Hydrology 101
April 9, 2014
University of California, Davis
Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources
Hydrology 101
ESM-121 Water Science and Management
Samuel Sandoval Solis, PhD
Assistant Professor
Lecture 1

Dr. Sandoval. Ms. Anzulai
Hydrology 101 : Surface and Groundwater
- Hydrologic Cycle
- Surface water principles
- Groundwater Principles
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Hydrology 101
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Precipitation
Runoff
Evaporation
EvapoTranspiration
Infiltration
Dr. Sandoval. Ms. Anzulai
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
A key concept of surface water hydrology
Mass Balance (Continuity Equation)
Accounts for addition, internal transfer, storage, and
loss of water from a land unit

P = ET + RO + GW + ΔS

A drainage basin is an extent or an area of land
where surface water from rain, melting snow, or ice
converges to a single point at a lower elevation, usually
the exit of the basin, where the waters join another
waterbody, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary,
wetland, sea, or ocean.
http://stream2.cma.gov.cn/pub/comet/HydrologyFlooding/RunoffProcessesInternationalEdition/comet/hydro/basic_int/runoff/print.htm#page_1.0.0
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
Convective
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Dr. Sandoval. Ms. Anzulai
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Orographic
Stratiform
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Orographic
Mediterranean
Climate
- Dry Summers
- Wet Winters
Atmospheric Rivers
(Video)
http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-atmosphericrivers-20150119-story.html
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
Intensity (I)
Intensity (I) = Precipitation (P) / time (t)
- I = P/t
i.e. in/hour, mm/hour, etc.
 Frequency ( Pr (x) )
- Frequency = Event / ( Total Events + 1 )
- Pr(x) = m/(n+1)
i.e. 0.30 or 30%
 Return Period (T)
- Return Period =
1 / Frequency
- T = 1 / Pr(x)
- i.e. 2 years, 5 years, …
 Intensity-DurationFrequency Curves
tells you how rare a
given rain storm is
-
Dr. Sandoval. Ms. Anzulai
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Part of the precipitation which
wets or adheres to above
ground objects until return to
the atmosphere through
evaporation or sublimation
Steamflow
Canopy Drip
Throughfall
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
Evaporation
Transfer of water from
land and water masses to
the atmosphere
Transpiration
The process by which the plant
extract water from the soil,
utilize it, and expel it to the
atmosphere

Evapotranspiration is dependent upon many factors
including: soil cover, vegetation, solar radiation, humidity,
wind, etc.
Dr. Sandoval. Ms. Anzulai
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Transpiration
The process by which the plant extract water from the
soil, utilize it, and expel it to the atmosphere


Factors
Weather parameters
Crop Factors
Mngmt and Env.
Conditions
Penman-Monteith
(PM) equation
CIMIS
* FAO (1998). “Crop Evapotranspiration – Guidelines for computing crop water requirements” <http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0490E/x0490e00.htm#Contents>
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Oct/15/2012
Nov/15/2012
Dec/15/2012
Jan/15/2013
Feb/15/2013
Mar/15/2013
Apr/15/2013
May/15/2013
Jun/15/2013
Jul/15/2013
Aug/15/2013
Sep/15/2013
* CIMIS (2012). “ETo Map” <http://wwwcimis.water.ca.gov/cimis/cimiSatRptMap.jsp?urlVCR=hforward&urlImg=eto>
Oct/2012
Apr/2013
Oct/2010
Nov/2012
May/2013
Nov/2010 May/2011
Dec/2012
Jun/2013
Dec/2010
Jun/2011
Jan/2013
Jul/2013
Jan/2011
Jul/2011
Feb/2013
Aug/2013
Feb/2011
Aug/2011
Mar/2013
Sep/2013
Mar/2011
Sep/2011
Dry
Apr/2011
Wet
* CIMIS (2012). “ETo Map” <http://wwwcimis.water.ca.gov/cimis/cimiSatRptMap.jsp?urlVCR=hforward&urlImg=eto>
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Process by which precipitation moves downwards
through the surface and replenishes soil moisture,
recharges aquifers and supports steamflows during dry
periods
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http://stream2.cma.gov.cn/pub/comet/HydrologyFlooding/RunoffProcessesInternationalEdition/comet/hydro/basic_int/runoff/print.htm#page_1.0.0
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Rating Curve
20
18
16
Height (feet)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.01
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0.1
1
10
100
1000
Streamflow (cfs)
10000 100000
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Q=C*i*A
Drainage Area (A) acres
Runoff Coefficient (C) Intensity(i) in/hr
* CA Department of Transportation (2008). “Highway Design Manual” Chapter 810 Hydrology<http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/oppd/hdm/pdf/chp0810.pdf>
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Groundwater = Water Completely
filling Pores/Fractures
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Unsaturated
Zone
Saturated
Zone
AKA Vadose zone
 (“Zone of aeration”)
 above the water table
 soil pores contain either
air or water
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Aquifers: Water bearing
properties; this is the
“saturated zone”


Dr. Sandoval. Ms. Anzulai
Confined: Soil or rock
below the land surface that is
saturated with water. There
are layers of impermeable
material both above and
below it and it is under
pressure
Unconfined: aquifer whose
upper water surface (water
table) is at atmospheric
pressure, and thus is able to
rise and fall
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Losing
stream
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Gaining
stream
Aquiclude: contains water but cannot transmit
it rapidly enough to furnish a significant supply
to a well or spring.
 Aquitard (“confining unit”): lowpermeability zone that retards, but does not
prevent, the flow of water. It does not readily
yield water for beneficial uses but can serve as a
ground water storage unit.
 Aquifuge: Contains no geologic openings and
cannot hold, transport water

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To be a good
aquifer…
1 - good porosity
(space between
grains)
2 - good permeability
(connection btwn
pores)
Cross contamination concerns
 Subsurface contaminant transport

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Direction of Regional GW Flow
Dr. Sandoval. Ms. Anzulai
Map from:
http://wwwdpla.water.ca.gov/sjd/groundwater/tle-emap99.html
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

GW flow velocity is proportional to the slope of the
water table – steeper slope result in larger pressure
difference between two points
Hydraulic conductivity – Corrects fro permeability
difference between materials & viscosity of the
solution
Volume of Water
(Flow rate)
ܳൌ‫ܭ ܣ‬ൈ
Vertical
Drop
݄
݈
Cross-sectional Flow Distance
area of flow
Hydraulic
Conductivity
Unconfined Aquifer
300
200
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from: U.S. Geological Survey, ‘Ground Water and the Rural Homeowner’
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1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 m3 = 28.3168x10 -3 ft3
1 m3 = 35.3147 ft3
1 ha = 10,000 m2
1 acre = 43,560 ft2
= 0.4047 ha
= 4047 m2
1 gal = 3.785x10 -3 m3
= 3.785 L
Dr. Sandoval. Ms. Anzulai

1 m3 = 8.11x10-4 af
109 m3 = 8.11x105 af
1 km3 = 0.811 maf

1 m3 = 264 gal
109 m3 = 264x109 gal
1 km3 = 264 bg
1 km3/yr = 0.7234 bgd
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