Programs
How to create good looking
documents?
Editors
Formatting programs
Publishing programs (DTP)
© 2007, Abonyi-Tóth Zsolt
Szent István University
Faculty of Veterinary Science
Budapest
Typography
Point size
τυποζ (typos) graven figure
γραφω (grapho) to write
Inch based (pica)
– 0,352 mm
Typography:
– Developing of printed materials
– Forming the text, aligning the text and pictures
Typography: developing letters and
Didot-Förster
– 0,376 mm
developing with letters
Point size
Point size
Inch based (pica)
– 1 inch = 6 picas = 25,4 mm
– 1 pica = 12 points = 4,233 mm
– 1 point = 0,352 mm
Didot-Förster
– 1 point = 0,376 mm =
– 4 points = 1,504 mm =
– 8 points = 3,008 mm =
– 10 points = 3,761 mm =
– 12 points = 4,513 mm =
– ...
point
diamond
petit
garamond
cicero
1
Why is it important?
Who do you trust?
You need a new assistant. Who do you trust?
Name:
John Smiths
Place of Birth: London
Date of Birth: 12.09.1978.
Education:
Blackwell College, Easwick
veterinarian
NDA High School
Hobby:
swimming
Parts of the document
Letter
Word
Sentence
Paragraph
name: John Smiths
Place of Birth: London
Date of Birth: 12..09. 1978
Education : Blackwell College,
Easwick veterinarian, NDA
High School
Hobby: swimming
Letters
Budapest
Chapter
Document
Base line
– Optical
Letters
Letters
Budapest
Line of reading
– Optical
– It guides your eyes!
Budapest
Font size
– more 10-20% place between rows
• Less space is confusing (you miss the rows)
• More space is a wastage, and breaks the train of thought
2
Letters
Letters
Linear impression is needed, when you
Traditional font size:
– 8-10 in newspaper
– 10-12 in books
change the size
– Use an exponential scale!
E.g. this one:
– (12 with A/4 paper size)
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 28, 36, 48, ...
Letters
Letters
Width of letters
– Equal width on typewriters
– Letters should have different width!
Font type: letters have been developed by
• We need rhythm
the same graphical idea
The needs:
– Easy to read
– Nice shape
– Own, special looking
Letters
Letters
The needs of easy reading:
– The looking should be uniform, but the letters
must be easy to distinguish
– The picture of words should be good-looking
– The shape of the letters should produce a good
rhythm of lines
Other properties
– Type
• DON’T WRITE WITH UPPERCASE LETTERS!
• Letters with the same graphical elements
– Variant
• How to modify the given type
– Size
Font: the above 3 things together
– E.g. Times Bold 10
3
Letters
Letters
Variants
– Width of the lines
Variants
– Width of the letters
II OO AA ii oo aa
QWERTYUIOPasdfghjkléá
QWERTYUIOPasdfghjkléá
Letters
Letters
Variants
– Italic
Variants
– Small capitals
• Letters may become unreadable
• Oblique (cursive), if it has been developed
separately
• The shape of the letters is uppercase
• Wrong line width transforming by the computer!
QWERTYUIOPasdfghjkléá
QWERTYUIOPasdfghjkléá
QWERTYUIOPasdfghjkléá
QWERTYUIOPasdfghjkléá
Letters
Letters
Special effects
Hyphenation and dash is not the same!
Kerning
Sometimes we should to move letters to create a
uniform spot-effect
-–
.
.
n-dash with space, or
m-dash without space
4
Letters
Do we read letters or words?
With feet
– Normal, continuous text
Without feet
– Bigget size, titles, etc.
Fixed width letters
– Highlighting
Veetrinarnais paly a mjoar rloe in the
halethcrae of ptes, lviseoctk, and zoo,
spronitg, and loabarrtoy amnalis. Smoe
veeritniarans use tiher silkls to ptocert
hmunas aagnist disseaes cierrad by amanils.
mm
Letters
Renaissance types
– Varied lines
– Simulate quill-pen
– Feet
– Axle is not vertical
• E.g. Gaudy, Garamond
Letters
Letters
Baroque types
– Bigger difference between the width of the
lines
– Axes are nearly vertical
„Classical” types
– Don’t follow handwriting
– Light feet
– Very different line widths
– Thin horizontal, thick vertical lines
– Axes nearly vertical
• E.g. Times, Plantin, Baskerville
• E.g. Bodoni, Walbaum, Primous
5
Letters
Linear with feet (Egyptienne)
– Line widths are nearly the same
– The end of the lines are angled
– Axes are vertical
• E.g. Memphis, Figaro, Courier New
Letters
Clarendon (newspaper)
– Uniform line width
– The end of the lines are angled
– Axes are vertical
• E.g. Clarendon, Volta
Letters
Grotesque (linear without feet)
– Exactly the same line widths
– Regular development (geometrical forms)
– No feet
• E.g. Helvetia, Futura, Reform, Univerz, Arial
6
Letters
Handwriting
– Simulates handwriting
– Movement in lines, in the connection between
letters
– Don’t use for long text! Hard to read!
• E.g. Ariston, Signal, Slogan
Letters
Decorative types (advertisement,
decoration)
– Not easy to read
– Unusual form
• E.g. Broadway, Stencil, Uncial
7
Letters
Other types
– Everything else
• E.g. black letters, Russian and Greek letters
8
Letters
Rules of typography
The similarity of the meaning and the form
– Poems: renaissance
– Polite literature: baroque, renaissance
– Technological: egyptienne, „classical”
– Advertisement: grotesque, egyptienne
Don’t use several font types, it suggests
unstability
Small difference is no difference, only
„dramatic” changes are acceptable
Few text on big surface: dependable, worthy
of note
Rules of typography
Spaces: the same size in the same line
Too big spaces brake the text
Don’t allow „channels”
I n e x p a n d e d t e x t spaces should be
expanded also
space between letters < space < space
between paragraphs < margin size
Rules of typography
Hyphenation
– Not more than 4 consecutive hyphenations or
signs at the end of the lines
– Minimum 3 letters together
– Compound words at the composition
Check grammar
– Algorithm + exception dictionary
Rules of typography
Highlighting
Hyphenation
– Too many hyphenations mean, that column
width is too small
A light highlighting
More STRONGER highlighting (small capitals)
A STRONG highlighting
10 points font size 20 cicero (9 cm) column width
(cursive)
A s t r o n g e r highlighting (expanded)
Very strong highlighting
(all capitals)
(bold)
Others: Unuseful, Unofficial,
Unofficial Unofficial
Column width should be minimum 3.5 cm
9
Drop Caps
T HIS way it can be aligned on two sides
Drop Caps
If you start one chapter that way, do the
same with all chapters
Connect it to the first word: move closer or
T
HIS way it should be aligned on four
sides, otherways it looks horrible, and
everyone will think, it is not a correct
solution..
use small capitals
Use the second way (previous slide) if it
was higher than two lines
The top of the Drop Caps shouldn’t below
the top of the first line
Be careful
Parts of the document
Don’t use handwriting and capital letters
Letters
Don’t expand coursive handwriting
Words
Don’t use light Drop Caps with dark fonts
Sentences
Don’t type ‘dot’ at the end of titles
Paragraphs
Dark text on dark background: max. 30%
Chapters
Light text on dark background: min. 50%
Document
White paper: no light text
How to type
Parts of the document
There is no space between the words and
Letters
the following signs!
– Exception: opening braces
Words
Sentences
Paragraphs
Chapters
Document
10
Paragraph
Paragraphs
The set of sentences about the same topic.
Paragraphs should be separated to show the
reader, that a new topic will be started there.
So the reader will be able to recognize, what
a hell we talk about.
In case he’s wondering...
Paragraphs
Paragraphs should be separated to show
the reader, that a new topic will be started
there.
So the reader will be able to recognize,
what a hell we talk about.
In case he’s wondering...
Paragraphs
Indentation is usually 2 or 3 times the font
size
All indentations should have the same size
in the document, independently of different
font sizes
Paragraphs
Numbered list
Indent (list)
– 1 kg bred
– 0,5 kg sugar
– 10 apples
– 1 bottle of milk
1.
2.
3.
4.
–
Britney Spears
Prodigy
Modern Talking
Metallica
Correct form: 1.
•
a)
(might be different in different languages)
11
To highlight longer text
IMPORTANT
Align to the center
ENTER means the end of the
Left and right indentation
Left indentation
paragraph only. Never use to start a
new line only!
Summary: bold (bigger)
Tabulator, space should not be
used for indentation!
Parts of the document
Chapters
Letters
Chapters separate the document by subjects.
Words
It is important to give the same looking to
the chapters.
Sentences
Paragraphs
Chapters
Document
Titles
Titles
If the document could be separated to smaller
No more space below the titles than above
parts, titles and subtitles should be used.
Highlighting usually with size and alignment
Visible contrast between title and regular text
Don’t align to center a coursive line (the whole
page seems to be turned)
Decimal numbering in scientific documents
them
Title should be on the same page as the text
below
In case of two-line titles don’t use very
similar or very different line width
For more-line titles use the rules on next
slide for every three lines
12
Picture titles
Centre of gravity!
It should be different from regular text
Same size or smaller
Close to the picture
Centre of gravity!
Usually the coursive or smaller and bold
variant of regular letters
Orphan and widow control
Parts of the document
Last page should contain min. four lines
Letters
No single line on the bottom of page
Words
No first line of a paragraph above a picture
Sentences
No last line of paragraph on the top of a
Paragraphs
page or below a picture
One or two lines should not be separated
Chapters
Alignment
Symmetry
Free alignment
– One side or the middle of the lines are closed.
Symmetry: calm, balanced looking
Justified alignment
– Both sides of the lines are closed (to a vertical
line)
Document
Asymmetric: more freedom, but hard to
determine the place of the axis. Dinamical,
lively looking.
13
Spots
Contrast
The most important parts should be the
Makes the document lively and good for the eyes
most conspicuous
White areas are also important – the
negative should also be harmonical
Avoid minor changes in size
Balance
Geometrical and optical centre
Dark asymmetrical spot breaks the balance
Raise what you want to see in the middle
find a counterpoint
Details are more visible on big pictures. They
seem to be bigger if they had a smaller picture in
the neighborhood size is relative
Portrait and landscape pictures
Rounded and angular
Dark and bright
Bottom margin should be bigger than top
margin
Two-sided documents
Symmetry (mirror margins)
The order of reading
1
3
5
2
4
6
14
The order of reading
The order of reading
Wrong
plan
Columns
Paper size
Not more than 60-70 letters in one line
A0 - 1m2
– Ratio of sides 1:√2
– 841x1189 mm
– A1 – fold it in half
– A2 – fold it in half again
–…
– A4 210x297 mm
Separator line between columns if they
contain different articles
Good plan
Paper size
Paper size
B0
– Ratio of sides 1:√2
– 1000x1414 mm
– B1 – fold it in half
– B2 – fold it in half again
–…
– B5 ‘írólap’ in Hungarian shops
C0 – The envelope for A-size
– Ratio of sides 1:√2
– 917x1297 mm
15
Mirror
Mirror
Top margin
Should be the same in the whole document
1,5
Outer
margin
Outer
margin
Inner
margin
1
2
2,5-3
Bottom margin
Diplom work
Chapters
Heading
Highlighting
Pictures, picture titles
Title page
Bibliography
Table of contents
16