Faculté des sciences du sport,
Université de Poiters, France
MASTER EXECUTIF EN MANAGEMENT DES ORGANISATIONS SPORTIVES
EXECUTIVE MASTERS IN SPORTS ORGANISATION MANAGEMENT
MEMOS XIII
2009-2010
A Proposal for a Feasibility Plan
for a Sustainable Community Pool
in American Samoa
Erika C. Radewagen
Tutor
Luc Vandeputte
Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank all the people who assisted in my completion of this project:
Luc Vandeputte, my MEMOS tutor who has helped me to ‘see outside of the box’ and
whose advice and input tremendously shaped this project focus towards a positive future.
Bill Sakovich, for serving as my Pacific-based tutor.
Alistair Sione for translating my questionnaire and survey into Samoan.
Maluia Faalata and Judy Mulitalo for taking the time to edit the bilingual questionnaire
and survey.
Pou Fitisemanu for assisting in the manual data collection.
The people of American Samoa who took the time out to fill out my questionnaires and
surveys.
The American Samoa Swimming Association and the Rotary Club of Pago Pago for
believing in the dream of a community pool.
My MEMOS XIII colleagues for their solid support base.
The American Samoa National Olympic Committee for supporting my further pursuits in
education.
And lastly, John Goeke for his enduring patience and late-night, last-minute assistance to
help me see this project to completion.
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the feasibility of designing, constructing and maintaining a
sustainable community pool for US Territory of American Samoa in three potential sites:
Utulei, Tafuna, and a barge-based mobile pool.
Data collection methods used to determine the feasibility of potential design
characteristics, community preferences, and potential site locations include a relevant
literature review, Oceania regional pool questionnaire, American Samoa local community
preference survey, an analysis of potential sites, and additional desk research on pool
design financial estimates.
The regional questionnaire results highlight that a majority of the region’s pools are
outdoor, chlorinated, single pool facilities with competition-hosting capability, are owned
and operated by their government or sport authority, and rely on government funding in
some capacity. The regional respondents suggest that potential pool projects should
provide sunshade, research chlorine alternatives, and focus on constructing a multipurpose pools with variable depth to accommodate a variety of aquatic activities.
The local community survey results reflect the community’s positive response to the
overall concept of a community pool. The survey results also document strong
community preferences for a simple pool design, a publicly accessible location, modest
entry fees, and swimming/water safety education programming. Desktop research and
site analysis determined that the potential Utulei site with a seawater pool design has the
lowest cost project design, maintenance and operations cost estimates of the three
potential sites and additionally includes a majority of the community’s design and
potential programming preferences.
In conclusion this project demonstrates that pool project is both feasible and sustainable
IF project is designed with low cost, a ‘green’ angle, and community input (as exhibited
in the Utulei site option). Additionally, this project outlines a practical method for
assessing sport facility feasibility to be applied outside of aquatics.
RÉSUMÉ
Cet article étudie la faisabilité de concevoir, construire et entretenir une piscine
communautaire durable pour le territoire des États-Unis des Samoa américaines en trois
sites potentiels: Utulei, Tafuna, et une piscine barge à base mobile.
Les méthodes de collecte de données utilisées pour déterminer la faisabilité de
caractéristiques de conception potentiels, préférences de la communauté, et
l'emplacement des sites potentiels comprennent un examen de la documentation
pertinente, questionnaire Océanie piscine régionale, les Samoa américaines enquête
locale préférence communautaire, une analyse des sites potentiels, et des recherches
documentaires supplémentaires sur la piscine estimations financières de conception.
Les résultats du questionnaire régional souligner que la majorité des piscines de la région
sont en plein air, chlorés, les installations pool unique où la concurrence est
l'hébergement des capacités, sont détenus et exploités par leur gouvernement ou l'autorité
sportive, et comptent sur le financement du gouvernement dans une certaine mesure. Les
répondants indiquent que les projets régionaux bassin potentiel doit fournir parasol, des
alternatives de chlore de recherche, et se concentrer sur la construction d'une piscine
multi-usages avec la profondeur variable pour accueillir une variété d'activités
aquatiques.
Les résultats locaux enquête communautaire reflètent réponse positive de la communauté
à la conception globale d'une piscine communautaire. Les résultats du sondage aussi le
document préférences de la communauté solide pour un design simple piscine, un endroit
accessible au public, les droits d'entrée modeste, et la natation / programmes d'éducation
sécurité de l'eau. la recherche de bureau et de l'analyse du site a déterminé que le site
potentiel Utulei avec un design piscine d'eau de mer a la conception plus bas coût du
projet, la maintenance et les estimations des coûts des opérations des trois sites potentiels
et comprend en outre une majorité de la conception de la communauté et les préférences
de programmes éventuels.
En conclusion, ce projet démontre que le projet de piscine est à la fois réalisable et
durable si le projet est conçu avec des coûts bas, un «vert» l'angle et la participation de la
collectivité (comme exposé dans le site Utulei option). En outre, ce projet présente une
méthode pratique pour évaluer la faisabilité des installations sportives à appliquer en
dehors des sports aquatiques.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Presentation of the Problem……………………………………………….9
1.1 Subject Choice…………………………………………………………….9
1.2 Expected Results…………………………………………………………10
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………11
2.2 Needs, Planning, Feasibility, and Development…………………............11
2.3 Pool Technology and Design…………………………………….............15
2.4 Funding Opportunities…………………………………………………...21
2.5 Pool Operations…………………………………………………..............22
3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Questions………………………………………………………24
3.2 Methods…………………………………………………………..............24
3.2.1
Literature Review………………………………………...24
3.2.2
Regional Pool Questionnaire.……………………………25
3.2.3
Local Community Survey………………………………..25
3.2.4
Site Description and Analysis……………………………28
4 ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Regional Questionnaire Results.…………………………………………30
4.2 Local Community Survey Analysis……………………………………...34
4.2.1
The American Samoan Community……………………..34
4.2.2
Facility Features………………………………………….35
4.2.3
Facility Programming……………………………………35
4.3 Site SWOT Analysis……………………………………………………..37
4.3.1
Strengths…………………………………………………37
4.3.2
Weaknesses……………………………………………...37
4.3.3
Opportunities……………………………………………..38
4.3.4
Threats……………………………………………………40
5 DISCUSSION: The Feasibility Planning Procedure..................................................41
6 CONCLUSION: The Feasibility Plan Summary
6.1 Site Analysis……………………………………………………………..43
6.2 Consumer Profile/Community Usage Preference………………….…….45
6.3 Selecting the Best Alternatives…………………………………………..46
6.4 Estimating Expenditures and Revenues………………………………….48
6.5 Estimating Funding Sources……………………………………………..50
6.6 Analyzing Excess Revenue over Expenditures…………………………..50
6.7 Summary of Decisions and Priority of Steps…………………………….50
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………….….52
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Photo 1
Cubisystem Floating Pool Installation…………………………...16
Photo 2
Floating Lady Pool, New York City…………………………….17
Photo 3
Badeschiff Swimming Pool, Berlin……………………………...18
Photo 4
Mobideep Pool, Thailand………………………………………...19
Photo 5
Avoca Beach Pool, NSW Australia.............................…………..20
Photo 6
Coogee Women’s Bath, NSW Australia…………………………20
Photo 7
Bondi Ocean Pool, NSW Australia………………………………21
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1
Community Survey Participant Distribution…………………….26
Table 2
Swimmer to Non-Swimmer Participant Distribution……………27
Table 3
Community Survey Participant Age Distribution……………….27
Table 4
Pacific Island Demographic Data………………………………..30
Table 5
SWOT Analysis of Project Sites…………………………………44
Table 6
Facility Staffing Expenditures Estimate…………………………48
Table 7
Facility Operations Expenditures Estimate………………………49
Table 8
Overall Operations Expenditures Estimate..……………………..49
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1
Project Area Site Map……………………………………………29
Figure 2
Oceania Region Facility Features………………………………..32
Figure 3
Programming Presence in Oceania………………………………33
Figure 4
AS Community Swimming Preferences…………………………34
Figure 5
AS Community Pool Facility Feature Preferences………………35
Figure 6
AS Community Pool Programming Preferences………………...36
Figure 7
Tafuna – Lions Park Area.……………………………………….38
Figure 8
Utulei Beach Area………...……………………………………...39
Figure 9
AS Community Pool Usage Estimates…………………………..45
Figure 10
AS Community Entry Fee Preferences…………………………..46
APPENDICES
Appendix 1
Oceania Region Pool Questionnaire.……………………….........57
Appendix 2
American Samoa Community Pool Survey……………………...58
Appendix 3
Tafuna Community Swimming Pool Design…………………....65
Appendix 4
Project Site Description………………………………………….70
Appendix 5
Oceania Region Demographic Data..…………………………….73
Appendix 6
Oceania Region Pool Data……………………………………….74
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Presentation of the Problem
American Samoa has no community pool and very limited suitable natural environment
conducive to swim activity programming. Two non-profit organizations, the American
Samoa Swimming Association (ASSA) and the Rotary Club of Pago Pago, have formed a
partnership to design and construct a pool facility. The American Samoa Government
has donated a parcel of ASG park land near the large, shallow, brackish water lagoon
known as Pala Lagoon. The current pool design consists of a traditional chlorinated water
concrete basin and is estimated to cost $995,000 USD (of which $100,000 has been
raised). The pool design incorporates the functional elements of a community aquatic
facility including recreation, fitness, and water safety education into one large pool and
one small pool. However, the ASSA is uncertain of the feasibility of this pool design’s
sustainability due to the emphasis on recreational water park elements as proposed by the
Rotary Club.
1.2
Statement supporting subject choice
ASSA is committed to providing a safe swimming environment for introducing the local
population to water for recreation, fitness, and competition. The current swim program
includes training and instruction at the local hotel pool and is over-capacity with a long
waiting list of would-be swimmers. The purpose of this feasibility study is to evaluate
the current pool design in the light of community opinion, investigate alternative
potential pool locations and designs, address economic, technical, and environmental
advantages and disadvantages of each design for each site, make recommendations and
prepare cost estimates for each site/design option.
9
1.3
Expected results
The expected result is a comprehensive feasibility plan outlining three potentially
sustainable pool design options including the current Rotary Club design that will be
evaluated for sustainability in terms of construction/maintenance costs, multifunctionality, and the potential for facility programming expansion. This feasibility plan
will be submitted to the community pool project committee for review in the hope of
contributing to the selection of the most sustainable pool option for American Samoa.
10
2.
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
This collection of references encompasses a variety of planning studies, design projects,
funding strategies, and facility management plans for parks, multipurpose activity
centers, and aquatic centers. The review is arranged into four main subject areas:

Needs, Planning, Feasibility, and Development

Pool Technology and Design

Funding Opportunities

Pool Operations
The references are loosely organized under each of these headings but many of the
publications span more than one subject area. The aim of this literature review is to
assemble a body of background information broad enough to observe global trends in
community pool design and development and to focus on the elements that are most
relevant to pool construction in the small island tropical environment of American
Samoa. Each reference has been evaluated for its value in conducting a feasibility study
for the design, construction and maintenance a community pool in American Samoa.
2.2
Needs, Planning, Feasibility and Development
Three key factors to successful projects include evaluating community needs, analyzing
sites for their overall efficacy at meeting these needs, and designing around these factors.
The design also needs to be responsive to local and international standards and
regulations all while creating a cost effective and durable facility.
11
There are several examples of successful community needs evaluation. Some poll direct
input from the community, others are developed by observing the overall usage trends
within the community.
Foster (1999) describes the tactics used by the City of Omaha, Nebraska. Omaha
revamped their entire aquatics facility system by closing down small neighborhood pools
and constructing several larger, multipurpose aquatic centers throughout the city.
Although, many residents complained of losing their small local pools, Omaha raised
more than $1 million dollars in public support for the new centers. Post-opening surveys
reveal that annual user cost per taxpayer is down and user numbers have increased.
Hart (2008) recounts the process of building the Splash! La Mirada Regional Aquatic
Center in La Mirada, California. Residents were surveyed in 2001 using a closedquestion questionnaire and a swimming pool topped the list in the 29 proffered
community projects. The project was initiated by $1.1 million dollar contribution from a
neighboring swim group recently evicted from its pool.
The Contra Loma Reservoir (N.A. 2003) in California closed its site due to emerging
regulations for human contact with potable water reserves. The Contra Costa Water
District proposed a $3 million swimming lagoon to be built adjacent to the reservoir with
a berm separating the two bodies of water. This is an example of the government taking
the high usage of an area into account and addressing the need without formal input from
the community.
According to Stroetzel (1956), the trend in building community pools that swept the
Washington, D.C. metropolitan area in the mid-1950s was toward a multi-family member
membership pool concept. 200-600 families would collaborate on design and pool funds
to build simple summer pools. The families as the main stakeholders managed designs
and chose locations.
12
Bales (2002) discussion about emerging trends in community pools around the greater
Chicago area exemplifies the role of the community in designing renovations. This
article specifically outlines the design elements that their pool communities wanted to see
implemented. Upgrades that were most popular were the re-installation of recreational
diving boards, a limited zero-entry depth area, and the addition of stairs in the deep end
for more accessibility. In fact, parents requested that the pool depth range from 1.5 to 5
feet (.5 to 1.5 meters) in order to be more family-friendly. Jensen and van Wezel (2006b)
also mention the safety aspect of having more shade areas to help mitigate sun-related
skin cancer risk.
In terms of maximizing site use, the Esplanade in Cairns, Australia provides an excellent
example. Fantin (2005) describes the renovations to Cairns’ Strand that include a
boardwalk, open picnicking space, and a free public swimming pool called the Lagoon.
These renovations are focused on local family activities but include enhancing the allure
to tourist as well. The larger project area links shops, outdoor activities, and water sports
while also providing a safe swimming area.
The Haven Project in Nausori, Fiji (Tahila 2007) promotes a ‘mixed-use’ development
catering to both a residential community and tourism operation. The site plan includes a
central swimming lagoon surrounded by a mixture of residential homes, commercial
retail space, and hotel and short-term accommodation.
Another example of a multi-use site is Splash! La Mirada Regional Aquatic Center.
Splash was built adjacent to the La Mirada Civic Center and a theater to help re-establish
the vitality of its downtown neighborhood. Jensen and van Wenzel (2006a) discuss the
importance of broadening the appeal of aquatic centers to entice whole family to use the
facilities. Some success has been achieved by including more shade areas, spraygrounds,
and a variety of other entertainment factors that deviate from traditional function of a
community pool.
13
Endsley (1998) also discusses multi-use facilities. She suggests community surveys that
help determine the most likely uses for the center and addresses creative revenue
generation by multi-tasking the center’s spaces (party rentals, aquatic fitness classes,
etc). Endsley also makes a key point about the importance of advertising.
Graham (2006) points out the need to pay attention to standards in the design phase rather
than assessing them post-construction. Wade Associates (2008) provides an excellent
example of a community pool renovation that needed to comply with US Federal ANSI
standards and Pennsylvania State uniform Construction Codes. The firm focuses on
compliance and addresses design concepts to broaden the appeal of the facility.
Azzopardi (2009), Katova (2008) and PMP (2005) both provide very good examples of
conducting feasibility studies and SWOT (strengths weaknesses opportunities and
threats) analyses prior to commencing design on a given project. Azzopardi (2009) looks
at designing a park that stimulated public sport participation in Malta specifically to
address rising inactivity and obesity levels within the community. Katova (2008)
discusses the potential for tourism in the Porac Valley with a key focus on developing the
community to enhance the natural resources and activity potential of the area. In 2005,
PMP conducted an open space study for the Vale Royal Borough Council to assess the
feasibility of developing open park space within the community.
Neale and Trocke (2002), provide a guide for conducting a feasibility study of recreation
enterprises. Although, the piece is written in terms of the Michigan State regulations,
guidelines from the US Department of Interior (2007) can provide information on federal
guidelines and standards for developing outdoor spaces. In addition, to applying any
state regulations (pool codes are not currently available for American Samoa), the US
Federal ASNI standards can also be accessed. McKenzie (2006) outlines the
methodology for conducting a sports facility audit to decide on upgrades, maintenance
and cost estimates for the options using Glasgow facilities as the example. Hunsaker
(1999) provides a step-by-step guide to take the reader through planning aquatic facilities
with a needs analysis and technical information on facility design. The Government of
Western Australia (2007) provides a step-by-step procedure in its revised sport facility
14
feasibility guide. The guide helps small communities research their potential for
constructing and maintaining sport and recreation facilities.
2.3
Pool Technology and Design
There is a wealth of information on new pool technology and designs, much of which
cannot be covered in this review. This review focuses on design and technological
concepts that have specific potential for use in American Samoa.
Facilities are in general moving away from traditional reinforced concrete in-ground
rectangles in favor of organic shapes, above ground pools (Donegan 2002; Willson
2001), floating pools (Broome 2007), stainless steel walls (Thilmany 2004), to name a
few. An engineering article (N.A. 1999d) describes an enclosed lighting system that
chlorine and humidity can’t damage used in a Las Vegas, Nevada facility.
Filtration and disinfection systems are being improved with movements away from
straight chlorination systems to ozone-generation, ‘saltwater’ pools, and copper/silver
ionization systems (see Friess 2004; Kalvar 1997) N.A. 1999c N.A.2002; Vandyshev et
al. 2007). Lyman (2009) discusses the negative impact that high levels of chlorine and its
byproducts can have on regular swimmers. Eastwood (2002) discusses the positive
impact that saltwater pool swimming has had on reducing ear and skin infection in
Australian Aboriginal children in Corrobee. Beascochea and Jubete (n.d) discussed the
uses of macrophyte aquatic plants for secondary and tertiary filtration of wastewater that
may be converted to pool use. Natural pools also rely on aquatic plants for their filtration
(Buege and Uhland 2002). Other ‘green’ maintenance processes are being taken into
account at the design level with solar collection and water conservation (see Durso Jr.
2004).
15
One of the major trends popping up recently in the United States is the natural swimming
pool concept. Cubisystem provides an example of natural water being adapted to
swimming pool standards through floating dock boundaries.
Photo 1. Cubisystem pool installation in natural marine setting.
According to Buege and Uhland (2002), the technology is popular throughout Europe but
has recently been introduced into the United States. Their article provides and in-depth
how-to guide for building a natural pool in a backyard. The Zwembad Boekenberg
Outdoor pool (N.A. 2009) provides an excellent example of a natural outdoor pool that
accommodates community level use. Smith (2006) briefly describes a Stateside example
- the 77,000 square-foot (7,200 m2), 25-foot deep (7.6 meters), 3.5 million-gallon
(13,248,941 L) spring-fed pool at Balmorhea State Park in Texas built prior to World
War II. Filtration systems for natural pools depend on macrophyte aquatic plants (see
Beascochea and Jubete n.d. for technical layout) but in freshwater swimming areas
without constructed filtration, bacterial levels need to be monitored to ensure healthy
swimming water (N.A. 1999).
16
The floating pool is actually not a new technological design concept but one dating back
to the 19th century. The Floating Pool Lady is a swimming pool in New York City that
took over 27 years to realize. Broome (2007) tells the story of Ann Buttenweisner and
her vision to reintroduce the concept of the 19th century floating pool to New York City.
Buttenweisner created the Neptune Foundation to realize her dream. After the purchase
of a 260-foot (79-meter), single hull cargo barge, Buttenweisner was able to construct her
self-contained public swimming pool.
Photo 2. The Floating Lady Pool, New York City.
The Floating Pool Lady features a swimming pool, changing pavilions, and socializing
areas (Dilworth 2006). The pool served over 71,000 users its first summer at the
Brooklyn Bridge Park Beach (Nowlin 2008). Moore (2005) also talks about the floating
bath concept designed for the River Thames in the 19th century using cotton socks and the
river’s tide as the filtration and circulation system. Although this system is not costeffective, it may be considered a solution to bringing pool time to smaller island
communities that don’t have safe swimming areas. The concept might also be employed
to provide a portable competition pool that will allow smaller islands the chance to host
regional and international events that otherwise would not be possible.
17
Another example of a floating pool is the Badeschiff pool on the river Spree in Berlin,
Germany. The city of Berlin converted an old vessel hull into a 8.2 x 32.5 x 2-meter
swimming pool with an adjacent wooden jetty and bar that opened in 2004 as part of a
neighborhood revitalization art project (James 2004).
Photo 3. The Badeschiff swimming pool in Treptow, Berlin, Germany
(inset: winter configuration)
The Badeschiff is converted “during the winter, a three-part membrane structure divides
the three squares (bathing ship) and its jetty into three separate areas: a lounge, sauna and
the pool ship itself.” (Chun 2009). The overall construction cost for both summer and
winter configuration is approximately $1.3 million US with the summer pool costing
approximately $668,000 US (Badeschiff 2006). It is unclear if the figure includes the
cost of the barge or not.
The Mobideep floating pool is slightly different from the previous two examples.
18
Photo 4. Mobideep Pool, Thailand.
The Mobideep pool is a small pool liner body with a deck that is installed in still water.
The pool is filled with the surrounding water and is filtered through the pool liner
eliminating the need for separate piping and filtration. The Mobideep was created by
Rafael Micieli in Thailand and is for small user loads but the technology may be
developed for larger scale projects in the future.
Tidal seaside pools or ocean baths are also another design that is popular along Britain’s
coast and in New South Wales, Australia. According to Merrington (2009),
A number of British seaside resorts have tidal pools which fill up
with seawater at every high-tide. When the tide goes down, the sun
heats the water and makes an ideal swimming pool for children
and adults, without the dangers of waves or unexpected currents.
McDermott (2004) describes the New South Wales pools as important to the NSW
community in terms of heritage, outdoor recreation, and as a primary source of
swimming facilities. The NSW pools vary in design from rings of rocks and cliff side
excavated basins to enclosed, concrete facilities. McDermott provides an in-depth study
of pool construction methods and typology for these NSW pools.
19
Photo 5 Avoca Beach Pool, New South Wales Australia.
Tidal pool design applications may be more cost-effective for smaller island communities
but heavily depend on the island’s geography.
Photo 6. Coogee Women’s Bath, New South Wales Australia.
20
A recent trip to Malta revealed a seaside pool in St. Paul’s Bay incorporates the infusion
of saltwater into an enclosed pool area (primarily for water polo during the summer
season) similar to the Bondi Beach ocean bath of NSW.
Photo 7. Bondi Ocean Pool, New South Wales Australia.
2.4 Funding Opportunities
Keeping in mind the advantages and disadvantages of hosting international events, how
do small island nations get a chance to bid against larger hosting countries? Lack of
funding is a regular problem for smaller nations who lack the infrastructure and/or
maintenance for larger sports facilities especially for sports authorities that lack support
from their local governments. In the case of American Samoa, there are approximately
65,000 residents earning an average household income of $12,500 USD according to the
2000 US Census. American Samoa also finds itself in a unique situation as an
unincorporated US Territory. The downside is that organizations then do not qualify for
global-level financial assistance through programs like UNESCO. However, non-profit
organizations on the island may apply for tax-exemption status within the US Federal
Internal Revenue Service. As a tax-exempt organization, the non-profit can provide taxdeductible status to personal and business contributions for US taxpayers. The
21
emergence of new social media such as MySpace, Facebook, and Twitter, organizations
can reach a larger range of potential contributors who can immediately donate through
online financial services like Paypal.
Funding opportunities need to be prioritized according to donation sources as outlined in
Bray (2002) and Sawyer (1999). Their work describes the many levels of public and
private-level financing potential from bonds to bequeathing. Others look to the local
community and the hosting of events such as all-night parties and celebrity concerts that
were used to build a middle-school pool in Pennsylvania (N.A. 2004). Graham et al.
(2001) provide a methodology for measuring the economic and social impacts on cities
hosting sports events and how to attract sponsors. Adams (2009) discusses the impact of
US legislation on funding for the nation’s parks and recreation programs, much of which
is funneled into state and local aquatic programs. Exactly how do long term aquatic
programs function within constant budget changes at the national level? Many
organizations choose to modify their technical and management operations to meet
changing funding levels.
2.5 Pool Operations
Construction cost is only the tip of the total cost iceberg for community pools.
Innovative uses of management, maintenance technology, and programming keep many
community pools open and well maintained long after the facility first opens.
McCottry (2001) and Harris (2001) both address problems and solutions to running large,
urban aquatics programs. Each author runs a multiple pool system with hundreds of
thousands of annual users. Both offer recreation time, swim lesson, and optional swim
teams with annual competitions to meet part of the program’s goals. Harris additionally
discusses expansion into collaboration with outdoor water sports in Baltimore and
McCottry targets branching into aquatic fitness and Aqua Day camps to broaden his
program.
22
Some authors suggest investing in technological advances to reduce costs of pool
maintenance and management. Morton (2006) discusses technical improvements and
direct management that can help with energy conservation in aquatic facilities. Morton
points out that approximately 30% of a given aquatic facility’s expenditure budget goes
towards fuel costs. Cerdan et al (1997) discusses the use of remote monitoring for unstaffed pools in the Lee County recreation and aquatics division. An automated chemical
management system was installed and ended up costing a fraction of the former pool
technician’s salary over a ten-year period. Griffith and Griffiths (2009) discuss making
pools more efficient and safe by focusing on twelve recurring flaws in management
oversight. Peiro et al. (1998) conducted research on Spanish sport facility management
structures and found that private and public facility management groups do not share a
common perspective on their responsibilities. Endsley (1998) also points out that
choosing staff that can support a variety of indoor recreational and aquatic activities is
essential and that management needs to help foster a culture of teamwork between the
two staff types.
Overall, the authors point out the difficulties of sport facility design, construction,
maintenance, management, and funding. A large measure of forethought and planning is
essential to any sport facility or recreational area project. There is a dearth of information
regarding facility construction, usage, and maintenance specific to tropical environments
and the Pacific islands. No data was found for the use of ocean water or brackish water
in community pools. Europe, the Americas, and larger Oceania (Australia and New
Zealand) have established design, safety and hygiene standards for pool facilities. Most
Pacific countries do not have set regulations and attempt to apply it on a smaller scale.
Likewise, the technology and social surveys are not particularly representative of Pacific
Island cultures, but it has provided several interesting specific facility examples and a
good overview of the issues that need to be addressed and some potential solutions.
23
3
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY
3.1
Research Questions
There are several aims and research questions to be addressed during this project:

Is the current pool design the best solution?
o How do we assess the feasibility of the current standing pool design?
o Does it meet the community’s needs?

How do we define ‘success’ for the feasibility of each pool design?

What would be the most suitable pool design for local community needs?

What are the design alternatives?
o What are the characteristics or minimum specifications that are needed to
design alternatives?

What is the project cost analysis for each potential design?
Four methods will be utilized to collect the data necessary to answer these questions.
3.2
Methods
.3.2.1 Literature Review
The aim of the literature review is to assemble a body of background information broad
enough to observe global trends in community pool design and development and to focus
on the elements that are most relevant to pool construction in the small island tropical
environment of American Samoa. The data collected by this method provides the bulk of
available background information to assist in designing a project for American Samoa.
The results of this research are provided in the Literature Review section.
24
3.2.2 Regional Pool Questionnaire
The aim of the regional pool survey is to create a regional database comparing current
pool construction and operation strategies in similar small-island tropical environments.
The regional questionnaire is a supplementary method that specifically targets
construction methods, facility feature, and operations data from pool facilities in similar
island environments. Regional construction and maintenance issues help fill in the data
gaps from the literature review. The literature reviewed had little information specific to
medium-scale swimming pools in the Oceania region. Information is available for
residential pools and large-scale aquatic facilities world-wide but not for the target size of
the American Samoa pool.
Eleven Oceania Swimming Association member countries were contacted via email to
participate in the online questionnaire. 14 questions were posed covering: facility
location and usage; current facility features; desired facility features; current operation
cost distribution; facility construction cost distribution. Additional demographic data was
compiled to compare populations, environments, and government structures to American
Samoa (see Appendix V).
Results were compiled from the eight countries that responded to the questionnaire. Two
of the three non-responses are French-speaking territories. The third country is preparing
for the 2010 Oceania Championships in June. Of the eight that did respond, Cook Islands
and Tonga do not have training or competition pool facilities on their islands. See
Appendices IV and V for survey data compilation.
3.2.3 Local Community Survey
The objective of the community survey is to identify the community’s pool needs and
desires in order to serve the current swimming population of American Samoa and to
attract new participants to swimming. A community survey was created and distributed
through both electronic and manual methods. Allistair and Adams Sione translated the
survey from English to Samoan. The survey translation was then reviewed by Samoan
25
language reviewers Judy Mulitalo of the Feleti Barstow Library and Chief Maluia
Fa’alata of Nu’uuli village for translation applicability within the local community. The
translation reviewers suggested that the survey be distributed in a bilingual format to
assist participants in defining non-Samoan concepts that are presented in the survey.
To ensure that all socioeconomic levels were represented in the results, the survey was
distributed via computer/internet through www.surveymonkey.com to local sport
association mailing lists. Online participants were also asked to invite other
acquaintances through work, schools, churches, villages, and families to fill out the
survey to broaden exposure. In addition, the survey was manually administered to local
manual laborers at a construction company with the assistance of company safety officer
Pou Fitisemanu.
Results were compiled from a total of 130 participants, 109 from 33 villages and 21offisland responses. Many American Samoans reside off-island for training, schooling, and
employment purposes. Household and village information was collected for each
response based on number of residents within households and their age breakdown
providing a represented population (see Table 1).
Table 1. Community Survey Participant Distribution
Location
Villages
Villages
Population*
Participants
represented
Represented
% of
Population
population
surveyed
East District
34
14
23,441
30
232
1%
West District
29
17
32,435
80
408
1.2%
Off-Island
n/a
n/a
n/a
20
74
n/a
Total
63
31
55,876
130
714
1.2%
*Population numbers taken from 2000 US Census.
It is hypothesized that swimmer and non-swimmer opinions toward the community pool
project may produce dramatic differences in facility feature elements and programming.
26
The ratio of swimmer to non-swimmer participants is 6.6 to 1. Survey results were
plotted in swimmer and non-swimmer series to exhibit the variance between responses.
Table 2. Swimmer to Non-Swimmer Participant Composition
Location
Participants
Swimmers
Non-Swimmers
% of swimmers
% of non-swimmers
East District
30
25
5
85%
15%
West District
80
67
13
84%
16%
Off-Island
20
17
3
85%
15%
Total
130
109
21
84%
16%
American Samoa residents tend to live in extended-family households spanning 2-3
generations. In traditional Samoan society, households were centered on the extended
family (parents and children, plus other relatives). According to the 2000 Census, the
average American Samoa household size is 6.05 persons and the average family size is
6.24 persons. The average survey participant household size is 5.49 persons showing that
the participant household is close to the Census average household size.
The household composition data provides a glimpse of the age ranges that the survey
participation represents. Many physical activities in American Samoa are familyoriented and community sport facilities should take this factor into account.
Table 3. Survey Participant Age Distribution
Age Range
Survey
% of
Island
% of total
Tally
Representative
Total
population
Population
5 and under
94
13%
7820
14%
6-12
123
17%
14392
25%
13-17
87
12%
5223
9%
18-54
333
47%
25277
44%
55 and up
75
11%
4579
8%
27
Age groups 6-12 and 13-17 total population counts are combined age categories years 59, 9-15, and 15-19 from the US Census age categories which accounts for the noticeable
difference between the representative percentage and actual percentage.
3.2.4 Project Site Description and Analysis
A site analysis was conducted for three potential sites: Lions Park, Tafuna; Former
Rainmaker Hotel, Utulei; and a floating pool barge with a variable location. The site
analysis assesses each site by five main features: specific location, land use options, land
preparation cost, pool design fit, and the expansion potential for each site. Information for
the site description and analysis was gathered by physical site visits, the literature review,
and desk research. This analysis organizes the site data into an accessible descriptive
format.
Each site is assessed based on its accessibility, physical environment, the surrounding
village and other establishments, and the population within 1-mile of the site. Land use
options assess the sites by current ownership/management status and its potential
ownership, lease, and management options if used for the pool facility. Land preparation
costs outline the tentative cost estimates for preparing each site for pool construction.
28
Figure 1. Project area site map.
Pago Pago Harbor Site
Tafuna Site
Utulei Site
Leone Site
Legend
Main road
Airport
County Lines
Pala Lagoon
Project Sites
Discarded Site
The pool design fit section describes the preferred pool style for each site in terms of
construction and operation cost, and programming that fits with each pool type. The final
section assesses the expansion potential for each site.
29
4.
RESULTS
4.1
Regional Questionnaire Analysis
8 out of 11 countries asked to participate in the survey responded. Participants from the
region include 4 Micronesian countries (Guam, Marshall Islands, Northern Marianas
Islands, Palau); 3 Polynesian countries (Cook Islands, Fiji, Tonga) and 1 Western Pacific
country (Papua New Guinea). Non-respondents include the French-speaking territories
of New Caledonia and Tahiti, and neighboring Samoa who is hosting the Oceania
Championships in June 2010. The regional survey was distributed in English which may
account for the lack of response from French Polynesia.
A regional demographic compilation based on the participating countries and American
Samoa (CIA 2010) shows:
Table 4. Pacific Island Demographic Data.
Country
Land
Population
Number of Islands
Islands
Population with
with
Pool Access (%)
Mass
2
(km )
Pools
Cook Islands
237
11,488
15
0
0 (0)
Palau
459
20,879
Over 300
1
6,000 (29%)
Commonwealth of
424
69,121
14 (3 inhabited)
1
62,292 (90%)
Marshall Islands
181
65,859
34
1
2,500 (4%)
American Samoa*
199
66,432
7
0
55,876 (84%)
Tonga
717
122,580
169 (36 inhabited)
0
0 (0)
Guam
544
180,865
1
1
180,865 (100%)
Fiji
18,274
957,780
332 (110 inhabited)
1
580,000 (61%)
6,064,515
.5
.5
254,158 (4%)
Northern Marianas
Papua New Guinea 452,840
* project area included for comparison to existing pools
30
By charting the land area, total population, and pool-accessing population, we find that
‘successful’ pool operation depend heavily on stable funding sources like government
grants (see Appendix VI). The percentage of potential users for pools does not
necessarily correlate with the success of the programs or usage numbers. For example,
the pool in the Northern Marianas, although physically accessible by the 90% of the total
country population for its location on Saipan, the actual usage number is much lower due
to a large portion of the population living 10- 15 miles away and a lack of public
transportation (Sakovich personal communication 2010). Marketing of swim programs
and the facility is a key element to increasing awareness and, subsequently, usage.
Approximately, 5 country respondents have a single main pool that is used for recreation,
training, and competition. Guam, Papua New Guinea and Fiji have additional smaller
pools in neighboring areas that are also used for recreation and training with national and
international competition hosted at the main venue. Marshall Islands has two noncompetition sized pools built by the US Army for recreation on the Kwajalein military
base. Cook Islands has no pool and Tonga reports one natural tidal pool used for
recreation. (See Appendix VI for pool data table).
Of the pools surveyed, 100% are rectangular and located outdoors. 57% are chlorinated
single facilities owned by the government. 50% of the pools were constructed as
competition venues for hosting the regional sport events South Pacific Games and South
Pacific Mini-Games (known as Pacific Games and Pacific Mini Games after 2007).
Entry fees range from none to $5 US with an average of $1.22 US for daily entry.
Additional fees apply at pools for training, fitness, and education programs.
Pool construction in the region is mainly funded by the national government. This may
reflect a common impetus of needing a regulation competition venue. Facility features
also reflect the heavy influence of competition venue design with all pools registering
either a 25-meter (33.3%) or 50-meter (66.7%) competition pool in their descriptions.
31
Figure 2. Oceania region facility features.
Spectator Seating
Lap Lanes
Changing/Locker Rooms
Shaded Rest Area
50-meter Competition Pool
Other
Snack Bar
25-meter Competition Pool
Picnic/BBQ Area
Diving Well/Board
Water Slide
Kiddie Pool
Leisure Pool Area
Zero-Depth Sprayground/Fountain
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
120.0%
Facility feature mapping shows a small number of pools with recreational features such
as kiddie pools and water slides, and no facilities contain leisure pool areas or zero-depth
spray grounds. The lack of the spray ground may correspond to the time period in which
the facilities were constructed. As pointed out earlier in the literature review, pool
designs change over time with different trends being added or removed as popularity (or
lack thereof) may dictate.
Although it is likely that many Oceania facility designs focused on competition , facility
programming points towards a variety of activities that attract the community. Regional
pool programming is summarized as follows in Figure 3:
32
Figure 3. Programming presence in Oceania.
Recreation
Swim Team
Lap Swimming
Local Competition
Aquatic Exercise and Fitness
Wellness
International Competition
National Competition
Water Safety Education
Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation
Water Polo
Synchronized Swimming
Other
Diving
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
120.0%
The questionnaire answers reflect that 100% of the participating pool schedule
recreational time. 85% have scheduled lap swimming and 71% host local competitions at
their facilities. 57% also provide wellness and aquatic exercise programs. Few national
federations in the Oceania Swimming Association (OSA) have diving, synchronized
swimming, and/or water polo components, however, the OSA has recently discussed
including the other aquatic sport aspects to the islands (Sakovich personal
communication 2010). The inclusion of other sport divisions, particularly diving, will
call for facility renovation or, in some cases, the addition of a new facility. For example,
the Samoa National Aquatic Centre is the only facility with an Olympic –standard diving
well among the small Pacific Island countries.
33
4.2
Local Community Survey Analysis
4.2.1 The American Samoan Community
Community involvement can be plotted as seen in the following figure.
Figure 4. AS community swimming preferences.
100%
90%
participation
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
Swimmer
10%
Non-Swimmer
0%
beach
pool
recreation
location and usage type
fitness
ASSA
Non-ASSA
The beach is a popular destination for swimmers and non-swimmers alike as well as nonassociation members. The beach is public and is available at no cost. Association
members tend to swim at the local hotel pool where they have annual family
memberships. Their membership is necessary to participate in club swimming programs
organized at the pool. Swimmers and non-ASSA members have the highest percentages
of recreation usage. ASSA members have the lowest recreational swimming and the
highest fitness incentive. This likely due to their involvement in organized swim
programs whereas all swimmers can participate in non-organized recreational swimming
at any time.
The most surprising result is that respondents that clearly marked ‘non-swimmer’ on the
survey still had answers for usage type and location. The survey did not indicate ‘no
34
response necessary’ for the location and usage preference questions and non-swimmers
may use the locations for purposes other than swimming (such as picnics and barbeques).
4.2.2 Facility Features
According to the survey, respondents find the kiddie pool, lap lanes, and shaded rest area
to be the most important supplementary design features.
Figure 5. AS community pool facility feature preferences.
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
La
ne
Le
s
isu
re
Co
Pl
Po
ay
m
ol
p
Fo
et
itio
un
n
ta
Po
in
/S
ol
pr
ay
gr
ou
nd
W
at
er
sli
de
Di
vi
ng
Pi
Bo
cn
ar
ic
d
/B
BQ
Ar
ea
Sn
ac
Sh
k
ad
Ba
ed
r
Re
st
Ar
ea
La
p
Ki
dd
ie
Po
ol
0%
swimmers
non-swimmers
both
However, by including a breakdown of swimmer and non-swimmer responses, it is
evident that swimmer and non-swimmer interests are slightly variable. With swimmers
favoring the lap lane feature and non-swimmer favoring both the kiddie pool and shaded
rest area influenced the response distributions for these three features.
4.2.3 Facility Programming
According to the survey, respondents view swimming lessons and water safety
instruction as the most important activities for facility programming. The swimmer to
35
non-swimmer breakdown of the responses also reinforces the importance of these
activities followed by swim team (swimmers), fitness, and physical therapy (higher nonswimmer responses).
Figure 6. AS community pool facility programming results.
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
sw
lif
im
le
s
so
es ns
sw avi
im ng
te
S C am
U
BA
fit
n
re ess
ha
b
w /PT
el
re lnes
cr
ea s
tio
se
n
ni
or pa
yo act rty
ut ivi
h
t
ac ies
tiv
iti
es
swimmers
non-swimmers
both
The results of the local survey correspond very closely with the regional responses with a
slightly higher regional usage for competition and swim team training purposes.
Surprisingly, within the region, water safety education is only offered in 42.9% of the
responding facilities versus the strong community preference in American Samoa.
However, this does not take in account the potential for courses to be offered in open
water venues (i.e. beaches) around the region.
36
4.3
Site SWOT Analysis
4.3.1 Strengths
The Tafuna site has a popular location surrounded by other sport facilities such as
basketball, tennis, volley courts and a multipurpose field used by football, rugby and
soccer teams. Lions Park is routinely landscaped and maintained by the Department of
Parks and Recreation and has permanent barbequing facilities scattered through the area.
This parcel of land is also currently under lease by the Rotary Club for the pool project.
The Utulei site has the lowest cost project design, maintenance and operations cost
estimates. Additionally, the design lends to being the most environmentally sound with
no use of chlorine for disinfection purposes. The Utulei design and site parcel also
allows for the largest pool area which can also be used to host local saltwater swimming
competitions and will also be large enough to introduce water polo to the island.
In addition, the Utulei design is a mobile one. In the event that any of the threats listed
below give due cause, the pool structure can be disassembled and moved or stored until
another suitable site is found. The mobility will also allow the structure to be stored
safely during storms.
The barge-based floating pool design is the most portable of the three designs which
gives it an advantage to serving a variety of communities and even having the option of
travelling interisland.
4.3.2 Weaknesses
The weaknesses of the Tafuna site includes its traditional pool system design leaving the
facility open to corrosion of metal parts, its reliance on traditional chlorine that is
imported to the island, and the lack of pool system expertise on-island in the event of
malfunctions. The Utulei site’s major weakness is its open view of the sea with no reef
37
barrier protection. This location in the harbour was minimally affected by the 2009
tsunami but it may also be affected by seasonal cyclones. Design elements attempt to
lower the percentage of weakness for this site.
The main weakness of the floating pool design is cost. The construction and maintenance
costs are much higher than those of the other designs.
4.3.3 Opportunities
Tafuna’s location next to the Pala lagoon and special-management mangrove area gives it
ample opportunity to expand into recreational watersports such as kayaking. The lagoon
has long been used for windsurfing due to its large flat, shallow water base. It is also
adjacent to the ocean and a prime snorkelling location after a 15-minute hike along the
airport fence. This area is also accessible by kayak. The surrounding land-based sport
facilities lend to organize multiple sport events in the park as does the high population
density in the area.
Figure 7. Tafuna Lions Park area. (Satellite imagery provided by Google Earth).
38
The seawater-based pool concept for Utulei is situated adjacent to Sadie’s by the Sea
beach resort and has the potential to host a variety of international watersport events. The
site is located within walking distance of various accommodations within the historic
district of Fagatogo. The harbour is a suitable area to serve a host of tourist/spectator
activities including kayaking, snorkeling, windsurfing, sailing, fishing, outrigger paddling
and SCUBA diving. In addition, open water swimming and other potential international
events might be spawned. The annual I’a Lapoa Gamefishing Tournament held every
May is a prime example of American Samoa organizing international class events within
the Pago Harbor area.
Figure 8. Utulei Beach area. (Satellite imagery provided by Google Earth).
The floating pool design has potential for many uses. The pool could be hired out as a
mobile competition venue providing small island nations with a chance to bid for
international and regional sporting events without constructing a venue that they may not
be able to support post-competition. The pool could also be used intermittently as cargo
39
transportation to help offset the high maintenance and operations cost. Lastly, the pool is
the facility option with ownership potential. The other sites rely on leasing land options.
4.3.4 Threats
The biggest threat that faces the potential Tafuna facility is the loss of the facility to the
landowner – the local government. Recent trends in American Samoa have the
Department of Parks and Recreation seizing control of sport federation-partnered
facilities such as the Pago Pago Yacht Club and the Tony Solaita baseball field.
Currently, the Tennis Association courts are also under threat of being seized. The
Tafuna facility costs approximately $995,000 USD that would be open to seizure by the
government at the end of its current 10 year lease (only 7 years remaining).
The Utulei site will require multiple permits from the US Army Corps of Engineers
(USACE) and local government departments to ensure the protection of the coral reef
environment at the site. Discussions with Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources
(for coral head relocation processes) and USACE (for shoreline usage) have indicated
that the permitting process may not be as daunting as previously believed. Nonetheless,
permits must be obtained prior to construction in the area. In addition, the area is
adjacent to government-owned land, so problems may arise as previously stated for the
Tafuna site.
The strongest threat for the floating pool project is likely to be natural disaster. Boats in
the region are constantly under threat for seasonal cyclones. However, Pago Harbor is a
ranked high regionally for its safety from storm conditions.
40
5.
DISCUSSION: The Feasibility Planning Procedure
Four general statements on the feasibility planning procedure can be gathered from this
proposal:
Assessing regional facilities can highlight potential successes and pitfalls.
Regional facilities are a good indicator of successful and unsuccessful operations in
similar environments. In most cases, the facility operators who answered the pool
questionnaires were happy to describe overcoming challenges and offer advice on design
based on their experiences. The case of competition pools being difficult to convert to
recreational and educational use in non-competition times points out the importance of
taking activity trends into account during the design.
It is also good to keep in mind that
local facility development can affect any given sport or activity as a whole in the region.
The right design can open local communities up to the opportunity of hosting on a
regional level.
In contrast, the demographic data shows that the land mass and population are not
necessarily the best indicators for the success potential of aquatic facilities. The
demographic data shows that pool facilities can be sustained despite dispersed land
masses and small populations size although in many of these cases, government funding
is essential for covering a majority of the facility operations budget.
Community preferences should be part of the design process.
The community response (as sampled in the survey) is positive to the overall pool project
concept. The community is likely to react positively to a simpler pool design than the
one created by the Rotary Club, according to the survey results. It is highly
recommended that the water play area in the design be phased in if pool usage numbers
decrease over time and a user survey indicates the need of variety at the facility. The
literature review and desk research exemplify the need to take the community opinion
into account when designing any facility. Long term planning for facility upgrades and
new attractions is necessary to keep local users engaged.
41
Design with a PURPOSE!
A multiple activity facility design is essential for American Samoa. The literature review
and desk research both emphasize a growing trend in developing mixed-use and
multipurpose sites to attract family groups to the facility by offering variety. In addition,
regional survey results show that, although more than half the pools were built for single
event - competition purposes, all of the surveyed pools plan multiple types of activities to
increase community usage. In some cases, the transition from competition pool to
community pool proves difficult due to the water depth required in competition pool
design. As noted above, the community has strong opinions about their intended usage of
the proposed facility.
Pools built for specific function such as the competition pool have adapted post-event to
community usage with all pools showing that they schedule in recreation time. Regional
pool use for competition and competition-tied activities reflect that 71% of the pools host
local competitions (using their pool for its original intent). This is likely higher usage
than AS local preference reflect for competition programming. It is possible that the
original event that the pools were constructed for may have raised community awareness
in the surveyed countries. The survey of suggested facility features gathered from the
region highlights the need for assessing community preference as part of the design
process. Each potential pool site was designed prior to the questionnaire and survey data.
Follow a practical method for assessing a given sport facility’s feasibility.
This project is an example of a potential method of assessing an aquatic sport facility’s
feasibility in American Samoa. Any facility project should take into consideration its
environment, its people, their design and activity requirements and desires, the reality of
long-term operations, and the overall cost of it all.
The basic steps to assessing your project should include:
1. Background research on current projects in similar environments to see how they
operate under the same conditions.
2. Ask the target population for their opinions.
42
3. Develop sketch ideas for more than one location to circumvent difficulties or
delays
4. Take all costs into account. Cheap construction costs may not be indicative of
low maintenance costs in the future.
43
6
CONCLUSION :The Feasibility Plan Summary
Where does American Samoa stand now in terms of obtaining a sustainable community
pool? Further recommendations for this project (based on the collected data) include
narrowing down the site choices, profiling the consumer, estimating expenditures,
revenues, and project funding sources, and prioritizing the steps to pursue project
completion. The majority of the information for each site has been organized in
Appendix IV.
6.1
Site Analysis
The two land-based sites chosen have several common characteristics: accessible by
public transportation, public utility lines for supporting infrastructure, close to densely
populated villages, near schools, and both have the potential to expand.
Table 5. Summary of the SWOT analysis for project sites.
Tafuna
Strength

Utulei
Floating Barge
Popular location

Low-cost design 
surrounded by other

Seawater-based

Located on coral 
High construction cost

High maintenance cost

Potential ownership

cyclone season
Mobile
sport facilities
Weakness

Highly corrosive
location
reef

Traditional construction

Open to sea
Opportunity 
Lagoon location open to

Ocean location
Threat

expansion of other
near cruise ship
watersports
port
Government-owned land
44

permits
6.2
Consumer Profile/Community Usage Preference
Regardless of swimmer or non-swimmer identity, 95% of all respondents engage in some
form of swimming. Preferred pool features reflect current participant usage regardless of
perceived swimmer ‘identity’. 85% of all respondents view swimming lessons as the
most important programming and swimming lessons are useful for both recreational and
fitness swimming. Due to the small size of the island and the relatively uniform access to
all potential pool sites, one consumer profile will fit all three sites.
Based on the survey responses, the typical consumer can be characterized as a local
resident living in a nuclear or extended family household. The consumer will likely swim
frequently for fun and occasionally for fitness. The typical consumer will take advantage
of swimming lesson programming for their family. Gender and ethnicity don’t play a
substantial role in activity. However, pool operation times will need to take work hours,
transportation, and religious preferences into account.
50% of all survey participants estimate using the pool 1-2 times per week followed by
22% using the pool 1-2 times per month. Swimmers living within a 20-minute drive of
the pool are more likely to visit the pool 1-2 per week. Non-swimmers who are
interested in recreational use of the pool are more likely to visit 1-2 per month.
Figure 9. AS Community usage estimates.
7%
12%
9%
Daily
1-2 times per week
22%
1-2 times per month
Only for special events
or occasions
50%
Never
45
The community was also asked for their preference in entry fees. 63% said they would
pay up to $5 to use the pool. 34% responded that they would pay up to $1 to enter the
pool. This information will assist in designing ‘bargain’ entry days and the typical
operations programming. In addition, with a small percentage willing to pay a larger fee,
management may also run trial pool membership programs to see if consumers are
willing to pay for quarterly or annual access.
Figure 10. Local Entry Fee Preferences
3%
34%
63%
up to $1
up to $5
up to $10
6.3
Selecting the Best Alternatives
Of the three sites, the Utulei site is the best alternative for this project. It is the most ecofriendly and has the most cost-effective potential of the three sites. In addition, the
current property managers are interested in developing the area as a park with tourist
activities which fits right in with the potential of the design. The Utulei site has the
potential to increase awareness about swimming and would further interest in proposing
an additional pool site, particularly Tafuna. The Utulei pool design focuses more on the
fitness, training, competitive, and education/instruction aspects that the community has
responded to positively in the survey. Utulei takes into account that the adjacent beach is
readily available for recreational swimming and activities but looks to enhance the area
46
by adding a large-scale saltwater pool to provide a safe environment for fitness
swimming and instruction. Both the beach and the pool design provide shaded rest areas.
Tafuna is well-located and already permitted with tremendous expansion potential but the
traditional pool construction design and projected maintenance costs are prohibitive at
this time. The additional high risk of government involvement is also a negative aspect.
The Tafuna pool design incorporates both high and low priority features according to
local community preference. The waterslide and play fountain area are considered lowpriority by the community but may be considered as later phase design to increase
attractiveness once the ‘novelty’ of the pool has worn off. Rotary Club has incorporated
four 25-meter lanes at the request of the ASSA which should keep ASSA members
interested in fitness, training, and competitive programming. The public availability of
this programming may also increase future participant numbers as non-swimmer
preferences for programming show some interest in fitness programming and competition
facilities. The Tafuna design also incorporates high ranking preferences of a kiddie pool
and a shaded rest area.
The barge-based floating pool provides location flexibility and may prove profitable in
the long-term but its extremely costly construction and maintenance detract from its
appeal for this particular project. The floating pool design embodies the traditional
rectangular, sloped floor, 6-lane pool design that has been popular for the past several
decades. The facility can facilitate all aspects of programming but lacks the kiddie pool
that ranks so highly with the community. The base barge may be constructed large
enough to accommodate an additional kiddie pool but this may drive the cost up
tremendously. The disadvantage to the floating pool is that all features must be chosen
prior to construction. Additionally, this design offers no room for post-construction
facility expansion.
47
6.4
Estimating Expenditures and Revenue
The project research clearly outlines that there are possibilities to lower overall costs for
any given facility. The proposed project demonstrates that a pool project is both feasible
and sustainable IF the project is designed with low maintenance costs and with an
environmentally friendly bias. The Utulei pool project operations cost estimate comes in
at $57,000 lower than the Tafuna site with the bulk of the projected expenditures in
employment and staffing. This site plan uses tidal seawater and an open-bottom to
dramatically reduce the facility maintenance costs. The barge-based floating pool is by
far the most expensive option for both construction and operation costs with the boat
maintenance increasing the annual maintenance cost by approximately $180,000.
Pool operation cost estimates are based on the maintenance and operations plan designed
by the ASSA in 2003 and have been inflated to fit the 2009 economy and adjusted to fit
the prospective pool designs. The 2003 plan originally called for the employment of 13
people at a total of $185,000. The 2009 estimate reduces the staff to 11 positions and recategorized the on-call plumber/electrician to outsourced services along with accounting
and payroll and reduces the estimated annual salary to $101,200. Aquatic programming
through grant funding will appropriate wages for temporary program staff as needed.
The staffing is listed as a constant for all three project sites.
Table 6. Facility Staffing Expenditures Estimate (as of 2009).
Position
Responsibility
Estimated Annual Salary
Facility Director (1)
Manage facility
35,000
Program Director (1)
Manage aquatic programs
29,000
Schedule aquatic staff
Lifeguards (8) part-time
Supervise pool activity/use
37,200
Staffing Salaries Total
-----
101,200
Facility operations are estimated at $91,000 for the first year in the 2003 plan $30,000 of
which go to a one-time purchase of a 15-seater van for the facility bringing subsequent
48
years to approximately $61,000. The 2009 estimate varies for the three sites with Tafuna
expenditures at $7,000 higher than the adjusted 2003 estimate. However, the 2009
Tafuna pool design has changed from the original plan in 2003. The Utulei site is
estimated to run at approximately $40,000 less which is based on the use of a durable
seawater-based pool design.
Table 7. Facility Operations Expenditures Estimate (as of 2009).
Item
Utulei
Tafuna
Floating Barge
Office supplies
5,800
5,800
5,800
Aquatic program equipment
3,000
3,000
3,000
Pool repair parts
2,000
13,200
13,200
Facility repair services
2,000
13,200
13,200
Pool chemicals and cleaning supplies
4,600
5,800
5,800
Bathroom and deck cleaning supplies
1,000
1,000
6,300
Electric utility bill @ $2,000/mo
3,600
24,000
24,000
Water utility bill
2,000
2,000
2,000
22,000
68,000
73,300
Pool Operations Total
Overall operations expenditures show that the Utulei site is the most economical choice
based on its seawater design rather than full land-based or boat-based designs. The boatbased design is the most expensive due to the high additional cost of barge maintenance.
Table 8. Overall Operations Expenditures Estimates (as of 2009).
Expenditures
Utulei
Staffing
Pool Operations
Land/Boat maintenance
Operations Expenditures Total
Tafuna
Floating Barge
101,200
101,200
101,200
22,000
68,000
73,300
4,800
4,800
180,000
128,000
174,000
354,500
The ASSA provided a total income estimate in 2003 for a pool in Tafuna producing total
revenues of $61,000 with daily entry fees contributing $30,000 to this total. The
49
remaining $31,000 is produced by several pool-based activity programs bringing in
$21,000 and local annual fundraising activities bringing in the final $10,000. However,
this study estimates annual pool entry fee revenue at least $96,420 based on the survey’s
preferred entry fee of $5 and the estimated community usage previously discussed in
consumer profile. This figure does not include income from any other fitness, education,
or organized recreational programming or local fundraising.
6.5
Estimating Funding Sources
The current funding for the pool project is $100,000 raised locally by the Rotary Club
through annual golf tournaments. This is approximately 1/10th of the construction cost.
The American Samoa Swimming Association maintains a 501 (c) 3 non-profit taxexempt status. This status allows the ASSA to apply for numerous government and NGO
programming grants that assist in areas ranging from start-up business/business
management to aquatic programming. The tax status has proven unsuccessful thus far for
obtaining construction funding from grantors. This area needs further investigation.
6.6
Analyzing Excess Revenue over Expenditures
The demographic data show that there is not necessarily a correlation between population
size, land mass, and the ability to sustain a community pool. However, the general
reliance on government and sport authority funding and the low entry fees within the
region cost indicate a lack of community-based income for pools.
6.7
Summary of Decisions and Priority of Steps
Where do we go first? Neal and Trocke mention four steps that need to be addressed and
stress the importance of finding ‘inter-balance’ between the four aspects. This project
focuses on the first three aspects. Knowing the island, one must take into consideration
“Plans A-F” as many times the site and the community attitude will conflict the intentions
of the project. In this case, four sites were originally posited with the Leone site being
50
dropped due to lack of interest from the community and it being the only land site that
would need initial capital to purchase the land.
Site. This project has pointed out the advantages and disadvantages for three potential
pool sites in American Samoa. Utulei ranks as first followed closely by Tafuna, and
finally the floating pool concept. Utulei is likely to be constructed first at the smallest
cost and in doing so, has the potential to increase pool interest on the island. Increased
awareness of the benefits of swimming may spark enough interest to further construct a
second facility at Tafuna.
Community Attitude. The community response (as sampled in the survey) is positive to
the overall pool project concept. The community is likely to react positively to a simpler
pool design than the one created by the Rotary Club, according to the survey results. It is
highly recommended that the water play area in the design be phased in if pool usage
numbers decrease over time and a user survey indicates the need of variety at the facility.
The literature review and desk research exemplify the need to take the community
opinion into account when designing any facility. Long term planning for facility
upgrades and new attractions is necessary to keep local users engaged.
Management Ability. Management ability is a key facto to facility success in a small,
tropical environment. The ‘small town’ feel of American Samoa with the added
characteristics of the local culture, and the ever-present dependence on imported items
(chlorine and other chemicals, for example) require a flexible, resourceful, and patient
management style. Personnel management with the limited local labor force and varying,
potentially conflicting values is, at times, trying (personal experience as an ASSA
Director, 2006-7).
Financing. The island mantra is ‘if people want it, it will happen,’ embodies the
importance of local community attitude towards financing. Churches and fautasi
(village racing shells) have exhibited that local fundraising for construction can produce
upwards of $200,000 in less than one year. The swimming pool project needs local
51
marketing. In addition, large communities of Samoans residing off-island are happy to
contribute to on-island projects and these communities will be tapped into using social
media for subsequent pool construction fundraisers.
Local activities programming is essential to generate additional operating revenue with
an emphasis on swimming lessons and water safety education.
The survey clearly
reflects the community’s opinion that swimming lessons and water safety education are
top-priority activities. In many cases, these activities also attract other funding sources
(i.e. emergency management, law enforcement, and military training). Swimming
lessons and water safety education are also the foundation to developing local water sport
and aquatic recreation interests.
In short, the project needs to take the next specific steps towards completion:
1. Firmly decide on the final project site: the research supports the Utulei site
recommendation. The results and conclusion of this research need to be presented
to the pool project committee for discussion.
2. Finalize site and facility design details to reflect local community feature
preferences including the kiddie pool, lap lanes, and a shaded rest area.
3. Continue investigating construction funding sources in addition to the Rotary
Club’s $100,000. This task will be aided by clarification from steps 1 and 2 in
order to ‘sell’ the project.
4. Assess potential project management. The project is currently managed
voluntarily by a committee consisting of Rotarians with legal, construction,
engineering, and financial backgrounds and the ASSA President.
5.
Research and assess potential operations funding avenues. This area will need to
pay particular attention to community preferences in programming in order to
increase awareness and interest in aquatic activities.
With this additional research, planning, and funding, the project can move towards
groundbreaking and ribbon-cutting.
52
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56
APPENDIX 1
57
APPENDIX 2
58
APPENDIX 3
59
Appendix 5
Project Site Description
60
SITE FEATURES
TAFUNA
UTULEI
FLOATING POOL
Adjacent to Pala lagoon
In Historic District near Port
Direct road access on established bus Direct road access on established
Access
route
bus route
Landfill on lava plain
Harbor landfill between Goat
Environment and other
Mangrove swamp
Island and shore
features
(eco-zone)
Adjacent beachfront
4 sport facilities/fields
Coral reef area
Utulei, Fagatogo, Gatavai, Pago
Surrounding Villages
Nu’uuli, Tafuna
Pago, Fagaalu
Gross Population
16,171
14,051
within 1-mile radius
4 schools
2 Executive Gov’t Offices
Surrounding
Industrial Park
Public library 2 hotels
Establishments
Government Housing
Hospital
3 schools
Land Use Options
Specific Location
Current Ownership
Current Management
ASG/NPS
ASG Department of Parks
Lease/License/Purchase
10 year lease (7 yrs left)
American Samoa Go’vt
Development Bank of AS
potential lease – current
permission for watersports
Mobile
Along waterfront
Variable
Variable
Dependent on Mooring location
Variable
None
None
None
Land Prep Costs (all costs in US Dollars)
Excavation
Fill
Security Features
Site
Grading/landscaping
Included in construction cost
Included in construction cost
$ 7,200
$20,000
61
0
0
0
0
$ 7,200
0
$ 7,200
0
SITE FEATURES
Pool Design Fit
TAFUNA
UTULEI
FLOATING POOL
Freeform w/ lap lanes, kiddie pool 8-lane 25x50m pool with variable
and play fountain
tide depth
Filtration/disinfection
Standard chlorine
Tidal seawater
Recreation, education, competition,
Program Focus
Competition, education, fitness
fitness
Construction costs
$ 994,873
$350,000
Operations Cost
$ 128,000
$ 174,000
Pool
$ 68,000
$ 22,000
Land/Boat
$ 4,800
$ 4,800
Staffing
$ 101,200
$ 101,200
Expansion Potential
7-lane 25m, 4’ depth
Pool Style
Additional Activities




Kayaking
Windsurfing
Mangrove Tours
Snorkeling








Partnerships
Facility Extension
(long term)
With other sports in park to create
multi-sport events

Snack bar; competition pool (lease
includes sufficient area)
Standard chlorine
Recreation, education, competition,
fitness
$4,000,000
$ 354,500
$ 73,300
$ 180,000
$ 101,200
Kayaking
Windsurfing
Harbor Tours
Snorkeling
Outrigger
SCUBA
Open water swimming
With adjacent beach resort to
host international events
With other hotels to offer
tourist activities
Membership club status
Venue rental
62
Dependent on mooring location
Dependent on mooring location


Hire out as mobile competition
venue for regional use
Intermittent cargo transportation
APPENDIX 5. Oceania Region Demographic Data (including American Samoa)
Country
American Samoa
Region
Polynesia
Land Mass
199 km sq
# of islands
7 (Tutuila – 72 km)
Pool?
No
Population
66,432
Northern Marianas Islands
Micronesia
424 km sq
14 (Saipan)
3 inhabited
Yes
69,121
Cook Islands
Polynesia
237 km sq
15 (Rarotonga)
No
11, 488
Fiji
Polynesia
18,274 km sq
Yes
957,780
Guam
Micronesia
544 km sq
Yes
180,865
332 (Viti Levu)
110 inhabited
1
34 (Majuro)
pool on Kwajalein
Over 300
(Babeldaob)
Government Type
US Territory
Commonwealth in
political union with
US
Free association
with NZ
Republic
US Territory
Republic; free
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
181 km sq
Yes
65,859
association with US
Constitutional; free
Palau
Micronesia
459 km sq
Yes
20,879
association with US
Constitutional
parliamentary
452,840 km
Half (shares with
Papua New Guinea
Western Pacific
Yes
6,064,515
democracy and a
sq
East Timor)
Commonwealth
realm
169 (Nukualofa)
No
Constutional
Tonga
Polynesia
717 km sq
122,580
36 inhabited
Monarchy
Taken from The CIA World Factbook (2009) excluding CNMI and American Samoa. CNMI and AS numbers from 2000 US Census.
63
APPENDIX 6. Oceania Region Pool Data (from survey)
Country
Pool Type
Indoor/Outdoor
Size
Owner
Operator
Construction
Funding
Hosted
Event?
Operations
funding
Entry
Fees
(USD)
American
Samoa
CNMI
Chlorinated
Outdoor
20 yds
corporate
Corporate
100% private
No
100% private
Chlorinated
Outdoor
50 m
Corporate
Federation
100% corporate
No
Cook
Islands
Fiji
None
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
No
100%
corporate
swim team
pays monthly
fees
n/a
$150/yr
mbship
5.00
Chlorinated
Outdoor
50 m
Gov’t
n/r
Yes
n/r
1.00
Guam
Chlorinated
Outdoor
50 m
Sport
Authority
Gov’t
federation
Unknown;
probable fed
gov’t; built in
60s-70s
Yes
2.00
Marshall
Islands
Saltwater
Outdoor
25 yd
US army
Contractor
100% US Army
No
Palau
Chlorinated
Outdoor
25 m
Gov’t
Federation
100% nat’l gov’t
Yes
Papua New
Guinea
Chlorinated
Outdoor
50 m
Council
Tidal, seawater
Outdoor
wading
50% nat’l gov’t
50% corporate
sponsorship
None
Yes
Tonga
National
District
Commission
Gov’t
70% entry
10% NGO
10% program
10%
community
80%
contractor
20% program
fees
70%
federation
10% nat’l govt
10% program
fees
10% entry
50% entry,
local, nat’l
gov’t; NGO
n/a
64
Gov’t
No
0
0 (army
base)
1.00
1.77
0
65