3/5/2012
ARBC0225/LNGT0225
Arabic Linguistics
‫علم اللسانيات العربية‬
Announcements • Language and Technology Symposium, this Friday March 9, from 12:15 to 4pm, at Axinn
229. • One question on Homework #2 will be a 500‐
word summary and response to one of the talks. So, please mark your calendar for this event. Lecture #6
March 5th, 2012
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Recap: Classical Arabic consonant chart using the IPA symbols
Today’s puzzle
‫• أﺣﻤ ُﺪ ﷲ‬
‫• إن ﺷﺎ َء ﷲ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﷲ‬
ِ •
‫• ﻣﻦ ﻓَﻀﻞِ ﷲ‬
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Classical Arabic emphatics
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Emphatic spread
• Emphatic consonants in Classical Arabic are produced with a secondary articulation in which the back of the tongue is raised towards the velum. This is why emphaticness is often described as a velarization
process. Since there is a constriction at the top of the pharynx, emphaticness is also considered pharyngealization.
• Emphatic consonants in Classical Arabic are: ‫ظ‬
‫ط‬
‫ض‬
‫ص‬
• Their non‐emphatic counterparts are: ‫ذ‬
‫ت‬
‫د‬
‫س‬
• Emphatics always have a phonological effect on neighboring sounds, particularly vowels, giving them an emphatic quality as well.
(became) ‫ﺻﺎر‬
(walked) ‫ﺳﺎر‬
(harmful) ‫ﺿﺎر‬
(house) ‫دار‬
(pilot) ‫طﻳﺎر‬
(
current) ‫ّﺗﻳﺎر‬
ّ
‫ﱠ‬
(remained) ‫ظﻝ‬
(humiliated) ‫َذ ﱠﻝ‬
َ
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Emphatic spread
• Four other consonants induce emphatic spread to neighboring vowels: [q] ‫ق‬
[x] ‫خ‬
[ɣ] ‫غ‬
[r] ‫ر‬
(got up) ‫قام‬
(outside) ‫خارج‬
ِ
(was absent) ‫غاب‬
‫رابع‬
Describing consonants
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• A consonant can thus be described in terms of three parameters: place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing. In addition, some consonants are emphatic. • For example, ‐ [b] is a bilabial, voiced stop.
‐ [s] is an alveolar, voiceless fricative. ‐ [sˁ] is an alveolar, voiced, emphatic fricative. • Now, describe [f], [m], [Dˁ], [], and [r].
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Classical Arabic consonant chart using the IPA symbols
Vowels • Vowels are distinguished from consonants in that the passage through which the air travels is never so narrow as to obstruct the free flow of the airstream. • It’s hard, however, to characterize vowels according to the same features that we have used in characterizing consonants. Why?
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American English Vowel Chart
Parameters for vowel articulation
• Therefore, to distinguish between different vowels, we rely on four other features: (a) Tongue height: High, Mid, and Low
(b) Which part of the tongue is involved: Front, Central, and Back (c) Lip rounding: Rounded and Unrounded
(d) Tenseness or laxness of the vocal tract:
Tense and Lax
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Classical Arabic vowel chart
American English Vowel Chart (from O’Grady et al 2005)
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Arabic dialects vowel chart
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http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/#
• Same link from earlier for the articulation of the vowels of American English, German, and Spanish.
• This is a link for an interactive IPA chart, where you can listen to each sound. It’s fun. • http://wso.williams.edu/~jdowse/ipa.html
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Transcription Broad Phonetic Transcription
• Phonetic transcription is a representation of the pronunciation of a word using IPA symbols. It is typically given between [ ]. • Transcription could be broad, in which case a minimal amount of phonetic detail is given, or narrow, in which case more detailed phonetic differences are provided (e.g., emphaticness
of vowels). • For now, we will only do broad transcription. 17
Word
Broad Phonetic Transcription
[xafi:f]
[sˁaʕb]
[ʔizdia:m]
[mustaSfa:]
[Satˁarandʒ]
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Broad Phonetic Transcription
Word
Broad Phonetic Transcription
Broad Phonetic Transcription
Word
[lajlah]
Broad Phonetic Transcription
‫َﺻﻐري‬
‫ُﻋﻨﻮان‬
‫ِﻣﺴﺎء‬
‫ِﻣﴫِﻳﻮن‬
‫َﻣﻐﺎرِﺑﺔ‬
[ʔistamtaʕa]
[ʕila:qah]
[sˁawwara]
[tadʒribah]
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Broad Phonetic Transcription
Broad Phonetic Transcription
Word
Broad Phonetic Transcription
‫ﺗَﻜَﻠﱠﻤﻮا‬
‫ُﻣ ﱠﻮﻇَﻒ‬
‫اﻟ ُﺤﻘﻮق‬
‫ﻃُﻔﻮﻟَﺘﻲ‬
‫ُز َﻣﻼ َءﻧﺎ‬
[ʔafra:d ʔusrati: kulluhum yaʕiʃu:n fi:
madi:nat ʔalmansˁu:rah fi: misˁr]
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Broad Phonetic Transcription
.‫ﻧﺤﻦ ﻃﻼب ﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻴﺪﻟﱪي‬
Next class agenda
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Arabic phonology cont. Coarticulation in speech production.
Syllable structure. Stress placement. 4