Regulations on Radiation Protection and Use of Radiation (Radiation
Protection Regulations)
Chapter I
Introductory provisions
Section 1
Purpose
The purpose of these regulations is to ensure the proper use of radiation, prevent harmful
effects of radiation on human health and contribute to the protection of the environment.
Section 2
Scope
The regulations apply to any manufacture, import, export, transfer, possession,
installation, use, handling and extraction of radiation sources.
The regulations also cover human activity which in itself involves elevated levels of
natural ionising radiation from the environment or which leads to such radiation. This
will include inter alia radon in existing buildings and premises where people may be
present.
The regulations do not apply to
(a) radon and elevated levels of other natural ionising radiation in dwellings and
holiday homes in which the owner lives or stays
(b) employers obligations with regard to radon levels in the workplace
(c) transport of radiation sources outside a closed area
(d) electrical appliances and components that unintentionally produce x-ray
radiation provided the dose in normal use does not exceed 1 μSv/h from
accessible surfaces, or that maximal energy of the radiation produced does not
exceed 5 keV
(e) use of consumer products containing weak non-ionising radiation sources unless
such sources are covered by section 4(j).
The following radiation sources are exempted from requirements stated in Section 8,
Subsection one, Paragraphs j) and r), and Sections 11, 12, 16, 17 and 26.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
use of smoke detectors containing less than 40 kBq Am-241
use of other permitted consumer products containing radioactive substances
welding electrodes containing thorium
depleted uranium used as balancing weights or shielding material.
Where specifically stated in the regulations, other radioactive radiation sources are also
exempt from the requirements stated in Section 8, Subsection one, Paragraph r),
Sections 12, 16, 17 and 26 provided the activity content does not exceed the exemption
limits in the table in the annex. The exemption limits in the table refer to maximum
specific activity (Bq/g)/activity (Bq) in a source, alternatively the total activity handled
at any time by individuals. Exemption from the requirements mentioned requires either
that total activity or specific activity is lower than or equal to the exemption limit.
For work with open radioactive radiation sources in laboratories, the exemption limits
will apply to the individual laboratory. Where work involves various radionuclides at the
same time, the sum of the ratio between the total activity for each radionuclide and the
corresponding exemption limit must be lower than or equal to 1. This is illustrated by
the following example:
where
Ak
AE,K
CK
CE,K
= activity of radionuclide k
= exemption limit of activity of radionuclide k
= specific activity of radionuclide k
= exemption limit of specific activity of radionuclide k.
Section 3
Territorial scope
On Svalbard and Jan Mayen the Regulations of 9 May 2003 no. 568 concerning
Application of the Act on Radiation Protection and Use of Radiation apply. In addition,
the provisions of chapter IV in this regulation apply to Svalbard and Jan Mayen. The
same is the case for section 34 in this regulation in relation to occupational exposure.
Section 4
Definitions
In these regulations
(a) activity: The intensity of a radioactive radiation source expressed as the number
of nuclear transformations (disintegrations) per unit of time. Stated in units of
becquerel (Bq);
(b) consumer product : object or appliance intended for use by consumers;
(c) orphan radiation source : a radiation source that is not under the control of a
public authority, either because it has never been so, or because it has been
abandoned, lost, misplaced, stolen or transferred without authorization or
notification;
(d) medical use of radiation : the application of radiation to persons for the purpose
of medical examination or treatment, in occupational medical examinations, in
screening programmes, in forensic examinations, in insurance assessments or in
research programmes;
(e) nuclear medicine : the application of open radioactive radiation sources in the
form of radiopharmaceuticals for medical diagnostic or treatment purposes;
(f) radioactive radiation source : a radiation source containing a radioactive
substance, i.e. a substance that emits alpha-, beta- or gamma radiation;
(g) sealed radioactive radiation source : a radioactive substance that is sealed in a
capsule in order to prevent leakage of the radioactive substance to the
surroundings;
(h) open radioactive radiation source : a radioactive substance that is not sealed;
(i) solarium: an appliance with one or more ultraviolet radiation sources designed
for irradiation of the skin;
(j) strong non-ionising radiation sources: sources which may lead to exposure of
persons and which at the same time exceed limits set in Guidelines for limiting
exposure to non-ionising radiation from the International Commission on NonIonizing Radiation Protection;
(k) IPL: intense pulsed light, intense pulsed visible light, included in combinations
with radiofrequent, ultraviolet or infrared radiation;
(l) laser pointer: a handheld laser, battery operated or with other separate power
supply, intended to be held in the hand and to point out an object on a distance;
(m) radiation dose / dose : the amount of energy absorbed per unit mass in an
exposed individual or material from ionising radiation;
(n) screening : systematic examination of a large group of symptom-free persons in
order to identify their state of health in relation to a particular disease;
(o) representative dose : dose value, determined by the undertaking itself, in x-ray
diagnostics where the dose value is based on the average of dose measurements
of a given number of patients using a particular x-ray appliance in respect of a
particular x-ray examination where a standard examination protocol is used;
(p) representative activity: the average value of administered activity, determined
by the undertaking itself, in a typical nuclear medical examination. The
representative activity is based on the average value of activity administered to a
group of adult patients using a standard procedure and a well-functioning
system;
(q) diagnostic reference value / reference level: an established value used in the
optimisation of patient doses for examinations;
(r) exemption limits: limits, expressed in activity and/or specific activity, at which a
radioactive substance may be exempted from the entire Radiation Protection
Regulations or parts thereof;
(s) occupational exposure: exposure incurred by employees in the course of their
occupation, where the radiation source or exposure situation is an expectable
part of, and is connected to, the practice of that occupation;
(t) radon level: the concentration of radon in the air determined according to the
measurement procedure in effect at any time as prescribed by the Norwegian
Radiation Protection Authority;
(u) employer: employer as defined in section 1-8 (2) of Act of 17 June 2005 No. 62
relating to Working Environment, Working Hours and Employment Protection,
etc.;
(v) harmonised standard: technical specifications adopted by European
standardisation organisations in conformity with a mandate from the European
Commission and the EFTA countries. These standards are published in the
Official Journal of the European Union. Norwegian standards that are
“harmonised standards” are published by the Norwegian Standards Association
or the Norwegian Electrotechnical Committee.
For other definitions, see section 3 of Act of 12 May 2000 No. 36 on Radiation
Protection and Use of Radiation (Radiation Protection Act).
Chapter 1I General provisions on ionising and non-ionising radiation
Section 5
Justification and optimisation
All use of radiation shall be justified. In order for radiation to be justified, the benefits of
the radiation use shall outweigh the radiation detriments. Moreover, the radiation shall
be optimised; i.e the radiation exposure shall be kept as low as reasonably achievable,
taking into account social and economic factors (the ALARA principle – As Low As
Reasonably Achievable).
Section 6
Dose limits and action level
Specific dose limits shall apply to individuals who become exposed to radiation.
Dose limits for occupational exposure are specified in sections 30 and 34.
The dose limit for ionising radiation regarding the general public and employees who
are not occupationally exposed, is 1mSv/year. An undertaking shall plan radiation and
protective measures to ensure that exposure of the general public, which may involve an
individual becoming exposed to more than 0.25 mSv/year, does not occur.
For non-ionising radiation exposure limit values of the general public and employees
who are not occupationally exposed are regulated in section 34.
Radon mitigation measures shall be implemented in kindergartens, schools etc., that are
covered by section 2 of Regulations of 1 December 1995 No. 928 on Environmental
Health Protection at Schools, Day Care Centres etc., if the radon level exceeds 100
Bq/m3 (action level). The same applies to dwellings in which the owner neither lives nor
stays. The radon level shall in any case not exceed a limit value of 200 Bq/ m3 in such
buildings and premises.
Section 7
Dose limits for rescue work
Rescue work in emergency situations shall as far as possible be carried out within the
upper dose limits mentioned in Section 30, Subsection one, Paragraph a) to c). If the
work may result in doses in excess of 50 mSv, the work shall be carried out by
volunteers only who are fully informed about the actual risks and dangers involved.
Women of fertile age may only participate provided they are not pregnant. Exceeding
this limit can only be accepted in order to save lives, avert serious damage to health or
prevent a dramatic escalation of the accident. Radiation doses above 500 mSv shall as
far as possible be avoided. The provisions of Sections 29 and 32 apply correspondingly.
Section 8
Authorization
Undertakings intending to engage in the following activities that involve use ionising
radiation shall hold an authorization from the Norwegian Radiation Protection
Authority:
(a) performance of industrial radiography and maintenance of industrial
radiography equipment.
(b) irradiation activities, i.e. the application of ionising radiation to animals, other
biota, materials, products etc. for treatment, sterilisation, polymerization or
other purposes;
(c) logging activity, i.e. use of sealed radioactive radiation sources or accelerators
for the characterisation of structures around bore holes;
(d) comprehensive, non-medical radiation use for research purposes;
(e) administration of radiopharmaceuticals or substance in connection with
medical and veterinary diagnostics and therapy;
(f) radiation therapy of humans, including use of accelerators;
(g) use of x-ray diagnostic apparatus within the specialist health service,
including ordinary x-ray radiography and fluoroscopy, angiography- and
intervention procedures, computer tomography, mammography and dedicated
child diagnostics;
(h) non-medical use of accelerators, except for electron microscopes;
(i) manufacture and import of radiopharmaceuticals;
(j) addition of radioactive substances in the manufacture of products, and/or sale
of such products. The sale of consumer products mentioned in Section 2, Subsection four of the regulations is exempt from the requirement of
authorization;
(k) manufacture of radioactive radiation sources;
(l) use of open radioactive radiation sources for tracer examinations outside
laboratory;
(m) use of sealed radioactive radiation sources with activities greater than 2 x 106
times the exemption limits stated in the annex to the regulations; see Section
2;
(n) use of open radioactive radiation sources with activities greater than 104 times
the exemption limits in the annex to the regulations and requiring type A
isotope laboratory; see Section 26;
(o) use of ionising radiation to check persons for security purposes or to search for
concealed objects on the body;
(p) import and export of high activity sealed radioactive radiation sources
requiring authorization under (m);
(q) extraction of radioactive substances in connection with mining activity;
(r) sales/lease of radiation sources. Requirements for authorization do not apply to
radiation sources and areas of use mentioned in Section 2, Subsections four
and five.
The following activities regarding non-ionising radiation shall be subject to
authorization by the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority:
(s) undertakings procurement and use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for
medical purposes;
(t) undertakings or personal possession and use of laser pointers class 3R, 3B or 4
in public places; see Section 35.
Section 9
Conditions for authorization
In the authorization the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority may set further
conditions to assure proper use of radiation and protect against harmful effects of
radiation on human health. These further requirements may include conditions for
radiation use, notification, reporting, competence, physical protection, use of
measuring equipment, maintenance routines, quality control of apparatus and
equipment for medical radiation use, return schemes, financial guarantees, import and
export, emergency preparedness and design of premises.
Section 10
Application for authorization
In the case of authorization under Section 8, application must be made in writing and
necessary information must be given to enable the Norwegian Radiation Protection
Authority to evaluate whether authorization should be granted and what conditions
should be set.
Section 11
Change or withdrawal of authorization
The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority may withdraw, change or set new
conditions in an authorization pursuant to Act of 12 May 2000 on Radiation Protection
and Use of Radiation, and if necessary cancel an authorization if
(a) the disadvantage of the radiation use proves to be significantly greater or
different from what was expected when the authorization was granted
(b) the disadvantage of the radiation use can be reduced without unreasonable costs
for the undertaking
(c) the radiation can be significantly reduced or the radiation use can be substituted;
see Section 22
(d) conditions set or orders made pursuant to the Radiation Protection Act are
materially or repeatedly ignored
(e) this follows from an authorization issued under section 8 or from other rules of
reversal.
Section 12
Notification
Undertakings that procure, use or handle x-ray apparatus, accelerators and radioactive
radiation sources above the exemption limits in the annex, see Section 2, Subsection
four and five, and that are not subject to authorization under section 8, shall notify the
Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. Undertakings that offer solariums for
cosmetic purposes for sale, lease or use shall notify the Norwegian Radiation
Protection Authority. The radiation sources must not be procured, used or handled
before the undertaking has received confirmation that notification has been received.
The notification requirement applies also to the procurement, use and handling of
class 4 laser products and to IPL, and to solarium models and tube combinations; see
Section 36.
The notification must contain the information needed by the Norwegian Radiation
Protection Authority in order to assess whether the activity is covered by the
notification duty.
Undertakings shall as far as possible give notification by electronic means.
Section 13
Disposal of radiation sources
Undertakings that procures sealed radioactive radiation sources have a duty to assure
that a return scheme exists in the country of origin and to utilise that scheme.
Furthermore, the undertaking has a duty to inform the Norwegian Radiation Protection
Authority of the return scheme in connection with authorization or notification under
Sections 8 and 12.
Undertakings that dispose or transfer radiation sources subject to authorization or
notification under Sections 8 and 12 to new users, through a return scheme or to a waste
disposal facility shall notify this to the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. For
open radioactive radiation sources it is sufficient that the undertaking has updated lists
of radionuclides and activity quantities.
Section 14
Closing, shutdown etc.
If an undertaking in possession of radiation sources shuts down, the undertaking shall do
what is at any time necessary to keep control over the radiation sources. If the facility or
the undertaking may cause harm to human health after the closure or shutdown, prenotification shall be given in due time to the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority .
The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority may order the owner or the user to
provide a financial guarantee to cover future costs and possible liability compensation.
Anyone who intends to restart an undertaking having an authorisation under Section 8 or
is notified under Section 12, and who intends to do so after the undertaking has been
closed down or operations have been shut down for more than two years, shall contact
the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. The Radiation Protection Authority will
decide whether new authorization must be applied for before the undertaking is
restarted.
The undertaking is obliged to give notification in writing to the Norwegian Radiation
Protection Authority without undue delay concerning any name change, transfer or
cessation of business involving activities covered by Section 8 on authorization or
Section 12 on notification.
Section 15
Internal control – competence, instructions and procedures
The duty for the undertaking with regard to internal control is stated in the
Regulations of 6 December 1996 no. 1127 relating to systematic health,
environmental and safety activities in enterprises.
Undertakings shall ensure that employees and other associated persons who install or
work with radiation sources, or who may become exposed to radiation, have sufficient
competence in the field of radiation protection including safe handling of radiation
sources and measuring and protective equipment.
The undertaking shall prepare instructions and work procedures in writing that ensure
proper radiation protection and prevent persons from being exposed to levels that
exceed dose limits or exposure limits pursuant to these regulations, applicable
standards or international guidelines; see Section 35.
Section 16
Requirements regarding the radiation protection coordinator
Undertakings which are subject to authorization under Section 8 or notification
under Section 12 shall designate one or more persons who shall be able to:
(a) carry out or order measurements and assessments to determine radiation doses
(b) guide the employees in the safe use of the radiation sources as well as the use
of protective and measuring equipment.
This applies also to undertakings which apply or install strong non-ionising radiation
sources.
The radiation protection coordinator shall work to ensure that the undertaking meets
the requirements for health, environment and safety as stated in the radiation
protection legislation. The number of radiation protection coordinators and their
organisation will depend on structure of the undertaking and the complexity of the
radiation use.
In the case of particularly extensive use or other handling of ionising radiation
sources, the radiation protection coordinator must be able to carry out or order
physical, technical and radiochemical measurements and assessments in order to
determine radiation doses, and must also be able to assess health risks and
consequences of various accidents, incidents and abnormal events which may occur.
Section 17
Risk assessment and preventive measures
Undertakings which plan to use or handle radiation sources shall identify and assess
the risk factors associated with the radiation. New activities involving radiation
sources shall not be initiated before the risk has been assessed and necessary
preventive measures implemented. The risk assessment shall be documented in
writing.
If the assessment shows that employees or other persons are at risk, or that radiation
sources may be orphaned, the undertaking shall take measures to prevent such risk,
including
(a) preparation of appropriate work routines
(b) utilising appropriate protective equipment and materials
(c) protection of the radioactive radiation sources against theft, sabotage and
damage, including fire and water damage
(d) give the employees the necessary information and training.
The requirements of this provision do not apply to radiation sources and areas of use
mentioned in Section 2, Subsection four and five.
Section 18
Emergency preparedness
In order to reduce possible consequences of accidents and abnormal events, the
undertaking shall, based on the risk assessment, draw up an emergency preparedness
plan and implement measures that maintain the ability to handle accidents and abnormal
events.
Section 19
Duty to warn in the event of accidents and abnormal events
The undertaking shall immediately give notice of accidents and abnormal events to
the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. A written report shall be sent by the
responsible undertaking to the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority as soon as
possible and within 3 days at the latest.
The terms “accident” and “abnormal events” mean
(a) events which cause or may have caused unintended exposures of employees,
patients or other persons significantly above normal levels.
(b) loss or theft of radiation sources
(c) unintended discharges of radioactive substances to the environment.
(d) events which involve irradiation to the general public whereby an individual
may become exposed to more than 0.25 mSv/year
(e) significant technical failure of importance for the radiation protection at the
radiation source
(f) significant deviation from adequate dose/activity to the treated tissue of a
patient
(g) serious radioactive contamination at the site of the undertaking or its
equipment
(h) discovery of orphan radiation sources
Section 20
Requirements concerning overview and control over radiation
sources
An undertaking has the obligation to maintain an overview of and control over ionising
radiation sources. The same applies to strong non-ionising sources. This duty imply inter
alia that information concerning location, source type and temporary relocations shall be
registered. For radioactive radiation sources, specification of radioactive substances and
activity shall also be registered, as well as the serial number or other data able to
uniquely identify the source. For open radioactive radiation sources it is sufficient for the
undertaking to have updated lists of radionuclides and activity quantities. For other
radiation sources the serial number, manufacturer/model or other data able to uniquely
identify the source shall be registered.
Section 21
Requirements concerning radiation sources
The owner, distributor and manufacturer are obliged to ensure that radiation sources are
in a state that the risk for accidents and abnormal events and undesired radiation
exposure of the users and other persons is as low as reasonably achievable.
Radiation sources shall comply with harmonised standards from the Norwegian
Electrotechnical Committee and the Norwegian Standards Association.
Documentation concerning the technical specifications of the radiation source output,
instructions for use, maintenance, and descriptions of radiation protection and safety
shall be available in Norwegian or English, and follow relevant harmonised standards.
Ionising radiation sources shall be marked with standard symbol for ionising radiation.
The symbol design is as described in the prevailing NS 1029: NS 1029: “Symbol for
ioniserende stråling”[ISO 361:1975 Basic ionizing radiation symbol] . For radioactive
radiation sources, information concerning source type, serial number or other data able
to uniquely identify the radiation source, and activity on a specified date, shall appear
from the marking.
For each individual apparatus a technical measurement protocol showing results from
completion, acceptance testing and periodic checks on the equipment, as well as
maintenance and service reports.
Chapter III
Provisions on ionising radiation
Section 22
Selection of radiation source, duty to consider substitution
When using ionising radiation the undertaking shall assess alternatives to the use,
including the feasibility of methods which do not involve the use of ionising
radiation. The undertaking shall in such a case select the latter alternative provided
this can be done without unreasonable expense or inconvenience.
Where radioactive radiation sources must be used, they shall involve as little risk as is
practically achievable.
For non-medical use of radiation, x-ray apparatus shall be used rather than radioactive
radiation sources when practically achievable.
Existing areas of use and methods shall be reconsidered when new information
emerges relating to their justification.
Section 23
Technical requirements regarding sealed radioactive radiation
sources and other ionising radiation sources
The encapsulation shall be sufficiently strong to prevent leakage of the radioactive
substance and shall comply with the requirements recommended in ISO 2919 (Sealed
radioactive sources - classification). A leakage test shall be performed at points where
the source encapsulation is regularly exposed to mechanical or chemical wear and
tear, and in the event of concrete suspicion that the source encapsulation is damaged.
Industrial nuclear gauges in permanent installations containing radioactive radiation
sources shall comply with the requirements stated in ISO 7205 for class xx2323xxxxx
as regards radiation leakage. The equipment shall moreover be constructed in such a
way as to ensure that it is not possible to open or disassemble it without using special
tools, or it shall be sealed in such a manner that the radioactive radiation source
cannot be removed without breaking the seal.
Permanently positioned equipment in closed systems for non-medical imaging and
technical analyses, including x-ray in process, laboratory equipment containing sealed
radiation sources or x-ray tubes, luggage x-ray, body imaging equipment etc., shall
(a) be shielded such that the dose rate on the surface does not exceed 5 µSv/h.
(b) have light or sound signals indicating when radiation is generated if it is x-ray
equipment
(c) not be possible to generate radiation without the use of a key or code if it is xray apparatus.
Section 24
Storage of radioactive radiation sources pending final disposition
The undertaking is responsible for safe and proper storage of radioactive radiation
sources. This entails inter alia that
(a) storage of open radioactive radiation sources shall be limited to a minimum
(b) at the storage site an inventory description of radiation sources, including
activity levels, shall be available
(c) the storage site shall be secured against access by unauthorised persons
(d) the storage site shall be marked with an ionising radiation warning sign in
compliance with Regulations of 6 December 2011 no. 1356 relating to the
workplace
(e) the radiation level outside the storage site shall not exceed 7.5 μSv/h
(f) radioactive radiation sources shall not be stored together with explosives, highly
flammable substances or in a corrosive environment.
Section 25
Shielding and safety equipment
Radiation shielding and other safety equipment such as personal protective equipment
and technical safety systems shall be available where necessary. Such
equipment/systems shall be designed such that the risk of radiation doses to
occupationally exposed employees, other employees and the general public, see
Sections 6, 29 and 30, and the risk of accidents, incidents and abnormal events, is as
low as reasonably achievable.
The undertaking shall regularly ensure that safety equipment and safety functions
function as intended.
Section 26
Work with open radioactive radiation sources and classification of
isotope laboratories
All work with open radioactive radiation sources shall take place in an isotope
laboratory of type A, B or C, depending on the activity. The activity limits for the
various types of isotope laboratory are as follows:
Type of
laboratory
Type C
Type B
Type A
Activity that can be used per occasion in the laboratory
Up to 10 times the exemption limit for activity stated in the annex
to the regulations
Up to 104 times the exemption limit for activity stated in the annex
to the regulations
Above 104 times the exemption limit for activity stated in the
annex to the regulations
The activity limits apply to normal chemical work. For simple work processes, for
example extraction of stock solutions and dilutions, the stated limits may be raised by
a factor of 10 or lower. In the case of especially hazardous work, like work involving
dry substances, the activity limits shall be reduced by a factor of 10.
When working with open radioactive radiation sources, measuring equipment for
control of radioactive contamination shall be available. Measuring equipment and
other safety equipment such as extraction cabinets and fans shall be checked regularly.
Requirements regarding laboratory class A, B or C do not apply to work involving
activity below the exemption limits in the annex to the regulations; see Section 2,
Subsection five.
Section 27
Requirements on isotope laboratories
All isotope laboratories shall be equipped and designed in such a way that
(a) the radiation doses to personnel can be kept as low as reasonably achievable
(b) any risk of contamination and of intake of radioactive substances is minimal
(c) surfaces are impervious and smooth to facilitate cleaning and resistant to the
chemicals used in the laboratory
(d) recirculation of radioactive substances to the laboratory or other premises is
prevented, normally by means of extraction cabinets. It shall, if necessary, be
possible to install absorbent filters in the ventilation system
(e) hand washing can take place.
Section 28
Additional requirements on type A and type B isotope laboratories
Type A laboratories require authorization pursuant to Section 8Paragraph n).
Authorization will cover particular requirements as to design and equipment in
addition to the requirements on type B laboratories under this Section.
Type B isotope laboratories shall be reserved for work with radioactive substances,
and shall be designed in such a way that
(a) there is a transition zone into the controlled area, containing a contamination
monitor, a suitable wash basin and an emergency shower. The transition to the
active area shall be clearly marked with a stripe painted on the floor or a
physical barrier
(b) the laboratory has reduced air pressure compared with the surroundings so that
radioactive substances do not enter the working atmosphere
(c) the ventilation system for exiting air is connected to a separate ventilation duct
whose discharge point is placed such that the air is not recirculated into the
working atmosphere. The fan shall be placed close to the ventilation duct’s
discharge point.
Chapter IV Provisions on occupational exposure to ionising
radiation
Section 29
Requirement for classification and marking of the workplace
The undertaking shall classify the workplace as a controlled area if employees may be
exposed to radiation doses above 6 mSv per year or if the dose to the hands may
exceed 150 mSv per year.
The undertaking shall classify the workplace as a supervised area if employees may be
exposed to radiation doses in excess of 1mSv per year, or if the dose to the hands may
exceed 50 mSv per year.
The undertaking shall ensure that occupationally exposed employees outside a
controlled and supervised area cannot be exposed to radiation doses larger than 1 mSv
per year.
A controlled area shall be physically demarcated or marked clearly by other means
where physical demarcation is not possible. A controlled and supervised area shall be
marked with a sign showing that it is a controlled or supervised area. Regarding
marking with an ionising radiation warning sign the requirements laid down in
Regulations of 6 December2011 no. 1356 relating to the workplace do apply.
The requirements regarding marking of the workplace do not apply in the case of
elevated cosmic radiation to aircraft personnel.
Section 30
Dose limits
All radiation exposure shall be kept as low as reasonably achievable, and the
following dose limits shall not be exceeded:
(a) The dose limit for occupationally exposed employees over the age of 18 is 20
mSv per calendar year. The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority may
grant dispensation for individuals where in consideration of the nature of the
work it is not practically possible to establish an annual limit of 20 mSv. In
such cases a permit may be granted to practise a limit of 100 mSv over a
consecutive five-year period, provided that the dose does not exceed 50 mSv
in any single year.
(b) The radiation dose to the lens of the eye shall not exceed 150 mSv per year.
(c) The radiation dose to skin, hands and feet shall not exceed 500 mSv per year.
(d) For apprentices between the age of 16 and 18 who are using radiation sources
as part of their education, dose limits of respectively 5, 50 and 150 mSv per
year apply instead of the doses stated under (a) to (c).
(e) For occupationally exposed pregnant women the dose to the foetus shall not
exceed 1 mSv for the remainder of the pregnancy, i.e. after the pregnancy has
been declared.
The requirements as to transfer of pregnant women, health checks on employees,
medical practitioners' notification duty, employers' duty to register etc., are laid down
in Regulations of 14 June 1985 no. 1157 on work with ionising radiation.
Where there is a reason to believe that an employee has exceeded the dose limit, the
employer shall immediately carry out an examination to identify the causes thereof,
and initiate measures to avoid repeats.
Section 31
Exception regarding radon
The provisions on classification and marking of the workplace and dose limits etc. in
this chapter do not apply in relation to radon.
Section 32
Personal dosimetry
The undertaking shall ensure that employees working within a controlled or
supervised area have their personal radiation exposure determined and the employees
shall contribute in this matter.
The undertakings shall ensure that the employees are informed in writing of the dose
readings and shall initiate measures as and when needed.
Section 33
Dose reporting
Undertakings which determine personal radiation exposure in their own undertaking
or on behalf of other undertakings shall regularly, and at least annually, report the
dose readings to the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. The doses shall be
reported at the individual level.
Personal dose reports shall be kept for 60 years.
Chapter V Provisions on non-ionising radiation
Section 34
Limit values etc. regarding exposure of persons
All exposure of humans to non-ionising radiation shall be kept as low as reasonably
achievable.
Guidelines and limit values in the area of optical radiation and electromagnetic fields
set forth in the latest updated version of the Guidelines for limiting exposure to nonionising radiation from the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation
Protection shall apply as regulations.
Section 35
Use of IPL and strong non-ionising sources
For IPL and strong non-ionising sources, including laser class 3R, 3B or 4, where
exposure of humans is intended, Sections 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48 and 53 shall
apply insofar as they are relevant.
Use of strong non-ionising sources shall be in compliance with the following
harmonised standards:
(a) EN 60825: Safety of Laser products - Part 1: Equipment classification,
requirements and user's guide, and
(b) NEK IEC/TR 60825; Safety of laser products - Part 8: Guidelines for the safe
use of laser beams on humans.
Section 36
Technical requirements for solariums
Solariums shall be in compliance with harmonised standard EN 60335 with annex;
Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 2-27: Particular
requirements for appliances for skin exposure to ultraviolet and infrared radiation.
Only solariums belonging to UV type 3 are permitted for sale, lease or use for
cosmetic purposes. Anyone who imports/sells a solarium is responsible for ensuring
that the requirements are met and that necessary measurements have been performed.
Measurements confirming the classification shall be carried out by a laboratory that
meets the quality requirements of the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority.
It is forbidden for undertakings to offer solariums for cosmetic purposes for sale, lease
or use to persons under the age of 18 years.
The undertaking has a duty to ensure that appliances and marking meet prevailing
requirements and to inform the customer of the recommended schedule of exposure.
The undertaking also has a duty to have protective goggles available for the customer.
Specification of permitted radiation sources shall be physically available next to each
appliance. The settings of the solarium’s timer shall be compatible with the times
specified in the recommended schedule of exposure. The undertaking has a duty to
post a notice with a warning text and safety rules in compliance with EN 60335-2-27
with annex in an easily visible position on the premises.
Chapter VI Provisions on medical use of radiation
Section 37
Justification
The justification of new methods and applications in medical use of radiation shall be
evaluated on a general basis before such methods and applications become available
for general use. Existing areas of use and methods shall be reassessed when new
information emerges about their justification.
An assessment shall be made of whether the use of radiation is justified for the
individual patient based on the individual circumstances. If possible, previous patient
information shall be obtained in order to avoid unnecessary use of radiation.
Irradiation may be justified in a particular case, even if not justified in general.
Section 38
Optimisation
The undertaking shall on a continual basis ensure that medical use of radiation is
optimised. Optimisation includes choice of method, apparatus and equipment;
assessment of diagnostic information or the effect of therapy; practical feasibility of
the examination or treatment, as well as an assessment of work technique and
radiation dose to the patient.
Each undertaking shall establish protocols for the most common and relevant medical
procedures. The protocols shall provide information on procedures and apparatus
settings for implementing examinations and treatment. These procedures shall be
audited on a regular basis.
Section 39
Referral
X-ray diagnostic, nuclear medical and MRI examinations and treatments shall only be
undertaken after referral from health personnel with requisitioning rights. This
requirement does not apply to examinations carried out under the screening
programme in accordance with Section 46.
The justification for the above examinations shall be evaluated against applicable
guidelines before the examinations are carried out. In non-acute cases where the
examination involves a high radiation dose, the justification shall be evaluated by a
relevant medical specialist; see Section 42 on requirements regarding medical
competence.
Section 40
Representative doses / activity administered to patients
The undertaking shall maintain an overview of representative doses / activity
administered to patients regarding typical x-ray diagnostic and nuclear medical
examinations. These values shall be compared with diagnostic reference values /
reference levels laid down by the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. If the
undertaking’s representative dose / representative activity for a given examination is
higher than the Radiation Protection Authority’s reference value / reference level, the
cause thereof shall be found, and measures to reduce the values shall be elucidated
and implemented as far as practically possible. Similarly, image quality and diagnostic
safety shall be evaluated if the representative dose / administered activity is
significantly lower than the reference value / reference level.
Section 41
Women of fertile age
When treating or examining women of fertile age particular attention shall be given to
protecting the embryo/foetus where the woman is pregnant or pregnancy cannot be
ruled out. When evaluating justification, consideration shall be given to the expected
dose to the embryo/foetus, whether the examination or the treatment can be deferred
in view of the woman’s state of health and if alternative methods are available that
imply less risk of harm to the embryo/foetus.
Section 42
Medical competence
Undertakings which use radiation for the following specified purposes shall have
personnel with the following competence:
(a) For x-ray diagnostics and MRI that are subject to an authorization requirement
under Section 8 Paragraph g) and Section 8, Subsection two: a medical
practitioner with specialist competence in medical radiology or a dentist with
specialist competence in maxillofacial radiology. Within specific disciplines,
including heart diseases and pulmonary diseases: a medical practitioner with
specialist competence in his/her discipline.
(b) For nuclear medical examinations, a medical practitioner with specialist
competence in nuclear medicine; for multi-modality examinations such as
PET/CT and SPEC/CT also a medical practitioner with specialist competence in
radiology if the apparatus is used for CT diagnostics.
(c) For high- and medium-energy radiation therapy, a medical practitioner with
specialist competence in oncology.
(d) For skin therapy with tube voltage not exceeding 15 kV x-ray radiation, a
medical practitioner with specialist competence in dermatology and venereal
diseases.
(e) For nuclear medical therapy, a medical practitioner with specialist competence
in oncology or nuclear medicine.
(f) For intraoral dental radiography, a dentist or dental hygienist, for extraoral
dental radiography, a dentist with relevant and documentable competence.
(g) For use of x-ray apparatus in a chiropractic enterprise, a chiropractor.
(h) For other x-ray diagnostics not subject to an authorization requirement, a
medical practitioner.
(i) For medical treatment with laser class 4 or IPL, a medical practitioner.
(j) For medical treatment with laser class 3B or other strong non-ionising sources,
a medical practitioner, chiropractor or physiotherapist.
(k) For medical treatment of the oral cavity with optical sources, a medical
practitioner or dentist.
(l) For treatment of eyes by laser, a medical practitioner with specialist
competence in eye diseases.
(m) For treatment of jaundice in newborns with visible light, a medical practitioner
with specialist competence in children’s diseases.
The undertaking must designate a medically responsible person within each
category.
Section 43
Training in radiation protection and medical use of radiation
Personnel shall on an annual basis be given relevant training in radiation protection
and radiation use in relation to work methods and the individual’s tasks. All affected
personnel shall receive apparatus-specific training that includes factors influencing
radiation dose and image quality before new apparatus or new methods are
implemented for clinical use. All training provided to the individual employee shall be
possible to document with regard to the scope and content.
Section 44
Competence in medical physics
Undertakings using radiation for medical purposes that require authorization under
Section 8 shall have personnel with scientific competence to master’s degree level
with real competence in the relevant discipline of medical physics (x-ray diagnostics,
MRI, nuclear medicine, radiation therapy). The number shall be adapted to the
undertaking’s scope and complexity to ensure that necessary tasks are duly attended
to, including dosimetry, quality control and optimisation. The responsible physicist
shall have a further two years’ clinical experience.
Section 45
Competence to operate apparatus for medical use of radiation
X-ray and MRI apparatus shall be operated by a radiographer or a medical practitioner
with relevant specialist competence, or by a dentist with specialist competence in
maxillofacial radiology. The requirement as to specialist competence does not apply
for simple mobile apparatus for photography and fluoroscopy or simple dental x-ray
apparatus. CBCT/CBVT for use in maxillofacial radiology may be operated by a
dentist with relevant and documentable competence. A chiropractor may operate
simple x-ray apparatus subject to the notification requirement for a chiropratic
undertaking under Section 12.
For radiation therapy, personnel who operate the apparatus on an independent basis
shall be radiation therapists professionally educated to bachelor's degree level or have
further education in radiation therapy or other health care education to the same level
as a bachelor’s degree.
Nuclear medical apparatus shall be operated by personnel with a health care education
to bachelor’s degree level (radiographer, bioengineer or the like) and with further
education in nuclear medicine and radiation protection equivalent to at least 15 study
credits in the Norwegian university and university college system, or a medical
practitioner with relevant specialist competence.
Operation of multi-modality apparatus such as PET/CT and SPEC/CT requires
competence in both nuclear medicine and radiography.
Apparatus for treatment of jaundice in newborns with visible light shall be operated
by health personnel.
Laser class 3B and 4, IPL and strong non-ionising sources applied to humans shall be
operated by health personnel.
Personnel undergoing education in the above categories may operate such apparatus
where this forms part of their education.
Section 46
Screening activity etc.
Screening programmes and other examination programmes that use apparatus subject
to authorization, see Section 8, and are prepared for symptom-free groups, shall be
notified to the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. The undertaking must if
necessary also be authorized for medical use of x-ray apparatus in compliance with
Section 8, Paragraph g). The following requirements apply to such activity:
(a) The programme’s justification shall be documentable and based on scientific
and social assessments.
(b) The programme shall be systematic and well defined regarding what
population group shall be included and have routines for follow-up positive
findings and any ancillary findings.
(c) The screening programme shall be able to document positive and negative
findings in order to enable the effect of the programme to be evaluated on a
regular basis.
(d) The individual shall be informed of inconveniences and consequences of the
examination.
(e) A technical and medical quality assurance programme shall exist.
Section 47
Duty to provide information
The undertaking shall, when requested by the Norwegian Radiation Protection
Authority, provide information on the annual number of treatments and diagnostic
examinations carried out in various medical inquires, as well as records of radiation
doses to patients.
The undertaking shall, when requested by the Norwegian Radiation Protection
Authority, be able to present a technical record of measurements for each individual
apparatus showing results from completion, acceptance testing and periodical checks
of the equipment, as well as maintenance and service reports.
Section 48
Quality control etc., of apparatus
Apparatus for medical use of radiation shall, in so far as the requirements are relevant
to such apparatus, fulfil the requirements set out in Act of 12 January 1995 no. 6 on
medical equipment, and regulations made pursuant to that Act. These include inter
alia requirements concerning CE marking.
All apparatus shall be maintained and checked in a planned, systematic and
documentable manner. Checks shall at minimum cover parameters that affect
radiation doses/deposited energy and image quality.
Apparatus that is used must be adapted to the respective areas of application.
Where medical radiation apparatus is received and prepared for use that requires
authorization under Section 8, the acceptance test shall include all parameters and
factors which may affect radiation dose and image quality. A documentable system for
periodic quality control of apparatus and equipment shall also be established.
Section 49
Dosimetry regarding ionising radiation therapy, x-ray diagnostics
and nuclear medicine
The undertaking shall have a reference instrument for dose measurement in
connection with radiation therapy. This reference instrument shall be calibrated every
second year against the national standard. Radiation sources used for radiation therapy
shall be calibrated against the reference instrument for those radiation qualities that
are used clinically. Calibration of radiation sources for radiation therapy shall be
performed in connection with acceptance testing, in connection with maintenance of
significance for dosimetry and in accordance with planned routines, and shall be
carried out in accordance with international protocols or with national protocols where
such protocols have been issued.
All devices that show a measure of radiation dose in x-ray diagnostics and nuclear
medicine shall be calibrated/verified on a regular basis.
Section 50
X-ray diagnostics
The following types of examinations – computed tomography (CT), angiography and
intervention, conventional x-ray examinations of the gastrointestinal tract and
examinations that are specially prepared for children –the following requirements
apply:
(a) X-ray apparatus shall be equipped with a device providing a measure of the
radiation dose to the patient during the examination.
(b) The radiation dose to each patient shall be recorded. These data shall
accompany the patient’s medical journal or be obtainable by other means.
Standardised protocols shall be developed for optimal setting of the apparatus
regarding the commonest medical inquiries. Such protocols are recommendable
guidelines,
the apparatus settings shall be adjusted to the optimal settings for the individual
patient.
Doses to the lenses of the eyes, breasts, thyroid gland and gonads shall be kept as low
as reasonably achievable.
Section 51
Ionising radiation therapy
Therapy with ionising radiation for the purpose of curing disease or palliative care
shall take place in accordance with professionally proper and documented procedures
as regards description of target volume, organ at risk, fractionation and doses.
Tools shall be available for individual planning of radiation dose based on the
patient's anatomy, and there shall be a professionally responsible person who is
familiar with the dose calculation models and the limitations of the tools. Before
therapy starts, the dose calculation shall be checked by at least two specialists. A
verification system shall exist to check the therapy against planned values. Any
change in relation to the therapy plan shall be documented. Manual transfer of therapy
data to the therapy machine shall be kept to a minimum. The therapy shall be
documented in order to permit reconstruction of the therapy setup, course of therapy
and doses given to each individual patient. The patient is entitled to information about
radiation doses and the risk regarding radiation therapy.
Procedures shall exist for reporting and follow-up of deviations with a separate
register for the various types of deviation. The patient and any relatives shall be
notified in the event of significant deviation of the therapy. A dosimetric and medical
assessment of the deviation determines the further follow-up of the patient.
For external high-energy radiation therapy, a system shall exist for dosimetric and
geometric control of the therapy, with documentation in the patient’s journal.
For brachytherapy, the positioning of radiation sources within the patient and therapy
schedules shall be documented.
Section 52
Nuclear medicine
For nuclear medical diagnostics the activity shall be determined and verified before
each individual administration to the patient.
For nuclear medical therapy, individual dose planning and the activity shall be
determined and verified before administration to the patient.
Activity of radiopharmaceuticals, radionuclides, the chemical form of the
radiopharmaceutical or its usual abbreviation that is used, shall be entered in the
patient’s journal.
Section 53
Therapy with non-ionising sources
Therapy with non-ionising sources for the purpose to prevent or cure disease or
palliative care shall take place in accordance with professionally proper and
documented procedures. The same applies where the purpose of the treatment is
cosmetic.
In the case of therapy with non-ionising sources there shall be a system for dosimetry
based on an evaluation or control measurement of the source’s output.
Chapter VII
Administrative provisions
Section 54
Supervision
The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority shall be provided with such
information as is necessary to enable it to carry out supervision and verify compliance
with decisions made pursuant to these regulations.
The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority decides itself which of the
undertaking’s representatives it will talk to and obtain information from during
supervision.
The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority shall prepare a report in writing after
supervision.
The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority’s supervisory powers in respect of
solariums, including the power to make necessary individual decisions, is delegated to
the municipal authorities; see section 18 regarding radiation protection in Act of 12
May no. 36.
Section 55
Dispensation
If one or more of the provisions of these regulations would appear highly
unreasonable, the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority may grant dispensation.
Section 56
Amendments to the regulations
The Ministry may adopt amendments to these regulations.
The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority may lay down and amend exemption
limits in the annex to the regulations. Where exemption limits are amended, the
Radiation Protection Authority shall lay down necessary transitional arrangements.
Chapter X Final provisions
Section 57
Entry into force
These regulations enter into force on 1 January 2011 with the exception of Section 6,
Subsection five which enters into force on 1 January 2014. Regulations of 21
November 2003 no. 1362 on radiation protection and radiation use (Radiation
Protection Regulations) are revoked as of the same date.
Section 58
Transitional provisions
Authorizations granted pursuant to Regulations of 21 November 2003 no. 1362 on
radiation protection and radiation use (Radiation Protection Regulations) Section 5 are
valid until they are superseded by authorization pursuant to Section 8, or until they
expire.
Annex concerning exemption limits; see Section 2, Paragraph five
and six
Radionuclide
Activity
Bq
Specific
Activity Bq/g
Radionuclide
Activity
Bq
Specific
Activity Bq/g
……………….
Substances marked a in the above table represent radioactive substances in equilibrium
with the daughter products listed below. The exemption limit in the table refers to the
mother nuclide alone, but radiation contribution from the daughter products is taken
into account in determining the exemption limit for the mother nuclide.
Vedlegg om unntaksgrenser, jf. § 2 femte og sjette ledd
Radionuklide Aktivitet
Bq
H-3
Be-7
Be-10
C-11
C-14
N-13
O-15
F-18
Na-22
Na-24
Mg-28
Al-26
Si-31
Si-32
P-32
P-33
S-35
Cl-36
Cl-38
Ar-37
Ar-39
Ar-41
K-40
K-42
K-43
Ca-41
Ca-45
Ca-47
Sc-44
Sc-46
Sc-47
Sc-48
V-48
V-49
Cr-51
Mn-51
Mn-52
Mn-52m
Mn-53
Mn-54
Mn-56
Spesifikk
aktivitet Bq/ g
109
107
106
106
107
109
109
106
106
105
105
105
106
106
105
108
108
106
105
108
104
109
106
106
106
107
107
106
105
106
106
105
105
107
107
105
105
109
106
106
103
104
101
104
102
102
101
101
101
101
101
103
103
103
105
105
104
101
106
107
102
102
102
101
105
104
101
101
10
102
101
101
104
103
101
101
104
101
105
101
Radionuklide Aktivitet
Bq
Co-56
Co-57
Co-58
Co-58m
Co-60
Co-60m
Co-61
Co-62m
Ni-59
Ni-63
Ni-65
Cu-64
Cu-67
Zn-65
Zn-69
Zn-69m
Ga-67
Ga-68
Ga-72
Ge-68
Ge-71
Ge-77
As-72
As-73
As-74
As-76
As-77
Se-75
Se-79
Br-76
Br-77
Br-82
Kr-74
Kr-76
Kr-77
Kr-79
Kr-81
Kr-83m
Kr-85
Kr-85m
Kr-87
105
106
106
107
105
106
106
105
108
108
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
105
105
105
108
105
105
107
106
105
106
106
107
105
106
106
109
109
109
105
107
1012
104
1010
109
Spesifikk
aktivitet Bq/ g
101
102
101
104
101
103
102
101
104
105
101
102
102
101
104
102
102
101
101
101
104
101
101
103
101
102
103
102
104
101
102
101
102
102
102
103
104
105
105
103
102
Fe-52
Fe-55
Fe-59
Fe-60
Co-55
Sr-85m
Sr-87m
Sr-89
Sr-90a
Sr-91
Sr-92
Y-87
Y-88
Y-90
Y-91
Y-91m
Y-92
Y-93
Zr-88
Zr-93a
Zr-95
Zr-97a
Nb-93m
Nb-94
Nb-95
Nb-97
Nb-98
Mo-90
Mo-93
Mo-99
Mo-101
Tc-95m
Tc-96
Tc-96m
Tc-97
Tc-97m
Tc-98
Tc-99
Tc-99m
Ru-97
Ru-103
Ru-105
Ru-106a
Rh-99
Rh-101
Rh-102
Rh-102m
Rh-103m
106
106
106
105
106
107
106
106
104
105
106
106
106
105
106
106
105
105
10
107
106
105
107
106
106
106
105
106
108
106
106
106
106
107
108
107
106
107
107
107
106
106
105
106
107
106
106
108
101
104
101
102
101
102
102
103
102
101
101
101
101
103
103
102
102
102
102
103
101
101
104
101
101
101
101
101
103
102
101
101
101
103
103
103
101
104
102
102
102
101
102
101
102
101
102
104
Kr-88
Rb-81
Rb-83
Rb-84
Rb-86
Rb-87
Rb-nat
Sr-82
Sr-85
Pd-103
Pd-107
Pd-109
Ag-105
Ag-108ma
Ag-110m
Ag-111
Cd-109
Cd-113m
Cd-115
Cd-115m
In-111
In-113m
In-114m
In-115m
Sn-113
Sn-117m
Sn-119m
Sn-121m
Sn-123
Sn-125
Sn-126
Sb-122
Sb-124
Sb-125
Sb-126
Te-121
Te-121m
Te-123m
Te-125m
Te-127
Te-127m
Te-129
Te-129m
Te-131
Te-131m
Te-132
Te-133
Te-133m
109
106
106
106
105
107
107
105
106
108
108
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
107
106
107
107
106
105
105
104
106
106
105
106
106
107
107
106
107
106
106
105
106
107
105
105
102
101
102
101
102
104
104
101
102
103
105
103
102
101
101
103
104
103
102
103
102
102
102
102
103
102
103
103
103
102
101
102
101
102
101
101
102
102
103
103
103
102
103
102
101
102
101
101
Rh-105
I-132
I-133
I-134
I-135
Xe-122
Xe-123
Xe-127
Xe-131m
Xe-133
Xe-135
Cs-129
Cs-131
Cs-132
Cs-134m
Cs-134
Cs-135
Cs-136
Cs-137a
Cs-138
Ba-131
Ba-133
Ba-133m
Ba-140a
La-137
La-140
Ce-139
Ce-141
Ce-143
Ce-144a
Pr-142
Pr-143
Nd-147
Nd-149
Pm-143
Pm-144
Pm-145
Pm-147
Pm-148m
Pm-149
Pm-151
Sm-145
Sm-147
Sm-151
Sm-153
Eu-147
Eu-148
Eu-149
107
105
106
105
106
109
109
105
104
104
1010
105
106
105
105
104
107
105
104
104
106
106
106
105
107
105
106
107
106
105
105
106
106
106
106
106
107
107
106
106
106
107
104
108
106
106
106
107
102
101
101
101
101
102
102
103
104
103
103
102
103
101
103
101
104
101
101
101
102
102
102
101
103
101
102
102
102
102
102
104
102
102
102
101
103
104
101
103
102
102
101
104
102
102
101
102
Te-134
I-123
I-124
I-125
I-126
I-129
I-130
I-131
Gd-146
Gd-148
Gd-153
Gd-159
Tb-157
Tb-158
Tb-160
Dy-159
Dy-165
Dy-166
Ho-166
Ho-166m
Er-169
Er-171
Tm-167
Tm-170
Tm-171
Yb-169
Yb-175
Lu-172
Lu-173
Lu-174
Lu-174m
Lu-177
Hf-172
Hf-175
Hf-181
Hf-182
Ta-178
Ta-179
Ta-182
W-178
W-181
W-185
W-187
W-188
Re-184
Re-184m
Re-186
Re-187
106
107
106
106
106
105
106
106
106
104
107
106
107
106
106
107
106
106
105
106
107
106
106
106
108
107
107
106
107
107
107
107
106
106
106
106
106
107
104
106
107
107
106
105
106
106
106
109
101
102
101
103
102
102
101
102
101
101
102
103
104
101
101
103
103
103
103
101
104
102
102
103
104
102
103
101
102
102
102
103
101
102
101
102
101
103
101
101
103
104
102
102
101
102
103
106
Eu-150
Eu-152
Eu-152m
Eu-154
Eu-155
Eu-156
Tl-200
Tl-201
Tl-202
Tl-204
Pb-201
Pb-202
Pb-203
Pb-205
Pb-210a
Pb-212a
Bi-205
Bi-206
Bi-207
Bi-210
Bi-210m
Bi-212a
Po-203
Po-205
Po-207
Po-210
At-211
Rn-220a
Rn-222a
Ra-223a
Ra-224a
Ra-225
Ra-226a
Ra-227
Ra-228a
Ac-227
Ac-228
Th-226a
Th-227
Th-228a
Th-229a
Th-230
Th-231
Th-232
Th-nat
Th-234a
Pa-230
Pa-231
106
106
106
106
107
106
106
106
106
104
106
106
106
107
104
105
106
105
106
106
105
105
106
106
106
104
107
107
108
105
105
105
104
106
105
103
106
107
104
104
103
104
107
104
103
105
106
103
101
101
102
101
102
101
101
102
102
104
101
103
102
104
101
101
101
101
101
103
101
101
101
101
101
101
103
104
101
102
101
102
101
102
101
10-1
101
103
101
100
100
100
103
101
100
103
101
100
Re-188
Re-189
Re-nat
Os-185
Os-191
Os-191m
Os-193
Os-194
Ir-189
Ir-190
Ir-192
Ir-194
Pt-188
Pt-191
Pt-193m
Pt-195m
Pt-197
Pt-197m
Au-193
Au-194
Au-195
Au-198
Au-199
Hg-194
Hg-195m
Hg-197
Hg-197m
Hg-203
Pa-233
U-230a
U-231
U-232a
U-233
U-234
U-235a
U-236
U-237
U-238a
U-nat
U-239
U-240
U-240a
Np-235
Np-236
Np-237a
Np-239
Np-240
Pu-234
105
106
109
106
107
107
106
105
107
106
104
105
106
106
107
106
106
106
107
106
107
106
106
106
106
107
106
105
107
105
107
103
104
104
104
104
106
104
103
106
107
106
107
105
103
107
106
107
102
102
106
101
102
103
102
102
102
101
101
102
101
102
103
102
103
102
102
101
102
102
102
101
102
102
102
102
102
101
102
100
101
101
101
101
102
101
100
102
103
101
103
102
100
102
101
102
Cm-245
Cm-246
Cm-247
Cm-248
Bk-247
Bk-249
Cf-246
Cf-248
Cf-249
Cf-250
Cf-251
103
103
104
103
104
106
106
104
103
104
103
100
100
100
100
100
103
103
101
100
101
100
Pu-235
Pu-236
Pu-237
Pu-238
Pu-239
Pu-240
Pu-241
Pu-242
Pu-243
Pu-244
Am-241
Am-242
Am-242ma
Am-243a
Cm-240
Cm-241
Cm-242
Cm-243
Cm-244
Cf-252
Cf-253
Cf-254
Es-253
Es-254
Es-254m
Fm-254
Fm-255
107
104
107
104
104
103
105
104
107
104
104
106
104
103
105
106
105
104
104
104
105
103
105
104
106
107
106
102
101
103
100
100
100
102
100
103
100
100
103
100
100
102
102
102
100
101
101
102
100
102
101
102
104
103
Stoffer merket a i tabellen over representerer radioaktive stoffer i likevekt med
de datterprodukter som er angitt nedenfor. Unntaksgrensen i tabellen refererer seg til
modernukliden alene, men strålebidraget fra datterproduktene er tatt hensyn til i
fastsettelsen av unntaksgrensen for modernukliden.
Sr-90
Zr-93
Zr-97
Ru-106
Ag-108m
Cs-137
Ce-134
Ce-144
Ba-140
Bi-212
Pb-210
Pb-212
Rn-220
Y-90
Nb-93m
Nb-97
Rh-106
Ag-108
Ba-137m
La-134
Pr-144
La-140
Tl-208 (0.36), Po-212 (0.64)
Bi-210, Po-210
Bi-212, Tl-208 (0.36), Po-212 (0.64)
Po-216
Rn-222
Ra-223
Ra-224
Ra-226
Ra-228
Th-226
Th-228
Th-229
Th-nat
Th-234
U-230
U-232
U-235
U-238
U-nat
U-240
Np-237
Am-242m
Am-243
Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Po-214
Rn-219, Po-215, Pb-211, Bi-211, Tl-207
Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208 (0.36), Po-212 (0.64)
Rn-222, Po-218, Pb 214, Bi-214, Po-214, Pb-210, Bi-210, Po210
Ac-228
Ra-222, Rn-218, Po-214
Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Bi-210, Pb-212, Tl-208 (0.36), Po-212
(0.64)
Ra-225, Ac-225, Fr-221, At-217, Bi-213, Po-213, Pb-209
Ra-228, Ac-228, Th-228, Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi212, Tl-208 (0.36), Po-212 (0.64)
Pa-234m
Th-226, Ra-222, Rn-218, Po-214
Th-228, Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208 (0.36),
Po-212 (0.64)
Th-231
Th-234, Pa-234m
Th-234, Pa-234m, U-234, Th-230, Ra-226, Rn-222, Po-218, Pb214, Bi-214, Po-214, Pb-210, Bi-210, Po-210
Np-240m
Pa-233
Am-242
Np-239.