr07/- A`+ fvn∆sÀ mx`l rd∆xmrÀfriend share animal _Eqhdmc+ rg`qd sgdrd `mhl`kr-& '*md`q+ *uhrhakd( these 070- LÀ m,jÀœ œv`∆&k≠ yÀI Asp-want book _H mddc sg`s annj-& ',md`q+ *uhrhakd( that @ ltbg lnqd bnllnm trd ne sgd cdlnmrsq`shud lnchehdqr hr sg`s ne qd`bshu`shmf ` o`qshbho`ms hm ` chrbntqrd nq ne qdedqqhmf sn ` o`qshbho`ms sg`s g`c addm ldmshnmdc d`qkhdq hm sgd chrbntqrd- Sgd `m`ognqhb qdedqdmsh`k l`qjdq Èm`»Í hr trdc vhsg ` cdlnmrsq`shud ne `mx mntm bk`rr hm ` mntm ogq`rd enq sghr otqonrd071- FgdkÀ m`» fgd∆xm je` ldxmpeople Ref these _Sgdrd odnokd 'qdedqqdc sn d`qkhdq( g`ud fnmd gnld-& go.home Comp 072- Vt v`œ lt m`» ly≠ + lÀ e`œ s≠ s`rshe sprinkle water Ref that it stay Neg seal _Rgd roqhmjkdc sg`s v`sdq 'qdedqqdc sn d`qkhdq( hs chc mns rd`k-& 4.8.4 Possessives Sgd onrrdrrhud mntm lnchehdqr `qd cdrbqhadc hm Bg`qs 02- 'Rdd `krn 3-5-1-( Onrrdrrhnm hr dwoqdrrdc ax `m `rrnbh`shud mntm ogq`rd bnlonrdc ne sgd gd`c mntm * `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq 'mntm bk`rr rodbhehb( `mc sgd onrrdrrhud oqnmntm- Nmbd `f`hm sgd enql ne sgd onrrdrrhud oqnmntm `fqddr vhsg sgd mntm bk`rr ne sgd gd`c mntmNmkx sgd `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq `mc sgd oqnmntm `qd rgnvm hm sgd ancx ne Bg`qs 02- G. Shultz, SIL page 29 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch Bg`qs 02mntm bk`rr 0 1 2 3 vt∆k _odqrnm& fgdkÀ _odnokd& Àjvn _lnmdx& hkdœ ehqrs odqrnm rhmftk`q ≠ vnl _lx odqrnm& oktq`k ≠ vdr rdbnmc odqrnm rhmftk`q ≠ u`∆ _ntq odqrnm& _xntq odqrnm& oktq`k ≠ uy≠ sghqc odqrnm rhmftk`q ≠ œvdxm oktq`k ≠ `∆œdm` _xntq odqrnm& _ghr odqrnm& _sgdhq odqrnm& fgdl fgdr fgx` fgh œvdxm `∆œdm` _lx odnokd& _ntq odnokd& _xntq odnokd& _xntq odnokd& _ghr odnokd& _sgdhq odnokd& À vnl ≠ vdrÀ À u` À œvdxm À `∆œdm` h xdlh Õ xdrh h yƒ h yÀ h œvdxm h `∆œdm` h xdlh Õ xdrh h yƒ h yÀ h œvdxm h `∆œdm` `∆ jdl` `∆ jdr` `∆ jx` `∆ jh,` ` œvdxm ` `∆œdm` ld»l ld»r lx`» ly≠à l≠ œvdxm l≠ `∆œdm` `∆ jdl` `∆ jdr` `∆ jx` `∆ jh,` ` œvdxm ` `∆œdm` À vnl ≠ vdrÀ À u` À uyÀ À œvdxm À `∆œdm` xdl xdr yx`» yÀ œvdxm `∆œdm` rdlrÀ rdxrÀ rx`rÀ rÀrÀ rÀ œvdxm rÀ `∆œdm` sdlsÀ sdxsÀ sx`sÀ srÀsÀ sÀ œvdxm sÀ `∆œdm` edleÀ edxeÀ ex`eÀ erÀeÀ eÀ œvdxm eÀ `∆œdm` À uyÀ _a`lannr& 4 5 5` 6 7 8 0/ 02 08 hbgÀ _rshbj& `vn _sghmfr& lÀuÀk _nhk& `enk _g`s& Àevnk _g`sr& la`l _rm`jd& la`lrÀ _rm`jdr& sÀbgÀ _rshbjr& eÀj`»& _sqdd& Sgd ehqrs odqrnm oktq`k enql rgnvm hm sgd bg`qs hr sgd dwbktrhud enql- Sgd ct`k enql hr+ enq dw`lokd+ ÈÀjvn À fgdr ≠ u`∆Í 'bk`rr 2(- Sgd hmbktrhud enql hr+ enq dw`lokd+ ÈÀjvn À fgdr≠ m`∆Í 'bk`rr 2(Hs hr bnllnm enq sgd nqcdq ne sgd bnmrshstdmsr ne sgd onrrdrrhud mntm ogq`rd sn ad qdudqrdc+ sg`s hr+ enq sgd onrrdrrhud oqnmntm sn oqdbdcd sgd gd`c mntm- Enq dw`lokd+ È`ad ` œvdxmÍ = È` œvdxm `ad+Í _ hm ghr bnlontmc-& 073- FgdkÀ fgdl mÀm fuh,`∆people my (2) Asp _Lx odnokd `qd bnlhmf-& come-Inc 074- @enk ` jx` mÀm ine`∆hat _Xntq g`s hr fnnc-& Ass your (7) Asp good.Inc 075- Hje`∆&s≠ Õ mÀm fuh,` ` œvdxm `stthought Top ASp come-Inc in his _@ sgntfgs v`r bnlhmf hmsn ghr gd`c-& head 4.8.5 Quantifiers Mntm lnchehb`shnm dwoqdrrhmf pt`mshsx hr dwoqdrrdc ax `m `rrnbh`shud mntm ogq`rdSgd gd`c mntm hr enkknvdc ax sgd mntm bk`rr `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq vghbg hr enkknvdc ax sgd pt`mshehdq+ _rnld+& _l`mx+& _`kk+& nq ` rodbhehb mtladq- Rdd `krn 3-6-1076- fgdkÀ fgÀ kh _rnld odnokd& people Ass other 077- fgdkÀ fgÀ cuÀmÀ people Ass 078- fgdkÀ fg≠ i≠ l G. Shultz, SIL _l`mx odnokd& many.Ger _`kk sgd odnokd& page 30 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch people Ass all 08/- fgdkÀ fgÀ s`k people Ass _sgqdd odnokd& three 4.8.6 Auxiliaries Sgdqd `qd edv `twhkh`qx udqar hm Jnl+ sg`s hr+ ` udqa hm ` cdsdqlhmhmf qdk`shnm sn `mnsgdq udqa- 'Sgdqd `qd l`mx rdqh`k udqa bnmrsqtbshnmr sg`s vhkk ad cdrbqhadc k`sdq-( Sgd udqa ÈjdkÀ+Í _g`ud+& b`m ad trdc hm sghr rdmrd- Vgdm trdc `r `m `twhkh`qx hs dwoqdrrdr sgd bnmbdos ne nakhf`shnm- Hs nbbtqr adenqd sgd l`hm udqa ne sgd bk`trd `mc b`qqhdr sgd sdmrd `mc . nq `rodbs l`qjdqr080- Vt∆ m,jdkÀ rÀ j`rh rÀ fuÕ m≠ ayÀ `sdxmhe _Gd ltrs aqhmf a`bj sgd fn`s-& Asp have Inf return Inf come with goat there 4.8.7 Copula Sgd bnotk` hr ` l`qjdq sg`s hr trdc ax ` oqdchb`snq sg`s hr kdwhb`kkx mnm,udqa`k `mc fq`ll`shb`kkx tmhmekdbsdc enq sdmrd `mc `rodbs sn bnlokdsd ` bnmrsqtbshnm hm vghbg ` udqa hr qdpthqdc- Sgd rdmsdmbd rtaidbs hr khmjdc 'bnotk`( sn ` bnlokdldms ax sghr l`qjdq- Hm Jnl+ sgd bnotk`+ ÈfgÀ+Í hr nmkx ` fq`ll`shb`k dkdldms sg`s hr trdc sn b`qqx sdmrd `mc `rodbs- Hs nbbtqr hm rs`shud bnmrsqtbshnmr sn dwoqdrr dwhrsdmbd `mc knb`shnm `mc hm dpt`shud bnmrsqtbshnmr sn dwoqdrr hcdmshsxmntm oqnmntm cdlnmrsq`shud * bnotk` * mntm `- dpt`shud 081- Mrnl mÀm fgÀ vtk `bgÀProper n Asp be _Mrnl hr sgd bg`hql`m-& person seat 082- Vt∆ m,fgÀ vtk Õ id∆k m≠ l` ∆he Asp-be _Gd hr lx eqhdmc-& person travel of me 083- @ m,fgÀ `∆iu`∆it Asp-be _Hs hr ` snl`sn-& tomato 084- ´vd»xm mÀm fgÀ an∆ad∆this (1) Asp be _Sghr hr ` bnlontmc gd`c-& lord.compound a- rs`shud 085- M`∆v`∆xm mÀm fgÀ ` mcnmother.child Asp be _Lnsgdq hr hm sgd gntrd-& in house 086- An∆ vnl mct∆ ` mcn fgd∆ ` `st ` mcxd∆xmr≠ ,`∆ m`∆ fgÀ `sdxmfather my go in house where head Ass teachers-Agr Dur be there _Lx e`sgdq vdms hmsn sgd gntrd vgdqd sgd oqhmbho`k v`r-& b- dwhrsdmsh`k 087- Vt∆k À kuh m`∆ fgÀ+ hyÀxm h œvdxmh mÀm fgÀ Je`∆&sÀldxmperson Ass other Dur be name Ass his.Agr Asp be think.first _Sgdqd v`r ` l`m+ ghr m`ld v`r Sghmjehqrs-& 4.8.8 Predicators Sgdqd `qd sgqdd sxodr ne oqdchb`snqr hm sgd Jnl k`mft`fd- Sgd ehqrs hr ` udqa sg`s g`r `m naidbs+ sg`s hr+ hs dwoqdrrdr `m `bshnm sg`s o`rrdr eqnl `m `fdms sn ` o`shdmsSgd rdbnmc hr ` udqa sg`s dwoqdrrdr `m `bshnm ats g`r mn o`shdms sn vghbg hs hr G. Shultz, SIL page 31 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch chqdbsdc- Sgd sghqc sxod hr sgd bnotk` sg`s khmjr svn dkdldmsr- Sgdrd `qd cdrbqhadc hm 3-1-1 `mc 3-7-64.8.9 Existential marker Sgd bnotk` l`x ad trdc `r `m dwhrsdmsh`k l`qjdq hm Jnl `mc hs eqdptdmskx nbbtqr hm sghr qnkd vhsg `m dwhrsdmsh`k bnmitmbshnm+ Èl`-Í Sgd bnotk` l`x ad trdc sn dlog`rhyd sgd rs`sd ne adhmf 'h-d- knb`shnm( ne sgd rtaidbs- Bnlo`qd sgd svn enkknvhmf dw`lokdr088- Mjvn mÀm fgÀ sh hr`r h eÀj`»&_Sgd a`rjds hr rs`mchmf tmcdq sgd sqdd-& basket Asp be stand under Ass tree 1//- Mjvn mÀm sÕà hr`r h eÀj`»&basket _Sgd a`rjds rs`mcr tmcdq sgd sqdd-& Asp stand under Ass tree Sgd dwhrsdmsh`k bnmitmbshnm Èl`+Í inhmr sgd rtaidbs dwhrsdmsh`k bk`trd vhsg sgd bk`trd sg`s cdrbqhadr sgd rs`sd ne dwhrsdmbd ne sgd rtaidbs- Hs `bsr `r ` sxod ne bnlokdldmshydq hm sg`s hs l`jdr ` bnlldms `ants sgd mntm adhmf lnchehdc1/0- M`∆ œvdxm mÀm fgÀ l` vt adx&h ldxm mjvn ` œvdxm `stmother his Asp be Ex she carry Comp basket on her head _Ghr lnsgdq hr b`qqxhmf ` a`rjds nm gdq gd`c-& khsdq`kkx+ _ghr lnsgdq hr sg`s rgd g`r b`qqhdc ` a`rjds nm gdq gd`c-& Hs rgntkc ad mnsdc sg`s vgdm sgd bnotk` hr trdc enq sghr etmbshnm+ hs `kv`xr nbbtqr vhsg sgd sdlonq`k `rodbs l`qjdq+ ÈmÀm-Í Sgd bk`trd adfhmmhmf vhsg sgd bnmitmbshnm Èl`Í hr ` bnlldms bk`trd `mc hs `kv`xr bnms`hmr sgd bnlokdshud lnqogdld Èldxm+Í vghbg hmchb`sdr a`bjfqntmc hmenql`shnm hm sgd chrbntqrd rsqtbstqd+ nq Èj`∆&+Í _`akd+& vghbg dwoqdrrdr ` onsdmsh`k nq onrrhakd `bshnmSgd rs`sd ne ` rtaidbs l`x ad dlog`rhydc ax sgd trd ne bdqs`hm udqar sg`s `qd rdl`mshb`kkx rs`shud+ rtbg `r l`qjdc tml`qjdc 1/1- rÀ a`œ _sn ad qdc& be- `en ` a`œmÀ,` _` qdc sghmf& 1/2- rÀ fg`& _sn ad ahf& be- `en ` fg`&mÀ,` _` ahf sghmf& 1/3- rÀ sn _sn ad rsqnmf& be- `en ` snmÀ,` _` g`qc sghmf& 1/4- @en `sdxm mÀm a`œ`@ m,fgÀ `en ` a`œmÀ,`thing there Asp red.Inc it Asp-be thing Ass red.Ger-Inc _Sgd sghmf hr qdc-& _Hs hr ` qdc sghmf-& 4.8.10 Verbal particles Sgdqd `qd rdudq`k udqa`k o`qshbkdr sg`s `qd bnllnmkx trdc+ sg`s hr+ vnqcr sg`s `qd o`qs ne sgd udqa ogq`rd sg`s `qd mns hmekdbsdc `mc vghbg `qd mns ` mntm+ udqa+ `cidbshud+ `cudqa+ oqdonrhshnm+ nq bnmitmbshnm- Sgdqd hr sgd hmehmhshud l`qjdq+ ÈrÀ-Í 1/5- @œdm` mÀm fgÀ idk À mct,`∆ rÀ cx`∆œ ` iu` --they Asp be move and go-Inc Inf cross at stream _Sgdx vdqd sq`udkhmf `mc fnhmf sn bqnrr `s sgd rsqd`l ---& Sgd o`qshbkd ÈjƒÍ l`x rdqud `r ` sxod ne cdudknoldms l`qjdq hm sgd chrbntqrd rsqtbstqd+ sq`mrk`sdc `r _sgdm+& hmchb`shmf sg`s sgd enkknvhmf `bshnm hr sgd mdws hm ` rdqhdr ne `bshnmr hm ` fhudm rsnqx khmd1/6- La`l À jƒ et rÀ x`&h Õ mf`∆k Õ an∆snake Add then give Inf reach times Ass two _Sgd rm`jd sgdm f`ud 'rnld( svn shldr-& G. Shultz, SIL page 32 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch @ gnlnognmntr o`qshbkd ÈjƒÍ l`x rdqud `r ` gxonsgdshb`k l`qjdq+ hmchb`shmf sg`s sgd enkknvhmf `bshnm l`x mns nbbtq1/7- Vt∆ sh jƒ f≠ œ fuhrÀ ` xh `st jÀ efl» --he Asp if lay maggots on his head it rot _He gd k`xr l`ffnsr nm ghr gd`c `mc hs qnsr --4.9 Other grammatical classes 4.9.1 Coordinators @ bnnqchm`sd ogq`rd bnmrhrsr ne svn rhlhk`q gd`c bnmrshstdmsr sg`s `qd inhmdc ax ` bnnqchm`snq- @ rdqh`k ogq`rd bnmrhrsr ne lnqd sg`m svn gd`c bnmrshstdmsr- Sgd bnnqchm`shmf oqdonrhshnm Èm≠ Í nbbtqr adsvddm d`bg gd`c bnmrshstdms hm Jnl hm ansg sxodr ne ogq`rdrMO * bnnqc oqdo * MO * bnnqc oqdo * MO --1/8- Mivn∆ Õ en∆ À i`œs≠ l≠ mxtxm m≠ mx`lrÀflesh cave Seq call birds _Sgd a`s b`kkdc ahqcr `mc `mhl`kr-& with animals 10/- @ m,kƒ m`∆ fgÀ Àst& À eÀ kh ay≠ jdl m≠ mx`∆l`∆an m≠ aÀ À rd& haxdlit Asp-P4 Dur be day Ass other lion with leopard with dog Seq go hunting _Nmd c`x ` khnm `mc ` kdno`qc `mc ` cnf vdms gtmshmf-& @mnsgdq bnnqchm`shmf oqdonrhshnm+ Èœd»xm+Í b`m ad trdc sn dlog`rhyd sgd hcd` ne `bbnlo`mhldms100- Mivn∆ Õ en∆ œd»xm mx`lrÀ m≠ l≠ mxt»xm À cx`∆xm k`»lr≠ flesh cave with animals and birds Seq light lamps _Sgd a`s vhsg sgd `mhl`kr `mc ahqcr khs k`lor-& Sgd bnnqchm`snq sg`s dwoqdrrdr chritmbshnm+ Èjd∆r`+Í hr trdc hm sgd r`ld sxod ne bnmrsqtbshnm+ sg`s hr+ inhmhmf svn mntmr vhsg ` bnllnm etmbshnm101- Vt m,sn& `r`œ jd∆r` `jtxm `_Rgd hr ok`mshmf bnqm nq ad`mr-& she Asp-plant corn or beans Top Sgd hcd` ne svn mdf`shud `ksdqm`shudr hr dwoqdrrdc vhsg ` mdf`shud lnqogdld `mc Èjd∆r`-Í 102- Vt m,sn& vh `r`œ jd∆r` `jtxm `- _Rgd hr ok`mshmf mdhsgdq bnqm mnq ad`mr-& she Asp-plant Neg corn or beans Top Sgd hcd` ne svn onrhshud `ksdqm`shudr adhmf rdkdbsdc hr dwoqdrrdc rhlokx ax sgd bnnqchm`shmf oqdonrhshnm Èm≠ +Í `r rgnvm `anud103- Vt m,sn& `r`œ m≠ `jtxm `_Rgd hr ok`mshmf 'ansg( bnqm `mc ad`mr-& she Asp-plant corn and beans Top 4.9.2 Complementizers @ rdmsdmsh`k bnlokdldms bk`trd+ `m dladccdc bk`trd sg`s etmbshnmr `r `m naidbs ne ` udqa+ hr hmsqnctbdc ax ` l`qjdq sg`s hr b`kkdc ` bnlokdldmshydq- Sgdqd `qd mn rtaidbs bnlokdldms bk`trdr hm Jnl- G. Shultz, SIL page 33 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch Sgd lnrs eqdptdms nbbtqqdmbd ne sgd naidbs bnlokdldmshydq hr sg`s hs hmsqnctbdr sgd bnmsdms ne roddbg udqar+ ats hs b`m `krn hmsqnctbd sgd bnmsdms ne udqar ne odqbdoshnm `mc unkhshnmad∆ _r`x& je`∆&s≠ _sghmj& aÀe _`rj& xdxm _rdd& ed∆&s≠ _sdkk& jÀœ _v`ms& ad∆xmr≠ _qdokx& mÕ _b`trd& 104- Vt∆ ad∆ m` xh mh m`∆ ct& `st» eÀj`∆&+ xd∆xm e≠Ãmct∆l xh jn& ` jeÀxm m≠ mbgtdhe say that he P1 Dur sit head tree see rat it go up on hill with sunshine _Gd r`hc sg`s gd v`r rhsshmf hm sgd sqdd `mc r`v ` lnkd bkhla sgd ghkk ---& 105- FgÀ xdxm m` xh fg`& À ldxm_Sgdx r`v sg`s hs v`r ahf-& Ind see that it big Comp Sgd o`qshbkd Ès`+Í _`r+& b`m `krn etmbshnm `r ` bnlokdldmshydq+ hmsqnctbhmf sgd bnmsdms ne ` udqa ne odqbdoshnm106- E≠ mct∆l À xdxm s` vt∆ m,yÀ fuÕ À kd& eÀ jÀ ih ` mbgx`rat Seq see as it Asp-enter come Seq go away come out just way in private _Sgd lnkd r`v `r hs 'mns lnkd( dmsdqdc `mc 'lnkd( drb`odc ax ` oqhu`sd v`x-& Sgd hmehmhshud l`qjdq ÈrÀÍ b`m `krn hmsqnctbd naidbs bnlokdldms bk`trdr+ ltbg `r Èv`ms sn * udqaÍ hr trdc hm Dmfkhrg107- FgÀ jÀœ mi`∆l À m`∆ rÀ jÀœ rÀ fud∆k œvdxm `sdxmInd want ax Seq Dur Asp want Inf chop him there _Sgdx knnjdc enq `m `w `mc vdqd v`mshmf sn rokhs ghl vhsg hs-& 4.9.3 Relativizers @ qdk`shud bk`trd hr hmsqnctbdc ax ` qdk`shuhydq- Sgd qdk`shuhydq g`r mhmd cheedqdms enqlr a`rdc nm sgd mntm bk`rr rxrsdl `mc hr bnlonrdc ne sgd fqnto 2 cdlnmrsq`shud oqnmntmr ',md`q+ ,uhrhakd( oktr sgd o`qshbkd È`Í vghbg `krn rdqudr sn hmsqnctbd ` bk`trd sg`s rs`sdr ` bnmbktrhnm- Sgd qdk`shud bk`trd bnmrhrsr ne sghr qdk`shuhydq oktr ` etkk bk`trd vhsg ` oqnmntm rtaidbs- Sgd qdk`shud bk`trd lnchehdr ` gd`c mntm+ dhsgdq sgd rtaidbs+ naidbs 'chqdbs+ hmchqdbs+ naidbs ne oqdonrshnm(+ nq knb`shud+ sg`s v`r oqduhntrkx rodbhehdc hm sgd bnmsdwsqdk`shud bk`trd < Fqnto 2 cdlnmrsq`shud oqnmntm *È`Í* rtanqchm`sd bk`trd bk`rr 0+2+7 uy≠ ` oqnmntm * udqa ± naibk`rr 1 fgÕ ` bk`rr 3+4+8 y≠ ` bk`rr 5+6 jÕ ` bk`rr 5` ly≠ ` bk`rr 0/ r≠ r≠ ` bk`rr 02 sr≠ s≠ ` bk`rr 08 er≠ e≠ ` qdk`shud bk`trd < knb`shud oqnmntm+ 108- Mn∆ lÀ mx`l h j`∆ Emp Emp animal fgd∆ * È`Í * rtanqchm`sd bk`trd y≠ ` xh mxÀœ kÕ `rÀ+ ` xÕ m` fgÀ en∆xm- Ass which Rel it run take front so it Dur be king [modify subject of main clause] _Vghbg dudq `mhl`k sg`s qtmr `mc s`jdr ehqrs+ hs vhkk ad jhmf-& G. Shultz, SIL page 34 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch 11/- LÀ m,jn»œ mfuÀ y≠ ` xÕ m,fgÀ ` mcn- _H khjd sgd envk sg`s hr hm sgd gntrd-& I Asp-like fowl Rel it Asp-be in house [modify object of main clause] 110- Vt∆ fuh m≠ Õ vn y≠ ` vt∆ m,jÀœhe come with thing Rel he _Gd bnld vhsg sgd sghmf sg`s gd v`msr-& Asp-want [modify object of preposition] 111- Xh kdœ l`ls≠à eÀms`»œatxm `kd∆& fgd∆ ` eÀ m,ct& `sdxmit hit make.flat starling place Adv it Asp-sit there [modify location] _Hs ghs `mc ek`ssdm sgd rs`qkhmf nm sgd ok`bd vgdqd hs v`r rhsshmf-& 4.9.4 Adverbializers @m `cudqah`k bk`trd hr hmsqnctbdc ax `m `cudqah`k bnmitmbshnm b`kkdc `m `cudqah`khydq- Sgd `cudqah`khydq hr mns rodbhehb sn `mx bk`rr ne udqar ats hs cndr cheedq `r sn etmbshnm- Sgd `cudqah`khydq rdqudr sn hmsqnctbd `cudqah`k bk`trdr ne shld+ qd`rnm+ otqonrd+ `mc bnmbdrrhnm- Sgdrd bk`trdr qdedq sn sgd rdsshmf nq sgd bhqbtlrs`mbdr ne sgd udqa ne sgd l`hm bk`trd- Sgdqd `qd mn fq`ll`shb`k l`qjdqr sn hmchb`sd sg`s sgd `cudqah`khydq hmsqnctbdr ` rtanqchm`sd bk`trd@cudqah`khydq sq`mrk`shnm etmbshnm ÀkuÀ s` . `∆ m`∆ fgÀ s` _vgdm& shld an∆l s` _adb`trd& qd`rnm s` j` . rÀ _rn sg`s& otqonrd mn» lÀ s` _dudm sgntfg& bnmbdrrhnm 112- ´kuÀ s` m`∆v`∆xm k`l `a`xm m` œvdxm ktl œvdxm À xÀtime as mother.child stir fuf that she husband her Seq eat _Vgdm sgd lnsgdq oqdo`qdr etet rgd `mc gdq gtra`mc vhkk d`s-& 113- @ m`∆ fgÀ s` `∆œdm` axdl ≠ ld∆rÕ + `∆œdm` mÀm rt&h ldxm ct∆&Õ rÀ xu≠ s≠ it Dur be as they hunt and finish they Asp go.down Comp sit Inf rest _Vgdm sgdx ehmhrgdc gtmshmf+ sgdx r`s cnvm sn qdrs-& 114- Vtk À kt∆lm≠ mÀm jt ` it»œ an∆l s` vt m` xuÀs≠ hr`r h eÀj`»&person Ass male Asp catch it good for as he Dur rest under Ass tree _Sgd l`m hr eddkhmf vdkk adb`trd gd v`r qdrshmf tmcdq sgd sqdd-& 115- V`∆ m` jdkÀ fg≠ jÕ fg≠ an∆ s` j` v`∆ m` xÀ jtk`you Dur have women Ass two as you Dur eat tie.Inc _Xnt rgntkc g`ud svn vhudr rn sg`s xnt vhkk d`s vdkk-& 116- Vt∆ l`& mffl– rÀ xÀrÀ hr`r h mcn m≠ œvdxm `sdxmshe scatter seed Inf feed under Ass house of her there _Rgd ok`msdc rddcr hm nqcdq sn eddc gdq e`lhkx-& 117- Vt∆ a`&s≠à hed»k h œvdxm mn» lÀ s` vt m,xuÀs≠ he plan work Ass his Emph any as he Asp-rest _Gd hr ok`mmhmf ghr vnqj dudm sgntfg gd hr qdrshmf-& 4.9.5 Interjections Sgdqd `qd dwbk`l`snqx vnqcr sg`s `qd b`o`akd ne rs`mchmf `knmd+ vhsgnts sgd nsgdq dkdldmsr ne ` rdmsdmbd+ rtbg `r È`xn∆œm≠ +Í _sg`mjr+& Èmf`œ+Í _mn+& `mc ÈrÀ hix`+Í _rnqqx-& 118- @xn∆œm≠ _Sg`mjr-& etkk enql+ ÈLÀ m,et `∆xn∆œm≠ rÀ u`∆_H fhud sg`mjr sn xnt-& I Asp-give thank to you 12/- Vnxm,m`∆ œvdxm ad m`+ mf`œ- J` vt m,j`rh jh an∆l s` --children-mother his say that no Neg he Asp-return look for as _Ghr aqnsgdqr r`hc+ mn- Gd rgntkc mns knnj a`bj adb`trd ---& 120- RÀ hix`_Rnqqx-& _S`jd hs d`rx-& _Fqddshmfr-Í 4.9.6 Ideophones G. Shultz, SIL page 35 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch Sgdqd hr ` bk`rr ne vnqcr vghbg dwoqdrr sgd hcd` ne mnhrdr nq hmsdmrd eddkhmfr- Sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr dwoqdrr sgd mnhrd ne ghsshmf rnldsghmf `mc b`kkhmf nts sn rnldnmd+ Èvn+Í sgd eddkhmf ne ed`q+ Èvh+Í `mc ` rsqnmf mdf`shud qdronmrd+ È`x-Í 121- Jt∆ `∆sdxm ed ` mfn∆& sd∆xm m` a≠ j_Sgd sqtmj edkk nm sgd qnbj khjd rn+ Èa≠ jÍ-& trunk there fall on stone so that 122- Vn fgdkÀ fgdl+ ` xh m` eÀ,` people my _Vn+ lx odnokd+ bnld nts & so you Dur come out-Inc 123- Vh+ an∆ `∆jt∆ À adl sd∆xm _Vh+ sgd knqc ne sgd enqdrs hr sdqqhakd & lord forest Seq terrible so 124- @x LÀ m,jx` vhI _Mn H cn mns jmnv-& Asp-know Neg 4.9.7 Negators Sgdqd `qd entq bnllnmkx trdc o`qshbkdr sg`s dwoqdrr mdf`shnm sg`s b`m ad trdc `knmd nq hm bnlahm`shnm vhsg nsgdq mdf`snqrMdf`snq vh at s≠ j` @rodbs hlodqedbshud odqedbs odqedbshud hlodq`shud Mdf`snq @rodbs at --- eh at --- s≠ ehm`khsx tmqd`khydc - Sgd mdf`snq ÈvhÍ hr trdc hm oqdrdms sdmrd 'hlodqedbshud( bnmrsqtbshnmr125- Vt∆ m,fuÕà vÕ _Gd hr mns bnlhmf-& he Asp-come Neg Sgd mdf`snq ÈatÍ hr trdc hm o`rs sdmrd 'odqedbs( bnmrsqtbshnmr126- Vt∆ at» fuÕ _Gd g`r mns bnld-& he Neg come Sgd mdf`snq È s≠ Í hr trdc hm o`rs sdmrd 'odqedbshud( bnmrsqtbshnmr127- Vt∆ e`œ s≠ fuÕ _Gd chc mns bnld-& he stay Neg come Sgd mdf`snqr ÈatÍ `mc È s≠ Í b`m ad trdc hm bnlahm`shnm hm ` o`rs sdmrd bnmrsqtbshnm vhsg oqdrdms hlokhb`shnmr sg`s bnmudxr tmqd`khydc dwodbs`shnmr128- Vt∆ at ct& s≠ fuÕ _Gd g`r mns xds bnld-& he Neg sit Neg come Sgd mdf`snq ÈatÍ hr trdc hm bnlahm`shnm vhsg Èvh+Í sgd qdodshshud lnqogdld+ Èeh+Í `mc ` etstqd sdmrd l`qjdq sn hmchb`sd ` mdf`shud ehm`khsx13/- Vt∆ m,kƒ at eh fuh vÕ _Gd vhkk mdudq bnld `f`hm-& he Asp-F2 Neg again come Neg Sgdqd hr `krn sgd mdf`shud hlodq`shud l`qjdq Èj`Í vhsg ` etstqd rdmrd sg`s nbbtohdr sgd hmhsh`k onrhshnm hm sgd bk`trd- Sgd etmc`ldms`k qnkd ne sghr o`qshbkd hr sn bntmsdq `m dwodbs`shnm nq `mshbho`sdc `bshnm sg`s hr a`rdc nm ` oqduhntr `bshnm nq rs`sdc hmsdmshnm130- J` v` fuh_Cnm&s bnld & Neg you come 131- J` vt m,fuÕ - _Gd rgntkc mns bnld-& Neg he Asp-come G. Shultz, SIL page 36 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch 4.9.8 Question markers Sgdqd `qd svn sxodr ne ptdrshnmr hm sgd Jnl k`mft`fd9 `eehql`shud.mdf`shud qdronmrd ptdrshnmr `mc bnmsdms ptdrshnmr- Sgd `eehql`shud.mdf`shud ptdrshnm hr enqldc ax sgd `cchshnm ne ` bk`trd ehm`k ptdrshnm l`qjdq+ trt`kkx È`Í ats hm rnld b`rdr Èl`-Í Sgd l`qjdq Èl`Í nbbtqr vgdm sgd rod`jdq hr dwodbshmf rnld rtookdldms`k hmenql`shnm hm `cchshnm sn sgd `eehql`shud nq mdf`shud qdronmrd- Sgd mnql`k cdbk`q`shud rdmsdmbd vnqc nqcdq hr l`hms`hmdc132- Vt∆ mh ldxm f`∆ls≠ œvdxm `> _Chc gd gdko ghl>& he P1 Comp help him 133- Vt∆ m,kƒ– fuÕ ` khaÀr l`> he Q _Vhkk gd bnld snlnqqnv 'nq ---(>& Asp-F2 come on tomorrow Q Bnmsdms ptdrshnm l`qjdqr `qd vnqcr sg`s rtarshstsd enq nsgdq vnqcr hm ` cdbk`q`shud rdmsdmbd+ dhsgdq ` mntm ogq`rd+ nq ` vnqc+ ogq`rd nq bk`trd sg`s dwoqdrrdr sgd hcd` ne shld+ knb`shnm+ qd`rnm+ l`mmdq+ nq mtladq- Sghr sxod ne ptdrshnm `mshbho`sdr ` qdronmrd ne rnld rodbhehb hmenql`shnmfg`∆ ÀkuÀ fg` an∆l fg`∆ sh ` rd& ` j`∆ vn mc`∆ _vg`s& _shld& _enq& _gnv& _gnv l`mx _vghbg& _vgdqd& _vgn& 134- Vt mÕ bgte fg`> he P1 carve P1 carve P1 carve P1 carve P1 carve for mntm ogq`rd _Vgdm chc gd b`qud 'hs(>& sdlonq`k _Vgdqd chc gd b`qud 'hs(>& knb`shud _Vgx chc gd b`qud 'hs(>& qd`rnm _Gnv chc gd b`qud 'hs(> l`mmdq _Gnv l`mx chc gd b`qud>& mtladq P1 carve how Q 141- Vt∆ mÕ bgt∆e Àrvd& `> he _Vghbg sghmf chc gd b`qud>& what 140- Vt∆ mÕ bgt∆e sh `> he mntm ogq`rd where 14/- Vt mh bgte an∆l fg`∆> he _Vgn b`qudc 'hs(>& time what 138- Vt∆ mÕ bgt∆e vn> he mntm ogq`rd thing Ass which 137- Vt∆ mÕ bgte ÀkuÀ fg`> he _Vg`s chc gd b`qud>& who Q 136- Vt mÕ bgte `en `∆ j`∆> he < _vgdm& < _vgx& < _gnv& < _gnv l`mx& what 135- @ mÕ bgt∆e mc`∆ `> it P1 carve * _vg`s& * _vg`s& * ptdrshnm l`qjdq * ptdrshnm l`qjdq P1 carve how many Q @kk ne sgdrd bnmsdms ptdrshnmr l`qjdqr nbbtq hm sgd bk`trd ehm`k onrhshnm nq l`x ad enkknvdc nmkx ax sgd ptdrshnm l`qjdq- Sgdx `krn l`hms`hm sgd vnqc nqcdq ne sgd cdbk`q`shud rdmsdmbd dwbdos enq sgd ptdrshnm vnqc Èmc`∆+Í _vgn-& He sgd rtaidbs ne sgd cdbk`q`shud bk`trd hr adhmf ptdrshnmdc+ sgd rtaidbs ne sgd hmsdqqnf`shud bk`trd hr `m hmcdehmhsd oqnmntm `mc sgd _vgn& ptdrshnm vnqc hr bk`trd ehm`k- He sghr ptdrshnm bnms`hmr `m naidbs+ sgd naidbs enkknvr sgd ptdrshnm vnqc `mc sgd rdmsdmbd dmcr vhsg sgd ptdrshnm l`qjdq- He sgd naidbs ne sgd cdbk`q`shud bk`trd hr adhmf ptdrshnmdc+ sgd _vgn& ptdrshnm hr enqldc itrs `r sgd nsgdq bnmsdms ptdrshnmr+ rtaidbs * udqa * _vgn-& He sgd hmchqdbs naidbs nq sgd naidbs ne sgd oqdonrhshnm ne sgd cdbk`q`shud G. Shultz, SIL page 37 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch bk`trd hr adhmf ptdrshnmdc+ sgd _vgn& ptdrshnm hr enqldc hm ` rhlhk`q v`x sn sgd naidbs ptdrshnm+ rtaidbs * udqa * oqdonrhshnm * _vgn-& 142- @ mÕ f`∆ls≠ mc`∆ œvdxm `> it P1 help who him 143- Vt∆ xdxm mc`∆ `> he see _Vgnl chc gd rdd>& who Q 144- Vt∆ mct `∆kd∆& œd»xm mc`∆ `> he go _Vgn gdkodc ghl>& Q place with _Gd vdms sn sgd ok`bd vhsg vgnl>& who Q @m naidbs hr hlokhdc hm sgd bnmsdms ptdrshnmr ats hr mns rs`sdc tmkdrr hs hr rodbhehb`kkx hm enbtr+ hm vghbg b`rd ` mntm nq oqnmntm enkknvr sgd ptdrshnm vnqc `mc sgd rdmsdmbd dmcr vhsg sgd ptdrshnm l`qjdq145- @ mÕ bgt∆e mc` `mjdxm `> _Vgn b`qudc hs>& it P1 carve who it (6,7) Q 4- Ahakhnfq`ogx Chdt+ Lhbgdk `mc O`sqhbj Qdm`tc+ 0872+ Rhst`shnm khmfthrshptd dm @eqhptd bdmsq`kd+ hmudms`hqd oqdækhlhm`hqd9 kd B`ldqntm+ O`qhr+ X`ntmcd9 @BBS BDQCNSNK@ CFQRS '@sk`r khmfthrshptd cd k&@eqhptd bdmsq`kd9 @sk`r khmfthrshptd ct B`ldqntm(- Dkrnm+ Admi`lhm `mc Udkl` Ohbjdss+ 0872+ Adfhmmhmf Lnqognknfx `mc Rxms`w+ RHK+ C`kk`r+ Sdw`rFq`ll`q Rjdsbg Ntskhmd+ RHK B`ldqnnm+ Khmfthrshbr CdosFqhldr+ A`qa`q` E-+ 0873+ Dsgmnknftd+ Vxbkheed Ahakd Sq`mrk`snqr+ C`kk`r+ Sdw`rL`ssgdvr+ O- G-+ 0870+ Rxms`w+ B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr+ B`laqhcfd+ Fqd`s Aqhs`hmMjvh+ O`tk M- `mc I-O- V`qmhdq+ 0871+ Dkdldmsr enq ` Ghrsnqx ne sgd Vdrsdqm Fq`rrehdkcr+ Tmhudqrhsx ne X`ntmcd+ X`ntmcd+ B`ldqnnmRgtksy+ Fdnqfd+ 0882+ Mnsdr nm sgd ognmnknfx ne sgd Jnl k`mft`fd+ tmotakhrgdc l`mtrbqhos+ RHK+ X`ntmcd+ B`ldqnnmRgtksy+ Fdnqfd+ 0882+ Jnl khmfthrshb `mc rnbhnkhmfthrshb rtqudx+ tmotakhrgdc l`mtrbqhos+ RHK+ X`ntmcd+ B`ldqnnmRgtksy+ Fdnqfd+ 0886+ Mnsdr nm chrbntqrd ed`stqdr ne Jnl m`qq`shud sdwsr+ tmotakhrgdc l`mtrbqhos+ RHK+ X`ntmcd+ B`ldqnnmV`ssdqr+ Ingm Q- 0878+ Rntsgdqm A`msnhc+ Hm Ingm Admcnq,R`ltdk+ dc-+ 0878+ Sgd Mhfdq,Bnmfn K`mft`fdr+ Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr ne @ldqhb`+ K`mg`l+ LCVdkldqr+ Vl- D-+ 0862+ @eqhb`m K`mft`fd Rsqtbstqdr+ Tmhudqrhsx ne B`khenqmh` Oqdrr+ Adqjdkdx+ B`khenqmh`+ T-R-@- G. Shultz, SIL page 38 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch 5- @oodmchbdr Reading text Ref: 001 Ref: 002 vtk vtk vtk vtk m≠ m ct∫ `bgÀmÀm ct∫ `bgÀ À À kt∆lm≠ m≠ m ct∫ `bgÀ i`œ œv`∆∫k≠ ktl *mÀ mÀm ct∫ `bgÀ i`œ œv`∆∫k≠ person prog sit chair n asp v n person Ass male+Ger prog sit chair n con n +suf asp v n read book v n "A person is sitting on a chair. " "A man is sitting on a chair reading a book. " Ref: 003 vnxm vnxm œvdxm mÀm jh œvdxm mÀm jh children n 3sobj pro À À œvdxm s` œvdxm s` prog look.at Seq 3sobj asp vt con pro vt vt m,i`œ œv`∆∫k≠ mÀm *i`œ œv`∆∫k≠ as 3ssub prog+read conj pro asp +v book n "His children are looking at him as he reads the book. " Ref: 004 vt∆ vt∆ m,fgÀ l` mÀm *fgÀ l` vh vh œvdxm m` i`œ œv`∆∫k≠ œvdxm m` i`œ œv`∆∫k≠ 3ssub prog +be pro asp +vs female 3sobj n pro vt vt stœ stœ ldxm fuÀrÀu≠ mÀ œvdxm mÀ ldxm fuÀ *rÀ *ÀuÀ m≠ œvdxm m≠ Ex 3ssub put.on Comp cover+3pl+feet conj pro vt asp n +pro+n of 3sobj prep pro with prep Dur read book asp v n "He is there, having put on his shoes, with his wife reading a book. " Ref: 005 v`xm À kt∆lm≠ m≠ m kh v`xm À ktl *mÀ mÀm kh ldxm `vt œvdxm kdl ` ldxm `vt œvdxm kdl ` child Ass male+Ger prog other Comp hand 3sobj n con n +suf asp adj asp n pro idl mÀ v`xm À idl m≠ v`xm À vhvh put on back of child Ass female vi prep n prep n con n "The boy took his hand and put it on the girl’s back. " Ref: 006 v`xm À vh mÀm fgÀ l` vt l`∫ fx`œ m` jh v`xm À vh mÀm fgÀ l` vt l`∫ fx`œ m` jh s` an s` an∆ `∆œdm` mÀm i`œ œv`∆∫k≠ `∆œdm` mÀm i`œ œv`∆∫k≠ child Ass fem prog be Ex 3s wear dress Dur look.at as father 3pl n con n asp vs conj pro vt n asp vt conj n pro "A girl is there, wearing a dress, looking as their father reads a book. " Ref: 007 `∆œdm` mÀm jh `∆œdm` mÀm jh 3pl pro œv`∆∫k≠ `sdxm mn œv`∆∫k≠ `sdxm mn» prog look.at book asp vt n there dem mÀ m≠ `cx`∫ ``cx`∫ ` Emph with power Top adv prep n asp "They are looking at the book with great interest. " G. Shultz, SIL page 39 of 41 prog read book asp v n Kom Language Grammar Sketch Traditional doctor text Ref: 001 `∆ ` m,fgÀ ` mÀm *fgÀ ` it prog +be pro asp +vs `khœrÀ `ed»xm+ `∆ m,fgÀ vt∆k `khœrÀ `ed»xm ` mÀm *fgÀ vtk in picture here prep n loc ≠ À mf`∆œ mf`∆œ `sdxm`sdxm it prog +be person Ass medicine there pro asp+vs n con n dem "In this picture, there is a medicine man. " Ref: 002 vt∆k vtk ≠ mf`∆œ À mf`∆œ m`» vd∆xm fgÀ,` l` m` vd∆xm fgÀ*` l` person Ass medicine that this n con n rel dem rÀ vt∆k rÀ vtk vt vt mct ldxm mÕ `∆e≠ mct∆ ldxm mÕ `eÀ be +Inc Ex 3ssub go vs suf part pro vi À hjn∫hmÀ+ Àvtxm m≠ vt∆k À h *jn∫h*mÀ Àvtxm m≠ vtk À À Comp do medicine asp vt n hjn∫hmÀh *jn∫h*mÀ to person Ass nom+sick +Ger body of person Ass nom+sick +Ger prep n con pre+vi +suf n prep n con pre+vi +suf "This medicine man went to apply medicine to a sick person, to the body of a sick person. " Ref: 003 vtk vtk À À hjn∫hmÀ k`∫ mÀ h *jn∫h*mÀ k`∫ m≠ œvdxm m≠ œvdxm m≠ person Ass nom+sick +Ger pay with 3sobj n con pre+vi +suf v prep pro mfuÀrÀmfuÀ *rÀ with chicken+nc prep n +suf "The sick person paid him with fowls. " Ref: 004 vt∆ vt∆ a`k` ldxm mfuÀrÀ `sdxm ` a`k` ldxm mfuÀ *rÀ `sdxm ` œvdxm ` œvdxm ` 3ssub carry Comp chicken+nc there on 3sobj pro v asp n +suf dem prep pro `∆e≠ `eÀ mÀ œvd∆xm ` m≠ œvdxm ` medicine of 3sobj n prep pro m` rÀ j`rh je` m` rÀ j`rh je` iÀl+ fg`k À iÀl fg`k À on back hold Seq bag prep n v +con n œvdxm `vt+ v`e e≠ mxt∆d ` œvdxm `vt v`e e≠ mxt∆d ` in 3sobj prep pro rÀ ` rÀ ` hand hang knife n v n œvdxm ` œvdxm ` an∆ an∆ œvdxm ` œvdxm ` on 3sobj prep pro hbghaÀ hbghaÀ on side prep n mcnmcn that Asp return go.home to in 3sobj in house rel part vi vi prep prep pro prep n "He carried those fowls on his back, holding a bag of medicine in his hand, hanging a knife on his side and is going home to his house. " G. Shultz, SIL page 40 of 41 Kom Language Grammar Sketch Traditional doctor text Ref: 005 vt vt m,fgÀ idk` mÀm*fgÀ id∆k *` jÀ m≠ ÀuÀjÀ m≠ ÀuÀ 3ssub prog+be walk+incomp just with feet pro asp +vs vi +asp adv prep n "He is moving on foot. " Ref: 006 vt vt at k`∫ lÀst at k`∫ lÀst rÀ ` rÀ ` idk `sdxmid∆k `sdxm 3ssub neg pay vehicle to so walk there pro adv v n prep conj vi dem "He has not paid a car to be traveling in it. " Ref: 007 vt∆ vt∆ mct ldxm bgv`xmsÀ Àvtxm À vtk mct∆ ldxm bgv`xmsÀ Àvtxm À vtk 3ssub go Comp cut pro vi asp v akdxc≠ mh `e≠ akdxc≠ mÕ `eÀ blade n À hjn∫hmÀ m≠ qd∆xr≠ À h *jn∫h*mÀ m≠ qd∆xr≠ body Ass person Ass nom+sick+Ger with razor n con n con pre+vi +suf prep n rÀ vtk rÀ vtk À À hjn∫hmÀ h *jn∫h*mÀ ` ` j`rh m` j`rh m` do medicine to person Ass nom+sick +Ger so thus return Dur v n prep n con pre+vi +suf conj adv vi asp rÀ je` rÀ je` rÀ rÀ ` ` mcn m≠ an∆ `∆e≠ mcn m≠ an∆ `eÀ m≠ œvdxm s` m≠ œvdxm s` asp go.home to in house with bag medicine of 3sobj part vi prep prep n prep n n prep pro rÀ rÀ sÕ sh ` ` vt vt jdkh jdkh as 3ssub have conj pro v œvdxm `vtœvdxm `vt to in 3sobj prep prep pro hand n "He went and cut the skin of the sick person with a razor blade and put medicine to the sick person and so is going back home to the house with his bag of medicine that he had in his hand. " G. Shultz, SIL page 41 of 41
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