FREEDOM FROM HUNGER CAMPAIGN
FAO
Report to the
Government of Kenya
FERTILIZER PROGRAMME IN KENYA
ÏRIC LIBRARY
<E 1975.19
CULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
PREEDOM PROM HUNGER CAMPAIGN
FAO
o?
FERTILIZER PROGRAMME
ir"0""!^^
——**—•
|__ = JSRICU3RARY
FH/INT.1 - Kenya
8
[( C
^ V a g o n m g o n , Th a Metherlanrls
REPORT
TO THE GOVERNMENT OP
KENYA
ON THE
FERTILIZER PROGRAMME IN KENYA
1968-1974
based on the work of
""Klaus Zschernitz
Senior Soil F e r t i l i t y Specialist
and
Bent Hansen
Nils Lennartson
Niels Thorsen
Ole Olsen
Borge Jensen
Associate Experts in Soil FertilityScanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU
World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe
depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued
information available for consultation, following Fair Use
Guidelines., Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the
materials within the archives where the identification of the
Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the
originators. For questions please contact [email protected]
indicating the item reference number concerned.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome. 1974
j
- ii FIGURE 1
MAP CF KENYA
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O 1 MOMBASSA
- iii -
SUMMARY
The FAO Fertilizer Programme, in cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture,
organized a fertilizer demonstration programme in Kenya lasting from 1968 to 1974» The
programme contributed to an increased awareness of the importance of fertilizer use in
Kenya, particularly among small scale farmers.
More than 10,000 trials and demonstrations were conducted in farmers' fields. This
resulted in the formulation of fertilizer recommendations which are highly economic for
the country's main crops.
From 1968 to 1973 the fertilizer consumption increased from 84»000 tons to about
140,000 tons. Most of the increased consumption went to small scale farming areas, while
the large scale sector remained almost stagnant. The area under hybrid maize went up
from 100,000 ha in 1969 to over 300,000 ha in 1973.
In the last phase of the Fertilizer Programme, Pilot Schemes were started in Vihiga,
Tetu and Migori Divisions. The experience p-ained was later used in the implementation
of an Input Supply Scheme which is now in operation in about 20 districts in the country.
The training of full-time and part-time counterpart personnel of the Ministry of
Agriculture broadened the knowledge of the technical field staff in fertilizer use and
crop production. Recommendations to farmers were put on a rational scientific basis.
The Fertilizer Programme contributed considerably in bringing Kenyp. closer to its
aim of self-sufficiency in food crop production.
- iv FIGURE 2
Feriiliztr
ooo m tons
o/ nufr/A/rfs
Có»±v»f£/en
/'» m ton* /#*• tfc f>orioj
/feg - /?&
»
M*
ê?
?b
7/
?z
— V —
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SUMMARY
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
iii
INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1
1.
Introduction ..
1
2.
Acknowledgements
1
RECOMMENDATIONS
2
1.
General Recommendations
2
2.
Improvement of Input Distribution Network
2
2.1.
Rural Stockists
...'"' 2
2.2.
Cooperatives
3
3.
Fertilizer Recommendations
3
4.
Future Research Activities
3
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
4
1.
General
4
2.
Project Area
4
3«
Climate
5
4.
Soils
5
DEVELOPMENT OF FERTILIZER AND SEED SUPPLY AND MARKETING
7
1.
Fertilizer Consumption
7
2.
The Price Structure of Fertilizers
8
3.
The Distribution Network
10
3.1.
Rural Stockists
10
3.2.
Cooperative movement
12
3.3«
Private large-scale sector
13
Supply and Planting of Hybrid Maize Seed
13
4.
- vi -
CHAPTER
V
IvIETHODOLOGY APPLIED IN THE PROJECT
1.
Demonstrations
?..
Trials
3.
Pilot Schemes
4.
CHAPTER VI
3.1.
Group approach (Vihiga)
3.2.
Cooperative society (Têtu)
3.3.
Rural Traders (Migori)
Training Courses
4.1.
Extension staff
4.2.
Rural stockists and cooperative staff
ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE FIELD PROGRAMME
1.
Demonstrations
1.1.
Maize
1.2.
Beans
1.3.
Sorghum
1.4.
Finger Millet
1.5«
Cassava
1.6.
Potatoes
1.7.
Groundnuts
1.8.
Soya Beans
1.9.
Sunflowers
1.10.
Fodder Crops
1.11. Vegetables
2.
Trials
2.1.
Maize
2.2.
Groundnuts
2.3.
Beans
2.4*
Soya Beans
2.5.
Coffee
2.6.
Coconuts
- vii -
Page
3.
4.
5»
Interpretation of Demonstration and Trial Results
... 27
3.1.
According to administrative units
27
3.2.
According to climatic zones
28
3.3.
According to soil types
29
3.4«
Combination of 2. and 3
30
..................
Pilot Schemes
31
4.1.
Vihiga
31
4.2.
Tetu
32
4.3.
Mi gor l
33
Training Courses
33
3.1.
Extension staff
33
5.2.
Rural stockists
34
REFERENCES
35
APPENDK I
DEMONSTRATIONS
37
APPENDIX II
TRIALS
55
CHAPTER ' I
INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
t'
1.
Introduction
I
' *
•
In accordance with a request from the Government of the Republic of Kenya for
assistance in the field of fertilizer promotion and soil fertility, the Pood and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, under its Freedom from Hunger Campaign
Fertilizer Programme, appointed Dr. K. Zschernitz who served in Kenya from September 1968
to June 1973 as Soil Fertility Specialist, to supervise the field programme. Five
Associate Experts in Soil Fertility assisted the expert: Mr. B. Jensen from September
19Ö? to August 1971, Fir. 0. Olsen from January 1971 to February 1972, Mr. N. Thorsen
from September 1971 to August 1974, Mr. N. Lennartson from September 1971 to September
1974 and Mr. 3. Kansen from October 1971 'to October 1974.
Trie FFHU Fertilizer Programme consisted of:
- a number of simple trials laid out in farmers' fields and at Farmers Training
Centres. Results from these trials, together with results from National Agricultural
Research Stations, determined response and economioal application of fertilizer, emphasis
being put on food crops;
- Large numbers of fertilizer demonstrations conducted in farmers' fields to teach
farmers the yield increasing effect of using recommended types and rates of fertilizer;
- ensuring, through pilot schemes, the adequate and timely availability of recommended
fertilizers to small-scale farmers, following the creation of a demand by the mass
demonstrations carried out in farmers' fields;
- training of agricultural field extension staff in the techniques of fertilizer
application and the use of improved agricultural practices, as well as instruction in
basic fertilizer extension methods used to assist and educate the farmers.
,_.,.
-. -A - * ', ~
'
2.
'l
.
Acknowledgemen ts
The FAO Fertilizer Programme is greatly indebted to the many people who collaborated
with the experts during their assignments and also offered their helnful advice ond
assistance. Mr. A.I. Machango, Head of Crop Production Division, Ministry of Agriculture,
gave his full support throughout the years of operation and in this way guaranteed the
success of the programme. Very much appreciated is the work of Mr. A.J. Okalo who was
the Soil Fertility Specialist counterpart during his assignment. Highly appreciated is
also the work of Mr. H.W. Ombewa who served as a full-time counterpart in the Vihiga
Pilot Scheme. Acknowledged are also all part-time counterpart personnel, officials of the
Ministry of Agriculture and the field staff for their excellent cooperation.
The FAO Fertilizer Programme is also grateful for the assistance Kenya Farmers
Association and McKenzie Dalgety Ltd. rendered to the programme, in particular to the
pilot schemes.
- 2 -
CHAPTER II
RECOMMENDATIONS
1.
General Recommendations
i.
The demonstration programme should continue with more emphasis on marginal areas.
ii.
The programme should include not only use of fertilizers but the whole package
of recommended cultural practices.
iii. In the demonstration programme more work should be devoted to oil sped crops
and lefl-urnes.
iv.
More demonstrations on vegetables should be carried out in are^s where marketing
facilities exist or could be established.
v.
More trials should be carried out on farmers' fields which better reflect the
conditions under which crops are noraally grown.
vi.
In the future demonstration work, the control plot should still be included in
order to determine the economic return which is more important than ever with
increasing input prices.
vii. It is generally agreed that research findings often do not reach the farmers
because the junior extension staff is in many cases not able to translate the
results to the farmers. Therefore, the language of research reports should
gradually undergo a simplification when channelled through the different levels
of the Ministry of Agriculture, so when findings reach the junior field staff
they can be easily trail omitted to and understood by the farmers.
viii. More time should be devoted to the training of junior field staff, in the form
of short crash courses.
2.
Improvement of Input Distribution Network
2.1
Rural Stockists
The Input Supply Scheme which was implemented during the long rains of 1974-, should
be revised on certain points:
i.
The retail margin on fertilizer should be increased to at least 10 percent.
ii. The lending institution should adopt a more realistic attitude to the relation
between the security offered and the loan granted, i.e. when applicable
increase the upper limit of the loans from $1,400 to £3,.500.
iii. The period of repayment should be extended from 6 to 12 months.
The training courses for rural stockists in marketing of inputs should continue and
gradually become more advanced. This task should be undertaken jointly by the Ministry
of Agriculture and the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
- 32.2
Cooperatives
i.
The cooperative inovement should also be included in the efforts of strengthening
the supply sector.
ii.
A credit programme similar to that of the Tetu Pilot Scheme should be extended to
other coffee societies.
iii. A closer cooperation should be established between the cooperatives and the
Ministry of Agriculture. Union managers should, prior to the planting season,
consult agricultural officers in order to determine the demand of inputs so that
tinely and adequate supplies are ensured.
iv.
Supply of inputs for food crops could easily be undertaken, to a higher extent,
by the cooperatives.
Short training courses should be arranged for the cooperative staff (secretary
managers, storekeepers, etc.) to give a basic knowledge of agricultural inputs.
fertilizer Recommendations
Crop
KG
If - P.O.. - K90
Types of Fertilizer
Time of N - Application
Maize (Western Kenya)
60-60-0
SS/TSP + CAN/ASN
Top-dressing or split
Maize (Eastern Kenyn)
4O-4O-O
23-23-0
At planting
Sorghum
4O-4O-O
23-23-O
Beans
O-4O-4O
SS/TSP + MP
Soya Beans
0-40-40
SS/TSP + MP
Groundnuts
0-40-40
SS/TSP + MP
Sunflowers
40-40-0
23-23-O
Potatoes
6O-6O-6O
17-17-17
Cassava
40-40-40
17-17-17
Fodder crops
40-40-0
23-23-0
4.
Future Research Activities
i.
Determining optimum N application on maize in various ecological zones.
ii.
Breeding of and agronomy research on new varieties of oil-seed crops and legumes
with special attention to sunflower, groundnuts, soya beans and rape and linseed
in higher altitudes.
iii. Research on sorghum, v/hich is likely to become increasingly important as marginal
areas have to be put under cultivation.
iv.
Problems related to production of certified potato "seeds".
v.
Production and preservation of fodder crops like napier grass, oats, sudan
sorghum, etc. as silage or hay.
vi.
Continued efforts to develop virus resistant types of cassava varieties.
-4 -
CHAPTER
III
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1.
General
The Republic of Kenya covers an area of 5^9»232 square kilometres and has a
population of 11,ó94»000 people (1969 census).
The population density is 20.5 persons
per square kilometre and the growth rate is 3.3/Ó.
Only about 6,000,000 ha. of the area
have sufficient rainfall to sustain permanent agriculture, the remaining area being semiarid low potential agricultural land only suitable for livestock production.
75$ of the total population is dependent on agriculture. Farm sizes vary but
generally the range is 1 - 10 ha for small-scale farms and over 10 ha for large-sca,le
farms. Of the total of 6,000,000 ha of medium and high potential farming land,
2,572,000 ha consist of large farms while 3,428,000 ha are small farms and settlement
schemes.
The most important food crops for the rural people are maize, beans, potatoes,
cassava and vegetables. The major cash and e:cport crops are coffee, tea, sisal and
pyrethrum.
Table 1.
Agricultural Production in Kenya, 1971
( in 1,000 tons)
Cashevmuts
12.0
Coffee
58.6
Cotton
1Ó.1
Hai se
Pineapples
35.O
Pulses
12.5
Pyretiirum
0.1
Rice
30.2
Sisal
48.O
Sugar Cane
2.
25Ó.6
1,373.0
Tea
36.3
Wattle
28.2
Wheat
180.O
Project Area
The Republic of Kenya consists of seven provinces. The Fertilizer Programme started
in the most populated and high potential areas. From 1971 the programme was expanded to
cover all medium and high potential agricultural areas in six provinces.
- 5-
3.
Climate
The climate varies according to altitude, right from the snow-covered Mount Kenya to
the tropical coastal area. Host of the'potential agricultural land lies between 1,200 2,400 m above sea level. The annual rainfall in this area ranges from 800 - 2,000 mm and,
in most places, is distributed over two seasons: the long rains in March, April and May
and the short rains in October and November.
4.
Soils
The soils of arable land can be divided into three main types:
(i)
Red to dark brown clay soils - These soils are of volcanic origin and
deeply weathered v/ith laterite horizon. They occur mainly in Central S-_
Kenya. The clay content is more than 505». The clay fraction consists
of kaolinite and amorphous minerals. The soil reaction is slightly to
medium acid. The cation exchange capacity is 20-30 m.e. percent, with
a high base saturation. The available P in the topsoil is about 20 ppm
which is regarded as inadequate.
(ii) Red to yellow loam soils - This type of soils is common in Western Kenya
and on lower altitudes in Central Kenya. The soils derive from the
weathering of granite parent material which has subsequently been
transported. They have a laterite horizon. The clay fraction is less
than 40$ and consists of kaolinite and amorphous minerals. The soils
are medium acid. The cation exchange capacity is low, less than 20 m.e.
percent. Available P is also low, less than 20 ppm.
(iii) Black clay soils - These "black cotton soils" are mainly found in Nyanza
(Kano plains) and in eastern Kenya (tiwea). They are heavy clay soils and
have been developed from impeded drainage conditions. The clay fraction
is of the montmorillonite type. The soil reaction is neutral to slightly
alkaline. The cation exchange capacity is high, 75 - ^0 m.e. percent.
Base saturation is almost 100 percent. Available P is high, 30 - 90 ppm.
- 6 FIGURE 3
RAW f ft'! IM
^MMff
voo ISO.
wax* M6 i f i tu;esTsi\rè
Ô0O-
âoo -
I9â? **<
- 7-
CHAPTER
IV
DEVELOPMENT OP FERTILIZER AND SEED SUPPLY AND MARKETING
1.
Fertilizer Consumption
During the last ten years the fertilizer consumption has increased considerably in
Kenya. Given below are the figures for manufactured fertilizers imported into Kenya.
Table 2.
Imports of Manufactured Fertilizers into Kenya (tons)
Year
Quantity
fo I n c r e a s e
1963
38,621
_
1964
55,364
43
1965
1966
70,498
27
71,980
. 2
1967
81,476
13
1968
84,701
1969
1970
106,472
4
26
1971
131,205
1972
150,903
1973
136,205
Source:
142,636
34
- 8
15
-10
Annual Trade Reports, East African Customs and Excise Department.
The decrease in 1971 was due to the fact that large quantities scheduled for 1971
were imported already in 1970. The decline in 1973 was attributed to the general shortage
of fertilizers on the vrorld market. During the four-year period 1969-72, the total
increase of imported fertilizers was 42/v>.
Table 3 includes the consumption figures of the pure nutrients N, P?0 and K„0»
Table 3.
Year
N
Consumption of Major Nutrients (tons)
P
2°5
K20
Total
N
P2°5
1
1.42 : 0.20
1
1.24 : 0.21
: K
2°
1969
1970
14,000
19,900
2,850
20,300
25,200
4,410
36,635
49,850
1971
19,000
24,000
4,100
47,100
1
1.26 : 0.22
1972
23,900
26,000
5,500
55,700
1
1.10 : 0 . 2 3
Source:
International Potash Institute, Mission to East Africa.
- 8 -
Prom 1969 "to 1972, the increase in the consumption of major nutrients was for N, 71%!
P 0 , 31$; and K-O, 93$. The total nutrient consumption went up by 52$, which is 10$
more than the increase of fertilizer material, indicating a change to higher analysis
fertilizers.
2.
The Price Structure of Fertilizers
The fertilizer prices have increased drastically in recent years. This is illustrated with respect to three straight fertilizers in the following table:
Table 4.
Year
\j
The Development of Fertilizer Prices, from 1968/69
to 1973/74 - F.O.R. Mombasa 1 /
Sulphate of
ammonia
(215& N)
$
T r i p l e Superphosphate
(43$ P 2 0 5 )
$
Muriate of
potash
(60$ K 2 0)
$
_
68.10
_
1968/69
49. 30
_
71.00
1969/70
48.50
-1.7
68.60
-
3.4
68.10
0.0
1970/71
39.10
66.50
-
3.1
71.10
1971/72
49.3O
-19.4
26.2
73.30
14. J
78.40
4.5
10.2
1972/73
6 8 . 50
38.9
121.60
59.3
82.80
1973/74
86.60
26.4
154.50
27.1
121.00
5.5
46.2
In $ per ton in lots of 13 - 100 tons packed in bags of 50 kg.
N.B. ; Government subsidy has been deducted from the above prices.
In order to promote fertilizer usage the Government introduced a subsidy on
fertilizers in 1963. It has since been reduced by 40$. At present, the subsidy is SO.17
per kg available N and SO.42 per kg water soluble P?0-, thus the subsidy of SA is S3.57
and of TSP S18.O7. Potassic fertilizers are not subsidized. Fertilizer prices are
controlled by the Government; the prices are fixed after negotiations betvjeen the
Government and the fertilizer companies.
An analysis of prices, costs and margins is given in the following table.
- 9 -
Table 5«
Analysis of Prices, Costs and Margins for Two Types
of Fertilizers, 1973/74
y
Items
C.I.F. price Mombasa
Clearing and forwarding
Price at port gate
Less subsidy
Price ex importer (f.o.b. Mombasa)
Hailage 3û0 km
Price delivered to railway station
Wholesaler's margin:
handling, warehouse rent, financing
of stock, delay of subsidy,
promotion
Price ex wholesaler's store
Road transport to stockist,
32.2 km (20 miles) at 0.09
Price delivered to stockist's shop
Stockist's margin
Price ex stockist's shop
(retail price to farmers)
TSP
Percent of
retail price
4.3
- 11.0
3.57
4.0
77.85
6.51
136.10
6. 51
142.61
14.17
8.5
163.88
- 3.7
Ó.Ü
3.10
3.2
57.46
1.8
159.68
4.20
7.3
84. 36
156.78
2.90
7.00
81.42
154.17
18.07
Percent of
retail price
74.42
147.17
7.00
SA
2.90
3.0
90.36
2.6
5.6O
5.8
95.96
\J $/ton, packed in bags of 50 kg.
The above analysis shows how the price changes from the port gate to a stockist's
shop situated 800 km up-country and 32 km from the railhead.
The margin allowed to the stockists must be regarded as too low to mo.ke them really
interested in selling fertilizers. To clarify this point further, the allowed margin to
stokists on the most common fertilizers is tabulated below.
- 10 -
Table 6.
Type
Retailer's Margin per Bag on Various Types of Fertilizers
as at 1 January 1974
Analysis
P
^ 2°5- 2°
SS
SA
-
21
21
-
-
CAN/ASN
26
-
-
23-23-0 j /
23
23
17
T3P
17-17-17
2.83
0.21
4.80
0.28
5.83
0.21
7.4
5.8
3.6
-
7.56
43
-
8.19
0.35
0.21
4.6
2.6
17
17
8.93
0.21
2.4
10.78
0.21
1.9
1.9
DAP
16
47
-
11-55-0
11
55
-
•
10.88
_ .
yj
Retailer's margin
Retailer's price
to farmer ($)
K
_
0.21
.„„
_
Packed in bags of 40 kg.
It appears that the cheaper fertilizers fetch the stockists the highest profit
margin, expressed in percentages. This is an obvious constraint to an efficient distribution of fertilizers in general, and of higher concentrated fertilizers in particular.
3.
The Distribution Network
There is no local manufacture of fertilizers in Kenya. A mixing plant with a
capacity of 20,000 tons a year is producing mixtures from imported bulk fertilizers.
Fertilizers imported from overseas go first through the importers or the local subsidiaries of overseas manufacturers. They supply some fertilizer directly to large farms,
plantations and -overnment organizations like the National Irrigation Board, Kenya Tea
Development Authority as well as the Cooperative Unions. Most of the fertilizer, however,
goes to the fertilizer trading firms of which KFA and McKenzie Dalgety are the biggest.
They usually rail the fertilizer to their branches and depots from where some is sold to
farmers but the bigger portion is supplied to local stockists and unions who retail it to
farmers.
On page 11 is an organization chart showing the marketing channels. As the dotted
lines indicate, some large orders are also supplied by the fertilizer trading firms to
the large-scale farming sector.
3.1. Rural stockists
In the last few years most of the increased fertilizer sales have gone to
small-scale farming areas. There are two main channels for distribution of inputs to
small—holders: stockists and cooperative societies. The stockists system has proved to
be the most successful one, especially in areas where the cooperatives are weak.
- 11 -
FIGURE
4
Organization Chart of Fertilizer Trade in Kenya 1970
Manufacturing Companies
Overseas
a-id within the E. A.C.
Total imports
141,215 tons
V
Importers and local subsidiaries of overseas manufacturers
Albatros E.A., Hoechst E. A., B.A.S.F., Seifa, Windmill, Twiga
50,000 tons
35,000 tons
Kenya Farmers
Mackenzie
Association
56,215 t o n s
I
I
Sapa Chemicals
and others
Ualgety Ltd.
T-
\
\
\
\|
Stockist
Depots
Branches + Depots
Branches + DeDots
Stockist
Large-Scale Farmers
Plantations
Government Organizat ions
National Irrigation Board etc.
Small-Scale
Farmers
small amounts
2/
The figures do not talce into account the trade within
the East African Community. Total imports in 1970 were
142,630 tons.
large orders and tenders
- 12 -
Two firms, KFA and McKenzie Dalgety Ltd. in cooperation with the Kenya Seed Company,
have established a distribution network of local stockists in the rural areas. By 1974,
KFA had appointed 1,700 stockists all over the country. The sales figures from some KFA
branches in small-scale farming areas show a rapid increase in the use of fertilizer:
Table 7.
„
Year
Fertilizer Sales from Five KFA Branches
(No. of bags)
Branch:
Karatina
Kisii
Kakamega
Bungoma
B. F a l l s
Province:
Central
Nyanza
Western
Western
Western
1963/69
780
2,120
4,950
7,380
1969/70
6,670
4,660
9,680
1970/71
5,750
7,180
8,950
20,160
7,050
5,020
23,670
1971/72
11,870
14,490
7,050
1972/73 j /
10,000
9,000
6,600
75,530
66,000
y
14,350
32,400
35,000
Provisional figures
The supply of inputs to the stockists is on strict cash basis. The sales of inputs
take place within a short period of time from February to April. This creates difficult
logistics as well as financial problems. The traders are often running out of stock at
the crucial time when the rains start and all farmers want to buy fertilizer and seed.
An increased storage capacity at the main dépota and extended credit facilities to
stockists would help improve the situation. Many rural traders have recently gone into
the sale of fertilizers and other inputs. In this connection it has been found necessary
to arrange short training courses to give them a basic knoiirledge of the inputs they deal
in.
3.2. Cooperative movement
Most of the districts have a cooperative union with affiliated societies.
Farmers producing cash crops are usually members of a society. The cooperatives are •
functioning well in Central Kenya, whereas their role in other part3 of the country is
less important.
The main activity of the cooperatives is collection and marketing of
produce. Less emphasis has been put on the supply of inputs to farmers. The unions
usually order inputs for the societies who sell them to their members. Often fertilisers
are ordered late and in insufficient quantities. Sometimes wrong types of fertilizers are
brought in.
One advantage of the cooperatives is that the societies give credit to their
members. The amount of credit is fixed according to the delivery of produce during the
previous year.
- 13 -
3»3. Private large-scale sector
Although this sector plays a less significant role in agriculture today, growing
of crops like wheat, barley as well as multiplication of liybrid maize seed are still undertaken by large-scale farmers.
4.
Supply and Planting of Hybrid Maize Seed
One of the main features in agricultural development in recent years has been the
highly increased area of hybrid maize cultivation. The rapid expansion has been largely
due to a tremendous achievement among small holders.
Table 6.
Year
Area Planted with Hybrid Maize
(.hectares)
Large-scale
farms
Small-scale
farms
Total
Percentage on
s m a l l - s c a l e farms
1963
158
4
162
2
19Ó4
11,619
709
12,328
ó
1965
22,145
25,870
3,113
30,258
27
41,145
102,182
1966
37
196 7
1965
55,522
15,275
46,660
36,510
51,352
87,860
1969
39,516
64,313
103,834
53
62
1970
97,412
143,327
68
1971
45,915
63,310
149,926
213,736
70
1972
73,975
206,388
280,863
74
1973
53,391
264,807
318,198
83
-'16 '
- 14 FIGURE 5
//K-.V/JJ
KAizer
Mie A
//>/
,-//)
/9ù3
~'973
oc-tk
Totd (
âco
,<:>-0
4, su
iC 0
Lorrje.
SI
—i—
UM
73
Year
SCù/tL
-15-
CHAPTER
V
METHODOLOGY APPLIED IN THE PROJECT
1.
Demonstrations
I'Vom 1969 to 1973 all demonstrations had a standard size of 30m x 100m divided into
three plots of 1,000 square metres.
10 m
Plot
II
10 m
Plot
10 m
I
Plot
III
Treatments:
Plot I
-
Control, no fertilizer
Plot II —
One or two nutrients at recommended rates
Plot III -
Two or three nutrients at recommended rates (optimum treatment)
In 1974, the design was changed. Plot II was left out and the size of plots I and
III was 15m x 50m each. The demonstrations v/ere carried out on land typical of the area.
The farmer's best land was chosen and importance was attached to the uniformity of the
land as regards soil and depth. The demonstrations were placed in populated areas and,
if possible, easily visible from a busy road.
At the beginning, the most progressive farmers were selected for demonstrations
because they play an important role as innovators in a rural area. But gradually, the
less progressive farmers became directly involved in the demonstration campaign and thus
a good diffusion effect was established in most areas.
2.
Trials
Treatments used in the demonstration programme are normally based on research work
'carried out before the start of the programme. However, if there is no information
available some exact trials have to be executed within the Fertilizer Programme.
In Kenya there was very good research information available on the fertilization of
maize, some on potatoes and pasture but very little on the most important legumes such as
soya beans, beans and groundnuts.
In 1969 the design of the trials was latin scriare 4 x 4. In 1970 the design proposed
by Dr. Häuser of PAO was used for the first time in Kenya. This design, basically
- 16 -
consisting of 8 treatments as shown below, allows calculation of the response curves of
the three main nutrients:
000
011-
101
110
111
211
121
112
'The N response curve derives from treatments 011, 111 and 211.
The P
"
"
"
"
"
101, 111 and 121.
The K
"
"
"
"
"
110, 111 and 112.
The three digits in each group stand for the coded rates of N, Pp°s an<^ K ^
respectively and actual rates can be different for each nutrient with the only understanding that the difference between rates 0 and 1 is the same as the difference between
1 and 2.
In 1972 and I973f the PAO Fertilizer Programme assisted the National Agricultural
Research Station, Kitale, in carrying out a number of maize trials which were planted in
a randomized block design with three replications. The PAO Fertilizer Programme also
assisted the Jacaranda Coffee Research Foundation with some simple trials on coffee. The
design applied was 7 treatments without replication. Some trials executed within the FAO
Fertilizer Programme were carried out at PTC's while all other trials were laid out in
farmers' fields.
3.
Pilot Schemes
Under the FAO Fertilizer Programme, three pilot schemes on fertilizer distribution
were in operation in Kenya from 1970 to 1973» Vihiga in western Province, Tetu in Central
Province and Migori in Ify-anza Province. All three areas are under the Special Rural
Development Programme, which is an integrated approach to.rural development. In each of
the pilot schemes, various methods of fertilizer distribution were tested.
3.1. Group approach (Vihiga)
In Vihiga Division the approach was to form groups of farmers so that fertilizers
and seeds could be delivered in full lorry loads to a number of collection points evenly
spread over the area. Despite the large campaign involving both the extension staff
of the I.Iinistry of Agriculture and local leaders, farmers were not willing to form groups,
this was mainly due to the mutual mistrust among the members of the groups. The appointed
group leaders had to collect the money from members in advance and deposit it before the
order was placed with the suppliers.
3.2. Cooperative society (Tetu)
In Tetu Division, most of the farmers are members of the coffee cooperative
society; the inputs were channelled through this society, which has coffee factories in
all parts of the Division with adequate storage facilities, which served as distribution
centres. The members of the society got the fertilizer and hybrid maize seed on credit
and the repayment was recovered from their delivery of coffee. The Kenya Planters Coop.
Union (KPCU) was keeping individual accounts for the members and the credit was deducted
from these accounts and deposited to the supplier. See diagram, page 17.
- 17 -
PIQURE 6
Têtu - Pilot Scheme 1972
Fertilizer
Suppliers
Mackenzie Dalgety
(Sagana)
Mackenzie Dalgety
(Karatina)
^
Kenya Planters Coop.
Union (KPCU)
Private Stockists
(Tetu Division)
Tetu Coffee
Growers Coop.
Society
O
v
I
(Cash)
N/
i
0
V)
Farmers
•
V
Y f
Coffee Factories
<:>
^
i
i
(Cash or Credit)
v
Farmers
-^
_ . _ _ _ >
<^>0O<3g>QOO>
Fertilizer
Coffee
Honey
^
Others
- 18 -
3.3. Rural Traders (Migori)
In Migori Division, like in most other areas, there is a well established network of rural traders, who generally do not have the financial strength to bring in
sufficient stock of farm inputs when needed. The sale of fertilizers and hybrid maize
3eeds is of short duration and takes place at the beginning of the rainy season; during
the rest of the year the traders have to rely on sales of consumers' goods.
The Kenya Commercial Bank made funds available for a short-term farm input
credit scheme. The loans amounting from US$ 700 - 1,400 were granted to stockists for a
period of six months under normal banking conditions. After the loan was approved, the
stockist could draw the goods from the supplier, who was paid directly by the bank. The
loans were given in kind to the stockist in order to secure that they were used for the
recommended purpose.
4.
Training Courses
To execute the field programme successfully, the knowledge and attitude of the staff
is important. In order to increase the agriculture staff's effectiveness, courses and
"information meetings" were conducted annually. It was also found necessary to give some
training to the rural traders and cooperative staff dealing in agriculture inputs.
4.1. Extension staff
(i) Por the general agriculture extension staff working part-time in the
Fertilizer Programme, one-day meetings were held each year on district
or divisional level. During the meetings the coming planting season's
programme was explained to the staff and the previous year's results
discussed; some time was also devoted to training of extension workers
in new agriculture developments.
(ii) It was possible to hold a limited number of one-week courses at Farmers
Training Centres (FTC). These courses were attended by the extension
workers who had little previous knowledge of fertilizer techniques.
4.2. Rural stockists and cooperative staff
As part of the efforts to improve the fertilizer distribution network and
strengthen the input supply sector, a basic training was given to stockists and cooperative staff. The courses usually took place at FTCs, where adequate room and teaching
facilities were available. One or two days'courses were arranged. The courses were very
popular and included the following topics:
-
Fertilizers (types and application)
-
Seeds (varieties and spacing)
-
Animal feeds
-
Book-keeping (rules and exercises)
-
Banking rules (loans)
-
KFA appointments
All lecturers were local government officers, who are very well acquainted with
the problems in the area. The lectures given and the handout distributed were both in
the vernacular.
- 19 -
CHAPTER VI
ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE FIELD PROGRAMME
1.
Demonst r a t i on s
The t o t a l number of f e r t i l i z e r d e m o n s t r a t i o n s on d i f f e r e n t
y e a r s period 1969-74 i s shown i n t a b l e 9»
Table 9 .
Number of F e r t i l i z e r Demonstrations 1969-73 and 1974
Crop
1969-73
1974
Total
Maize
4,530
710
5,240
Beans
420
255
675
Sorghum
330
115
445
Cassava
180
1,030
24
286
1,316
Soya Beans
110
101
211
Sunflower
270
525
795
Groundnuts
850
247
90
1,097
125
Potatoes
Fodder crops
204
Vegetables
-
35
136
Pigeon Peas
-
60
60
Coconuts
-
3
3
Se same
-
16
16
8
8
2,521
10,331
Fingermillet
Total
1.1
crops l a i d out in t h e 6
7,810
136
Maize
Maize is the staple food orop throughout the arable areas of Kenya. Approximately
1,000,000 ha are grown annually, with over 80$ grown by small-scale subsistence farmers.
The maize production fluctuates considerably from year to year, which leads to years of
surplus and others with shortages. Since the late sixties, when better varieties and
fertilizers were introduced into the small-scale farming areas, the production has increased
greatly, allowing for accumulation of reserves and some exports.
- 20 -
In 1955 a maize breeding programme was started in Kitale; by 1963 a number of
improved varieties were released to farmers; in 1973 over 300,000 ha of improved maize
were planted.
There are two types of improved maize grown in Kenya.
Hybrids
These varieties are bred by crossing inbred lines or varieties under conditions of
controlled pollination. An important aspect has been to breed Hybrids suitable for the
various altitudes.
Hybrids
Altitude (Meters)
Length of Rainy Season
611 C
1,900 - 2,500
More than 7 months
612, 613 c
1,500 - 2,100
5 - 7 months
622, 632
1,000 - 1,700
4 - 6 months
511, 512
1,000 - 1,700
3 - 4 months
Composites
These varieties are bred by growing a number of varieties of diverse genetic
composition together and allowing them to interpollinate freely. Varieties like
Katumani,bred for the low rainfall marginal areas, are composites.
West of Rift Valley
Most of these areas have an annual rainfall ranging from 1,400 - 1,800 mm, which
falls over a period of 6 - 7 months.
The climate is ideal for maize growing and it
is also in these areas that the bulk of Kenya's maize is grown, partly by large commercial
farmers and partly by small-scale farmers.
Previous research carried out by the local research stations indicated clearly that
both phosphate and nitrogen gave a good response. However these results had not been
transferred to the extension staff and, as a result of this, most farmers used phosphate alone.
In the Fertilizer Programme's demonstrations,two fertilizer treatments were included:
0-0-0, O-60-O, '60-60-0; an average of S00 maize demonstrations were planted in the area
annually.
The results from the demonstrations proved without doubt that the nitrogen phosphate
combination at 1.1 ratio gave the best results. The fertilizer recommendation for maize
in Western Kenya is now 60-60-0, with the phosphate applied at planting and the nitrogen
applied as top-dressing when the plants are kneehigh, in a circle around the plants.
The fertilizer demonstrations have served a very useful purpose in teaching the farmers
that both nitrogen and phosphate must be applied in order to obtain a successful crop.
The demonstrations also helped to introduce the new Hybrid maize varieties, which are now
grown by most of the better farmers in the area.
- 21 -
FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS
v
FOR MAIZE
/
V
v
a
\
j
Lodwor o
/
K E N YIA
o Marsobit
EASTERN
owajir
NORTH
EASTERN
60-60-0
|||||
|
GIPE F 7216
40-40-0
| Unsuitable for Maize
-
21 FIGURE 7
-:-=~:?-9V
y :
E l . "TV--"-«-;-
/
!
-'•-•<
• - . - •
I
FERTILIZER REepMtEpATIONS,
FOR MAIZE'
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i:
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-^—;'-7"j ] \ \:\ f
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t"". ' ^
: ^ V ? '-^'•..•'
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60 - 60 - 0
•.rl-lJ^V)
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4^mmr
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40 - 4 0 - 0
/'«• i-.-»
: ;'/. ;
.•yu,
UnL-.-aitablo f o r k'aiiîo
w
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- 22 -
Eastern Kenya
The r a i n f a l l in central and eastern Kenya v a r i e s from 1,000 - 1,400 mm, with two very
d i s t i n c t r a i n y seasons; long r a i n s March-May, short r a i n s October-November.
Most of the maize east of Rift Valley i s grown by small-scale subsistence farmers,
who are mainly concerned with producing enough food for t h e i r own consumption.
In the demonstrations, 40 kg/ha of n u t r i e n t s were used. The response t o both nitrogen
and phosphate was e x c e l l e n t , the recommended r a t e s are 40-40-0, preferably applied a s a
1*1 r a t i o compound f e r t i l i z e r . Due t o the short duration of the r a i n y season, top-dressing
i s not recommended} a l l the nitrogen should be applied at planting t i m e .
In the marginal a r e a s , with 500 - 900 mm r a i n f a l l , of Eastern and Coast Provinces,
the Katumani v a r i e t y was used. The o f f i c i a l recommendation i s s t i l l 40 kg/ha phosphate
( P p O j , but the r e s u l t s from the f e r t i l i z e r demonstrations have proved beyond doubt t h a t
a l s o 40 kg/ha of nitrogen should be included.
1.2 Beans
Beans is by far the most important pulse crop, with about 350,000 ha being
planted annually. To many rural people it is also the major source of protein. The three
most important varieties were used in the Fertilizer Programme.
Canadian Wonder: a pure line variety of the bush type which produces large purple
seeds of high quality.
Mwezi Moja: an agenetic mixture of several local varieties; it produces a plump
purple mottled seed.
Mexico 142: most suitable for the lower altitudes; it has small white seeds which are
often used for canning.
The yield of beans in Kenya is usually between 200 and 65O kg/ha, but in the Fertilizer Programme demonstrations it was possible to increase the yield to 800 - 1,200 kg/ha by
using fertilizers and good seeds. In all demonstrations there was a good response to both
phosphate and potash and as a result of that the recommendation is 0-40-40.
1.3 Sorghum
As population increases and more marginal areas are brought into use, sorghum
will become an increasingly important crop. The value is that its yields are more reliable
than maize under conditions of severe moisture stress.
In the fertilizer demonstrations, 40 kg/ha of both N and P were used. All fertilizers
were applied at planting time; this is important because the rainfall is usually too low
to allow top-dressing with N. In most areas there was a good response to phosphate but
the moiit economical treatment was 40-40-0; yields up to 3,500 kg/ha were obtained.
The fertilizer demonstrations also contributed to the introduction of better
varieties, such as Serena in sorghum growing areas.
- 23 -
1.4 Finger Millet
A few demonstrations were carried out in the northern part of Coast Province
during 1972/73 and the fertilizer treatment was the same as for sorghum. Unfortunately,
there are no improved varieties available and the local ones do not respond well to
fertilizer.
1.5
Cassava
All the cassava demonstrations were located in the coastal area where it is an
important food crop.
There were several factors which affected the response to fertilizer and for these
reasons the initially high rates of 60 kg/ha were reduced to 40 kg/ha, which made the
fertilization of cassava more economical.
Due to virus susceptible varieties, the yield is sometimes rather low.
1.6
Potatoes
The areas with altitudes above 1,500 metres in Central Province, Meru, Embu,
Kericho and Nandi Districts are the most suitable places for potato growing.
All potato demonstrations responded well to N and P in rates of 60 kg/ha. In most
areas the response to potash was also good, except in certain places on the volcanic
soils around the Mt. Kenya and on newly cultivated land.
Many farmers did not plant certified "seeds" and that reduced the yield considerably.
Blight (Phytophthora infestans) had also a serious effect on the yield of some demonstrations but the disease could easily be controlled by spraying with fungicides.
1.7
Groundnuts
Demonstrations on groundnuts were carried out in the two main groundnut—growing
areas of Western Kenya and Coast Province.
A uniform design was applied in both areas: 0-0-0, 0-40-0 and 0-40-40. In all
demonstrations there was a good response to phosphate and in Western Kenya also to potash.
1.8
Soya Beans
Soya Beans play a minor r o l e a s a cash crop in Western Kenya. On t h e r e q u e s t
of t h e Ministry of A g r i c u l t u r e , soya beans were included in t h e demonstration programme in
Western Province with t h e aim of producing more o i l and p r o t e i n for t h e c o u n t r y ' s r e q u i rement. The response t o b o t h P and K was good but t h e VCR was r a t h e r low because of t h e
low p r i c e paid for soya b e a n s .
1.9
Sunflowers
Sunflower production is mainly located in Western Kenya and to a smaller extent
in Coast Province. Most of the fertilizer demonstrations were also carried out in these
areas.
The fertilizer application was 0-0-0f 0-40-0 and 40-40-0. Generally, there was a
good response to both N and P. The 40-40-0 treatment proved to be the most economical.
- 24 -
The new high oil content variety, a cross between a Russian and a local variety
which was introduced in 1974, looks very promising. Sunflower is a suitable crop for
small holders. It can be grown in medium potential areas and as a short rain crop in
rotation with maize.
1.10 Fodder Crops
In the 1971 demonstration programme fodder crops were included for the first
time. The demonstrations were on oats in the higher areas and on Sudan Sorghum hybrid
in the lower. The response to fertilize*!- was good, the NP treatment being the best.
In areas where dairy farming is important, more attention should be paid to
fertilization and silage and haymaking of fodder crops. This would ensure a higher
milk production in the dry seasons of the year.
1.11 Vegetables
In Taita District of Coast Province, farmers are almost e n t i r e l y relying on
vegetables for cash income. The a l t i t u d e ranges from 1,000 t o 1,500 m and the average
farm size i s less than 1 ha. The climate i s very suitable for vegetable production.
From 1970 t o 1972 the F e r t i l i z e r Programme carried out 28 successful demonstrations.
The treatments were 0-0-0, 80-80-80 and 140=80-80 (80 kg N a t planting and 60 kg N as
t o p - d r e s s i n g ) . All types of vegetables responded tremendously well t o f e r t i l i z e r ; the
extra 60 kg N on plot 3 was p a r t i c u l a r l y beneficial t o leafy vegetables such a s cabbages
and cauliflowers. In the demonstrations the average VCR was 8.4 for plot 2 and 12.3
for plot 3 .
2.
Trials
Table 10 shows a number of t r i a l s , the r e s u l t s of which are included in the r e p o r t .
Some t r i a l s laid out failed e i t h e r due t o mismanagement or adverse climatic conditions.
Table 1Q. Number of F e r t i l i z e r T r i a l s 1969-74
Coconuts
Maize
Coffee (supervision only)
25
4
12
16
150
Total
210
Beans
Groundnuts .
Soya Beans
2.1
3
Maize
The purpose of the maize t r i a l s was to find out i f there was any difference
between applying a l l nitrogen (N) along with the phosphate (P2°<:) a t planting or applying
N e i t h e r as a top-dressing or a s p l i t a p p l i c a t i o n . In addit ion "'potash (KpO) and sulphur
(S) were included t o find out i f these elements had significant e f f e c t s .
- 25 -
Seven f e r t i l i z e r treatments were a p p l i e d . The basic treatments were designed t o apply
60 kg/6ia of a l l n u t r i e n t s in Western Kenya and 40 kg/ha in Central Kenya and a t the CoaBt.
The d e t a i l s of the treatments were a s follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Control - no f e r t i l i z e r s
Phosphate only as TSP at planting
TSP and nitrogen as CAN at kneeheight as top-dressing
Compound 20:20:0 at planting
Compound 11:55:0 at planting and CAN at kneeheight
TSP and potash as MP at planting and CAN at kneeheight
Phosphate as SS at planting and nitrogen as ASN at kneeheight.
The r e s u l t s (see appendices I and I I )of the t r i a l s indicate t h a t t o p - d r e s s i n g or a s p l i t
application of N give a s l i g h t l y higher y i e l d in Western Kenya than N applied at planting«
In Central Kenya the highest y i e l d in 1972 was obtained from treatment 4 with a l l N applied
at p l a n t i n g . This i s what could be expected due t o the different r a i n f a l l p a t t e r n s in the
two areas (see f i g . 2 ) . In Central Kenya, in the 1973 t r i a l s there were no significant
differences on time of N a p p l i c a t i o n . The responses t o K and S were n e g l i g i b l e .
2.2
Groundnuts ,
>
In 1969 "the largest mean response was to P, followed by K, with that to N being
negative. The most effective and economic treatment was PK, which increased the yield by
46$. The net return of this treatment was $110/ha and the value/cost ratio 8.3. In 1970
the 20-4O-6O treatment gave the largest response of 405 kg or 20J&. Owing to the good price
for this crop, even with the small response the economic returns were good.
2.3
Beans
With a Mexican variety in the Western Province the main effects show K to be
the most effective nutrient, followed by P and N, with P being about half as effective as K.
The best treatment was NPK which increased the yield by half, gave the largest net return
of $30/ha, and a value/cost ratio of 2.2.
A local variety in the Eastern Province showed the largest mean response to N,
followed by P and K, N being more than twice as effective as K. This would appear to
indicate no activity of the nitrogen fixing bacteria in the root nodules of the plant. The
largest response of 20$ above a good control yield was uneconomic.
2.4
Soya Beans
In 1969, P was the most effective nutrient followed by K and N. The PK treatment
gave the largest response of 33$» a net return of $l8/ha and a value/cost ratio of 2.2. The
economic return of the other treatments were either negative or marginal.
Again in 1970, the PK treatment at 40 kg/ha of each nutrient was the best, but
only marginally economic.
2.5
Coffee
In 1967 a number of observation trials in coffee small holdings were laid out
by USAID; in 1968 the personnel responsible for this project was withdrawn and the trials
handed over to the Coffee Research Foundation. Due to lack of field staff, the Research
Foundation asked the FAO Fertilizer Programme to supervise the trials. The main purpose
of the observation trials was to test P and K effects on yield as, previously, small
holders had not applied these nutrients on coffee.
- 26 -
No reliable results were obtained after 1971 because of lack of cooperation from
the farmers.
The treatments were as follows:
Plot
1
2
Treatment
Fertilizer/Tree (gr)
Fertilizer/Plot (kg)
Control
-
I5O
6 (ASN or CAN)
3
N
NP
150
6 (ASN)
4
75
150
3 (TSP)
NPK
6 (ASN)
3 (TSP)
75
50
2 (MP)
The results from 1969 to 1971 are included in table 11.
Table 11. Average Yield Increase in Coffee (kg of cherries/tree)
Central Kenya
Meru
Treatment
Kirinyaga
Machakos
1969/70
1970/71
1969/70
1970/71
1969/70
Control
6.22
6.13
4.01
9.99
2.52
3.59
N
8.06
8.67
3.95
11.17
3.67
4.29
NP
9.17
4.37
9.82
4.27
5.28
NPK
9.29
10.10
11.44
4.30
11.46
4.5O
3.81
LSD %
2.54
3.07
N.S.
N.S.
I.89
1.42
1970/71
Western Kenya
Bungoma
Kakamega
Kisii
Treatment
1969/70
1970/71
2.14
3.07
4.81
3.97
3.27
2.96
4.95
2.74
3.67
2.20
3.39
6.27
2.84
2.52
3.94
2.15
2.53
5.48
O.85
0.81
N.S.
N.S.
N.S.
1.39
I969/7O
1970/71
1969/70
Control
1.44
2.O5
3.39
N
2.89
2.51
NP
2.88
NPK
LSD 5$
1970/71
- 27 -
Generally, NP and NPK gave higher yields than N alone in Central Kenya.
however, there were no clear trends.
2.6
In Western Kenya,
Coconuts
In 1972 two nitrogen observation trials were laid out in the coastal area and
in 1974 a third one was added.
During 1973 it was possible to record the harvest from the first trial. The
palms were 7-9 years old and had just started to bear nuts. A full production can be
expected in 3—4 years' time.
Table 12.
Coconut Nitrogen Trial - Kilifi District 1973
Treatment
Yield Increase
(kg)
S.A./kalm
N/ha
No. of n u t s / h a
Control
-
1,284
2.0
60
456
3.0
90
4.0
120
Net Return
%
Value/Cost
8/ha
Ratio
16
-
36
27
1.5
996
78
59
1,284
100
76
2.4
2.2
As the results are only from one year, no definite conclusion can be drawn. But when
the palms grow up, the yield and also the response to N are likely to increase.
3.
Interpretation of Demonstration and Trial Results
3.1
According to administrative units
The results from demonstrations and trials are grouped according to administrative units in the appendices and discussed under "Achievements in the Field Programme"
(Chapter IV).
In Embu District, Eastern Province, a number of 143 maize demonstrations were
carried out in 1970, 1971 and 1972. The average yields (in kg) for the district were
as follows:
Plot Number and Treatments
I
II
III
0-0-0
0-40-0
40-40-0
2,192
2,750
3,374
Response To
P„0C
^ 5
558 (25/O
N
624 (23$)
- 28 =
3«2
According t o c l i m a t i c zones
In most c a s e s , grouping a c c o r d i n g t o a d m i n i s t r a t i v e u n i t s does not give a t r u e
p i c t u r e because t h e growth f a c t o r s v a r y a l o t w i t h i n t h e u n i t .
I n order t o find more r e l i a b l e ways of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , an a t t e m p t t o group t h e
r e s u l t s a c c o r d i n g t o c l i m a t i c zones, s o i l t y p e s and a combination of t h e s e was made f o r
Embu D i s t r i c t .
The upper p a r t of t h e d i s t r i c t i s s i t u a t e d on t h e s l o p e of Mt. Kenya. Coffee and
t e a a r e common cash c r o p s . In t h e lower part, c o t t o n and t o b a c c o a r e i n d i c a t o r c r o p s .
The r e s u l t s were grouped a s f o l l o w s ;
Annual r a i n f a l l (mm)
A l t i t u d e (m)
No. of o b s e r v a t i o n s
Zone A
above 1,200
above 1,650
30
Zone B
800-1,200
1,050-1,650
48
below 1,050
65
Zone C
below
800
The 143 maize d e m o n s t r a t i o n r e s u l t s from 1970,' 1971 and 1972 were t h e raw d a t a used for
the grouping.
Table 1 3 .
E c o l o g i c a l Zones i n Embu D i s t r i c t
Zone
Altitude
S o i l Types
Rainfall
Main Crops
A
above
1,650 m
Dark brown
c l a y (A.,)
above
1,200 mm
Tea
Potatoes
Maize
Beans
Coffee
Reddish c l a y
(A 2 )
B
1,0501,650
Reddish clay
(A 2 )
Clay loamsandy c l a y loam
8001,200 mm
Black c l a y (B„)
C
below
1,050 m
Clay loamsandy c l a y loam
(B,)
Black c l a y (B_)
Greyish sandy
s o i l (C.)
below
800 mm
Coffee
Potatoes
Maize
Beans
Bananas
Cotton
Tobacco
Sorghum
Sorghum
Cotton
Maize
Beans
Tobacco
- 29 -
Table 14.
Yield and Response to Fertilizer
in Different Climatic Zones
( _ )
Response to
Plot number and treatments
N
I
II
III
0-0-0
0-40-0
40-40-0
Zone A
3,512
4,047
4,860
535 (1$)
813 (20$)
Zone B
2,618
3,285
3,982
657 (25$)
697 (21$)
Zone C
1,293
1,768
2,229
475 (37$)
461 (26$)
P
2°5
The yields show clear differences between the zones,and the response to fertilizer, in
percentage, tends to decline at higher yield levels (plot 1) as could be expected.
3.3
According to soil types
Five soil types were identified as regards colour and texture. In the upper
part of zone A there is a dark brown clay soil with a high humid content (A,.). In the
lower part of zone A and the upper part of zone B the soil is reddish with a less humid
content. The climatic conditions favour a rapid decomposition of organic material ( A _ ) .
Further down in zone B the soil is lighter textured, clay loams and sandy clay loams
with a reddish colour (B..). In this zone, as well as in zone C,black clay soils (black
cotton) appear in places with poor drainage conditions (B„). In zone C a greyish sandy
soil with an extremely poor moisture retention is predominant (cO.
Table 15.
Type
A
1
h
B
1
B
?
C
1
Yield and Response to Fertilizer on Different Soil Types (kg)
No. of
observations
Response to
Plot number and treatments
I
II
III
P
2°5
N
15
31
2,766
3,361
4,256
595 (22$)
695 (27$)
3,773
4,450
5,113
677 (18$)
663 (19$)
39
31
1,676
2,191
2,575
515 (31$)
384 (18$)
1,879
1,240
2,456
3,235
577 (31$)
779 (32$)
1,632
2,139
392 (32$)
507 (31$)
27
Table 15 shows that all soil types responded well to both N and P.
e= 30 <=
3.4
Combination of 2. and 3.
Table 16 .
Yield and Response to Fertilizer on Various Soil Types
in Different Climatic Zones
Q5J
% Response
Plot Numbers
I
II
III
2,766
3,361
4,256
4,258
4,732
5t463
A
3,319
4,185
4,784
B
2,071
2,547
2,965
2,523
3,163
4,277
1,370
1,916
2,273
1,276
1,793
2,258
40
41
1,240
1,632
2,139
32
P
2°5
to
N
Zone A
A
1
A
2
22
11
27
15
26
23
25
14
16
Zone B
2
1
B
2
35
Zone C
B
1
B
2
C
1
*
19
26
31
Increase
I
II
III
Zone A (A2)/Zone B (A2)
28
Zone B (B J/Zone C (B,)
51
98
13
33
76
14
30
88
Zone B (B2)/Zone C (B2)
In zone A, the A„ soil type gives a better yield than A... The reason seems to be that
A 1 is located in higher altitudes where the temperature is relatively low and the existing
maize varieties are probably less suitable to such conditions.
The A ? favours a higher yield in zone A than in zone B, which seems to be due to a
better rainfall distribution in zone A. The other two soil types in zone B support a
better maize crop than the corresponding types in zone C.
There are no significant differences between the yield from various soil types
in zone C because the climatic conditions are the limiting factor.
In zone B the yields differ according to soil type.
- 31 -
Even if no definite conclusion may be drawn from these observations, they seem to
indicate that the climatic conditions affect the yield to a higher extent than the soil
types,but a certain degree of interaction is likely to take place, in particular in
zone B.
On the typical reddish soil types, i.e. A ? , B.., except in zone A, there is a certain
indication that phosphate gives a higher percentage increase than N. On all other soil
types the response to N and P is about the same, except on B„ in zone C.
4.
Pilot Schemes
Three pilot schemes were in operation during the period 1970-73 under the FAO
Fertilizer Programme.
Number and Types of Schemes
Year
Cash sales to
farmers
1970
1
1971
1
1
1
1972
1
1
1
1
2
1973
4.1
Credit to farmers
through coops.
Credit to stockists
through KCB
Vihiga
Out of 260 tons of compound 20-20-0 distributed through the scheme, the FAO
F e r t i l i z e r Programme contributed with 200 t o n s . About 1,700 farmers and 25 r u r a l
s t o c k i s t s benefitted from the scheme. All the f e r t i l i z e r was used on maize and the
20-20-0 proved to be a suitable f e r t i l i z e r for that crop. The use of f e r t i l i z e r in the
Division has increased in recent years as shown below.
Table 17 «
Supply of F e r t i l i z e r s to Vihiga Division
Year
KFA and
McKenzie Dalgety
1970
102
42
1971
1972
1973
127
340
FAO FP Pilot
Scheme
38
62
110
50
Total
140
104
237
390
(tons)
Nutrients
N and P„0C
^ 5
42
40
92
152
The figures represent the sales of f e r t i l i z e r from the suppliers, KFA and McKenzie
Dalgety, to appointed s t o c k i s t s . The d i s t r i b u t i o n of farm inputs i s done by r u r a l
stockists.
o |i o
Zn thê pil§t i@h§ffl§ th§ àiËtfilut^n §£ fertilises 1 has §§ae §>!§»§ with hyteiPià
in&iBi §§§É« fhe supply @f hyfefid ntâise §e§è i§ §imn ia t&fele 1l s
ga^e 1| g
gHgg3,y_ftJ^£AOfeÀi[§ Bseâ "fee VAhijg. Sivigi^
(1%. §f ie fog PêiMfl)
—•
FA© FP Pilit
¥e&?
MaKênsie 8&ipty
1971
1973
1974
—
'
-
ïêt&l
§@h§m@
1,3©4
591
11,852
15,443
7,939
12,443
15,443
In the long rains of 1974 there were about 9,000 ha under hybrid maize which is half
of the area planted with maize. The corresponding figure for the whole country is
approximately 30$.
4.2
Tetu
Two to three thousand farmers participated in the scheme and the two main
crops involved were coffee and maize.
FIAC members donated, through the FAO Fertilizer Programme, 100 tons of
20-20-0 annually.
Not only members of the cooperative society benefitted from the scheme, also
non-members could get fertilizer from the society, but on a strict cash basis.
Table 19.
Fertilizers Sold Through Tetu Coffee Growers Cooperative
Society (tonsj
% I n c r e a s e 1972/71
1971
1972
56.7
52.9
-
6.7
6.5
6.4
-
1.5
ASN/CAN
33.1
49.1
48.3
20-20-0
33.2
59.0
77.7
129.5
167.4
29.3
21.2
25.6
20.8
15.2
24.6
61.8
36.4
5O.2
37.9
ss
TSP
Total
P
2°5
N
Total
33
The 20-20-0 was unknown in Tetu Division before 1971 hut was quickly adopted by the
farmers, in particular for maize growing. This fertilizer, with its 1*1 ratio between
N and PgCfc, is very suitable for a number of crops in Central Kenya. The high consumption
of 20-20-Q resulted in a stagnation in the use of straight phosphatic fertilizers which
previously were applied on most crops. This change in the consumption pattern is
considered as a valuable achievement as it indicates that many farmers are now using more
nitrogen on maize.
The main reason for the quick adoption of the new fertilizer is to be found in,'the
demonstrations programme in the Division where plot 3 (1 s 1 ratio) outyielded the PpOjalone treatment.
4.3
Migori
A number of s t o c k i s t s have u t i l i z e d t h e c r e d i t f a c i l i t i e s o f f e r e d by t h e
Kenya Commercial Bank.
Table 20.
Achievements in t h e Migori P i l o t Scheme
Maize seed sold
No. of 10 kg p k t s .
Year
No. of loans
approved
T o t a l Amount
granted, $
Fertilizer
sold, tons
1971
6
3,900
34
680
1972
8
4,500
39
570
1973
4
3,500
23
400
1974
5
4,900
20
920
A q u a n t i t y of 116 t o n s of f e r t i l i z e r and hybrid maize seed, s u f f i c i e n t t o p l a n t
1,500 ha, have been sold under t h e scheme. The bank has had t h e e n t i r e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of
r e c o v e r i n g t h e l o a n s . All s t o c k i s t s have r e p a i d t h e i r l o a n s w i t h i n t h e s t i p u l a t e d t i m e .
The e x t e n s i o n s t a f f h a s been involved in t h e r e c r u i t m e n t of s t o c k i s t s and has a l s o given
t e c h n i c a l advice t o them a s w e l l a s t o t h e f a r m e r s .
Based on t h e e x p e r i e n c e from Migori, t h e Kenya Commercial Bank and t h e
M i n i s t r y of A g r i c u l t u r e a r e now implementing an Input Supply Scheme t o s t o c k i s t s in>'.
s m a l l - s c a l e farming a r e a s .
^
5.
T r a i n i n g Courses
5.1
Extension
staff
One-day meetings with t h e f i e l d e x t e n s i o n s t a f f involved in t h e f e r t i l i z e r
demonstration programme were h e l d every y e a r , p r i o r t o t h e p l a n t i n g season, a t
d i s t r i c t or d i v i s i o n a l l e v e l . During t h e s e m e e t i n g s , t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n programme was
t h o r o u g h l y d i s c u s s e d and t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r ' s r e s u l t s reviewed.
- 34 -
Table 21» Meetings on the F e r t i l i z e r Demonstration Programme
Year
Number of
meetings
1971
1972
1973
15
54
76
1974
25
Number of
extension staff
Number of cooperative
s o c i e t i e s represented
230
_
875
1,230
465
18
-
Information from research s t a t i o n s often does not reach the farmers, which causes
a delay in the adoption of new techniques in the f i e l d . I t seems that the flow of
information i s held up with the junior extension staff working close t o the farmers.
There i s a l s o a lack of communication between the suppliers of farm inputs
(coops, s t o c k i s t s ) , the extension staff and the farmers a s far as basic knowledge of
crop husbandry and supply and use of inputs are concerned. The suppliers are not fed
with the required information from the f i e l d , which r e s u l t s in untimely and inadequate
supplies of inputs.
Therefore, in Central Kenya the cooperative staff (secretary managers, factory
managers and storekeepers) was asked t o attend the meetings together with the extension
staff, with t h e aim of bridging the gap of poor communication between the suppliers
and the extension s t a f f . Unfortunately, the p a r t i c i p a t i o n from the cooperative staff
was l e s s than expected.
Four weekly courses for members of the extension staff, in a l l 94 p a r t i c i p a n t s ,
were held a t FTC's in the Coast Province. These courses where crop husbandry, f e r t i l i z e r
use and extension methods were taught, seemed t o have a good impact.
5.2 Rural s t o c k i s t s
Short t r a i n i n g courses of one or two days'duration for s t o c k i s t s were
conducted in nearly a l l d i s t r i c t s in Central and Western Kenya and in the Coast Province.
Table 22 .
Training Courses for Rural Stockists 1973-74
No. of
courses
Central Kenya
Western Kenya
Coast Province
8
9
3
No. of
participants
210
25O
90
The s t o c k i s t s requested continuation and follow-up of the oourses.
-35-
REFERENCES
kei land, J.A.
East African Crops, London 1971
Annual Trade Reports,
1963-1973
East African Customs and Excise Department
Burkersroda, K.W. von
Recent Developments in Fertilizer Use of Kenya,
International Potash Institute, Mission to East
Africa, Nairobi 1972, 1973.
Economic Survey
1971, 1972, 1973 and
1974
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning,
Central Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi,
1971-1974.
FAO
FFHC Fertilizer Programme, General Instructions
for the Field Programme, Rome 1968.
Geus, Jan G. de
Fertilizer Guide for the Tropics and Sub-Tropics,
Centre d'Etude de l'Azote, Zürich, 1973.
Häuser, G.F.
A Standard Guide to Soil Fertility Investigations
on Farmer's Fields, FAO Soils Bulletin No. 11,
Rome 197O.
Havelock, ' W.
Report of the Working Party on Agricultural
Inputs, Nairobi, 1971, 61 p.
Hinga, G.
Phosphate Sorption Capacity in Relation to
Properties of Several Types of Kenya Soils,
East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal,
pp. 400-404, Nairobi, April 1973.
International Labour
Office
Employment, Incomes and Equality - A Strategy
for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya,
Geneva 1972.
Kenya Country Report
FAO/DANIDA
Kenya Ministry of
Agriculture and FAO
Fertilizer Erogramme
Annual Report 1969-1973«
Morgan, W.T.W.
East Africa: Its People and Resources,
Nairobi, 1969.
National Atlas of Kenya
Survey of Kenya, Nairobi 1970.
Statistical Abstracts 1973
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning,
Statistics Division, Nairobi 1974«
Seminar on Planning and Organization
of Fertilizer Use Development in Africa,
Nairobi, December 1972.
- 36 -
Summary of R a i n f a l l i n
Kenya, 1970, 1971 and 1972
Sast African Meteorological Department,
E.A. Community, Nairobi 1971-1973.
T v e i t n e s , 3 , and
Ifyaas-Aakerbakken,
Fertilizer Experiments on Small Cotton
Farms in Kenya '1968-1971, East African
Agricultural and Forestry Journal,
pp. 282-297, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 3, Nairobi 1973.
Zschernitz, K.
0.
Untersuchungen über Wirkungen der mineralischen
Düngung auf afrikanischen Boden am Beispiel von
Dernonstrations-Versuchen in Kleinbauernbetrieben
von Nigeria, Sierra Leone und Kenia, Giessen 1973.
•J 7
mvmmmm
APPENDIX I
iaar^o.jteiiii^s
1969/1971 _accor_din*> t o Croo/Provincfl
Rrovince and F e r t i l i z e r Treatment
Yield Increase
N P
kg/ha
" 2°5"K2° ^ A a )
ikiâg.
Western Province,
%
Net Return
Value/Coet
8/ha
Ratio
126
37
72
3.3
2.9
Izm)
(7^)
Control
0-60-0
60-60-0
1128
857
1743
27
56
361
1403
30
49
3027
572
1172
19
39
Nvanza Province (517)
Control
0—00—0
60-60-0
lis
38
51
3*3
2.4
25
49
3.3
3-D
Rift Valley Province ( T 3 )
Control
o—40—0
40-40-0
R i f t Valley Province (400)
Control
0-60-0
60-60-0
%
3463
1008
1911
29
55
217.
47
83
3-9
3-2
804
1698
24
52
206
39
82
4.6
4*3
2.907
559
1531
19
53
JÖ2
24
71
3-2
3-9
Control
0-60-0
60-60-0
2727
6S7
1513
25
55
170
27
53
2-7
2.6
•
Katumani I•l&Jvfie,,(2.6.6 )
1£6
21
47
2.9
2.9
C e n t r a i Rc'ovince (c~,9)
Control
O-4O-O
4O-4O-O
E a s t e r n Province
2235.
(?.Sl)
Control
0-40-0
4O-4O-O
Coast Province (120)
E a s t e r n Province
Control
O-4O-O
4O-4O-O
h69)
2008
505
1153
25
57
-
ju
V
Demonstrations (Cont'd.)
Province and F e r t i l i z e r Treatment
N-P 2 0 5 -K 2 0 (kg/ha)
Yield Increase
kg/ha
%
Net Return
Value/Cost
$/ha
Ratio
Katumani Maize (Cont'd.)
Çafftr.ai, .QrQYÀjqffQ .($3)
Control
0-40-0
4O-4O-O
1241
541
1134
31
65
122
23
46
3.1
2.8
1122
367
711
26
51
82
12
20
2.1
1.8
33
60
118
28
46
3.7
2.9
213
233
27
29
J06
17
6
2.6
1.2
1121
379
690
34
61
213.
86
132
12
18
Qpastftrqvi,fl,g^1,14)
Control
O-4O-O
4O-4O-O
Beans (199)
Central Province (109)
Control
O-4O-O
O-4O-4O
884
291
531
Eastern Province (68)
Control
0-40-0
0-40-40
m
Nairobi District (7)
Control
O-4O-O
O-4O-4O
Rift VftUsY ProvinfiQ (1*0
Control
0-40-0
O-4O-4O
m
40
67
25
4.6
3.7
1
7
1.0
0.1
.91
16
22
2.5
2.3
155
37
77
4.4
5.6
Soyabean. ,(6,2)
Vfestern Province (69)
Control
O-4O-O
O-4O-4O
886
260
373
29
42
Groundnut, ,Ü44)
Western Province ("H?)
Control
O-4O-O
O-4O-4O
814
252
495
31
61
_ "n -
Province sind F e r t i l i z e r Treatment
N-P 2 0 5 -K 2 0 ( k g / h a )
Yield Increase
kg/ha
*
Net Return
Value/Cost
$/ha
Ratio
178
45
81
5.1
4.3
Groundnut ( C o n t ' d . )
Nvanza Rrovice f 169)
Control
O-40-O
0-40-40
9^8
292
515
31
55
a u
216
• 504
26
62
Ççasl jfirwince (4H)
Control
O-4O-O
O-4O-4O
Sorghum
15a
30
36
3.7
3.1
Xl2ó)
'»Vest er n Province (9)
Control
0-40-0
4O-4O-O
E a s t e r n Province
Mû
.1201
716
907
56
71
12
7
I665
495
1002
30
00
JO
10
18
1710
657
1257
38
73
322
769
33
7Ö
2.1
1.4
(ll)
Control
0-40-0
4O-40-O
1.9
V7
Ivanen. Provinofi (61 1
Control
0-40-0
4O-4O-O
22
17
28
2*5
2.1
Coast Provincq ,(2^)
Control
OA40-O
4O-4O-O
Î1
-J
1.2
1.3
Pot at oes (-<??)
Rift Valley Province ( 8 s )
Control
60-60-0
60-60-60
7602
3529
56O6
46
73
3728
4104
6322
47
72
52a
211
349
6-7
8.6
252
399
7.8
9.7
C e n t r a l Province (260)
Control
60-60-0
60-60-60
- 40 -
Demonstrat ions (Cont'd.)
Province and F e r t i l i z e r Treatment
N-P 2 0 5 -K 2 0 (kg/ha)
Yield Increase
kg/ha
f>
Net Return
$/ha
Value/Cost
Ratio
Potatoes (Cont'd.)
Eastern Province (17C0
Control
60-60-0
60-60-60
8316
3360
5215
46
62
235
321
7.3
8.0
8177
2548
4270
31
52
5ZS
142
255
4.8
.5S5
Coast Province (7)
Control
60-60-0
60-60-60
6.6
Vegetables (16)
Coast Province — White Cabbage '8)
(8)
Control
19810
80-80-80
4933
140-80-80
157OO
25
79
693
120
482
9076
Ó40
768
615
726
23.O
20.6
14852
7258
11790
48
79
416
176
293
7-5
3.9
Coast Province - Cauliflower (4)I
1131
Control
80-80-80
7637
140-80-80
Coast Province - Carrots (4)
Control
80-80-80
140-80-80
22.
3.3
8.1
essaya (47)
i
Qqafrt Prpyims ,Ü1)
Control
60-60-0
60-60-60
12064
2348
4443
19
37
SOS
62
142
2.7
4.1
Coast Province d o )
Control
40-40-0
40-40-40
143J1?
4243
8366
29
58
607
155
323
7.3
11.6
Sunflower ( 1 0 ^
Western Province (S3)
Control
O-4O-O
4O-4O-O
875
300
698
34
80
121
31
74
3.9
4.0
- V Demonstrationa
(Cont'd.)
Yield Increase
Province and F e r t i l i z e r Treatment
N-PgCy-KgO ( k g / h a )
kg/ha
%
Net Return
Value/Cost
«/ha
Ratio
Sunflower
(Cont'd.)
288
597
27
57
148
30
59
3.7
3.4
1157
431
796
37
69
J63.
50
87
5.6
4-5
R i f t Vallev Province (30)
Control
0-40-0
4O-4O-O
Coast Province (?0)
Control
0-40-0
40-40-0
•
Fodder Crops
(n)
C e n t r a l Province - Sudan-Sorehum Hybrid ( •>)
Control
0-40-0
4O-40-O
1^53
646O
18755
41
117
20
25
81
3.3
4.3
2*5101.
7714
15450
31
61
149
56
62
4.0
3-5
AÂ
11
33
1.9
2.1
C e n t r a l Province - Oats (7)
Control
0-40-0
4O-4O-Ö
Finger M i l l e t (4)
Coast Province (4)
Control
O-4O-O
4O-4O-O
654
304
766
46
117
- 42 -
APPENDIX
TRIALS
Province and Fertilizer Treatment
N-P 2 0 5 -X 2 0 (kg/na)
II
Averages of Crop Trials 1968/1973
Yield Increase
kg/ha
Net Return
Value/Cost
S/ha
Ratio
°]o
1969
Beans (8)
Western Province (4)
Variety;: Mexican 142
'Control
0
0
44.8
0
44.8
0
0
0
44.8
44.3 44. S
0
0
44.8
44.8
0
44.8 44.8
44.8 44.8 44.8
1015
40
108
• 172
8
4
11
17
1
222
222
513
22
22
51
Main effects, mean responses to:
110
-4
3
12
-18
• :7 •
0.4
1.3
3.0
1.5
1.6
2.2
9
30
N = +70 ;
P 2 O 5 == +104;
K 2 0 = +243
Eastern Province (4)
Variety : Mwezi Moja
Control
0
0
44.8
0
0
44.8
0
0
44.8
0
44.8 44.8
0
44.8
44.8
0
44.8 44.8
44.8 44.8 44.8
1336
Main effects, mean responses to:
-6" 3
-5
144
-17
-76
219
219
51
265
-6
16
16
4
20
-14
5
7
-10
3
N = + 166;
P
2°5 =
+114;
K20
1.2
1.4
0.4
1.1
+76
Groundnuts (8)
Western Province
Control
0
44.8
0
0
0
44.8
0
0
44.8
0
44.8 44.8
44.8
44.8
0
0
44.8 44.8
44.8 44.8 44.8
1277
"*5
329
103
97
158
585
347
Main effects, mean responses to:
373
S
7
26
8
8
12
46
27
N = -83;
1.8
8.0
3.5
1.1
2.1
8.3
2.9
62
16
2
17
110
49
P Q. = +253;
* 5
K20
+ 171
- 43 -
Trials (Cont'd.)
Province and Fertilizer Treatment
1W>20 -KgO (kg/ha)
Yield Increase
Net Return
Value/Cost
$/ha
Ratio
%
kg/ha
1969
Soyabean (8)
Western Province
Control
44.8
0
0
0
44.8
0
0
0
44.8
44.8 44.8
0
44.8
0
44.8
0
44.8 44.8
44.8 44.8 44.8
1094
67
91
84
262
54
359
256
0:
Main effects, mean response to:
102
-4
—
2
6
8
7
24
5
33
23
N = +26;
P20
5
-11
18
-1
= +191 ;
0.6
—
1.2
1.3
0.3
2.2
0.9
K 2 0 = +83
1970
Major Season 12 Trials
Groundnut (4)
Western Province
Control
0
40
40
20
0
40
0
20
40
20
40
40
40
40
40
20
60
40
60
20
40
2057
-12
-7
25O
35O
368
288
405
-6
-3
12
17
13
14
20
45O
-\&
-12
42
59
58
41
68
_
—
4.4
4.3
3.6
2.9
4.3
Soyabean (8)
Western Province
Control
0
40
40
20
0
40
0
20
40
20
40
40
40
40
40
20
60
60
60
20
40
737
281
-27
209
287
190
221
267
38
-4
28
39
26
30
36
68
13
-13
7
9
5
1
4
1.9
1.6
1.5
0.8
0.9
1.2
-44-
Trials (Cont'd.)
Province and Fertilizer Treatment
IW 2 0 5 -K 2 0 (kg/ha)
Yield Increase
%
kg/ha
Net Return
Value/Cost
S/ha
Ratio
230
S
47
32
45
39
47
—
1.7
2.6
2.2
2.6
2.1
2.6
1972
caaass
Maize (21)
We s t e r n Kenya (13)
Control
0 60
0
60 60
0
60 60
0
60 60
0
60 60 60
60 60
0 60 (;
Main effects, responses to:
4250
36Ö
1400
1090
1320
1410
1430
N
N
N
N
P
K
S
C e n t r a l Kenya (6)
Control
0
0 40
40 40
0
40 40
0
40 40
0
40 40 40
40 40
0 40 <
Main effects, responses to:
(planting)
(topdressing)
(split)
(mean)
3520
35O
470
96O
400
290
630
N
N
N
N
P
K
S
9
33
26
31
33
34
730
040
960
910
360
10
30
10
13
27
11
8
18
(planting)
.= 610
(topdressing) = 120
(split)
= 50
(mean)
= 260
=350
= -180
= 160
190
11
5
34
4
-9
14
- .1-. -
Trials (Cont'd.)
Province and Fertilizer Treatment
Yield Increase
^ P 2°5~ K 2° (ks/ha)
kg/ha
%
Net Return
Value/Cost
$/ha
Ratio
1972
=—.
Maize ( C o n t ' d . )
Coast Province (2)
Control
0 40
0
0
40 40
40 40
0
40 40
0
40 40 40
40 40
o 40 (s)
Main effects, responses to:
1960
290
260
65
595
725
090
N
N
N
N
P
K
S
106
~5
15
13
3
30
37
35
(planting)
=
(topdressing) =
(split)
(mean)
=
-6
-14
14
14
17
1.9
0.7
0.2
1.8
1.5
1.8
-225
- 30
305
16
29O
465
430
Maize (4)
C e n t r a l Kenya (4)
Control
0 40
0
40 40
0
40 40
0
40 40
0
40 40 40
40 40
0 40 ( s )
Main e f f e c t s , r e s p o n s e s t o :
2644
143
510
252
500
696
584
N
N
N
N
P
K
S
143
-4
2
-10
5
6
8
5
19
10
19
26
22
(planting)
=
( t o p d r e s s i rig) «
(split)
=
(mean)
=
=
=
=
109
367
357
278
143
186
74
0.7
1.1
0.6
1.2
1.2
1.3