OCTOBER
2002
Issue 75
Geochemistry of the Late Archean Banting Group, Yellowknife Greenstone
Belt, Slave Province, Canada: Simultaneous Melting of the Upper Mantle and
Juvenile Mafic Crust
Brian Cousens
Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre
Department of Earth Sciences
Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By
Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6
Hendrik Falck
CS Lord Northern Geoscience Centre,
Government of the Northwest Territories,
PO Box 1320, Yellowknife, NT X1A 2L9
Studies of the geochemical systematics of
ca. 2.7 Ga greenstone belts in the western
Slave Province have focused largely on the
more voluminous, primarily mafic portions
of these belts and reached the conclusion
that these magmas have interacted to varying degrees with older basement rocks
prior to eruption and have inherited a
crustal geochemical component (e.g., Yamashita et al., 1998; Cousens, 2000).
Younger, more felsic volcanic complexes
of ca. 2.66 Ga age are also common in the
southwestern Slave Province, but have not
been as thoroughly examined. These felsic
complexes include the Banting Group in
the Yellowknife greenstone belt, the Clan
Lake complex, volcanic rocks in the Russell Lake area, and the southern Beaulieu/
Cameron River greenstone belts (Hurdle,
1985; Lambert, 1988; Cunningham and
Lambert, 1989). The exact relationship
between the 2.7 Ga and 2.66 Ga volcanic
packages remains poorly understood,
,QVLGH WKLV LVVXH
Boldy Award Winning Article
1&6
Editors Note
3
Vanadium Symposium
9
Montreal CIM-AGM
11
Calender of Events
18
largely due to complex contact relation- genesis and tectonic setting of the younger
ships, difficulties in distinguishing strati- volcanic suites.
graphic packages that lack detailed geo- The goals of this study are; a) to evaluate
chronological data, and a dearth of geochemical data that would address the petro(Continued on page 4)
0,1(5$/ '(326,76 ',9,6,21 (;(&87,9( /,67
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October 2002 – Gangue No. 75
Kay Thorne—THE GANGUE
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Editors Message
Dear MDD members,
As co-editor of THE GANGUE newsletter for the past few
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these past four issues and has learned the proverbial ropes so to
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All the best to you, your collegues, yours students, and your
friends over the holiday seasson and into the New Year.
Dave Lentz
October 2002 – Gangue No. 75
3
the origin of the Banting Group, and to compare and contrast the
geochemistry and isotope systematics of this 2.66 Ga suite with
the underlying 2.7 Ga Kam Group, b) to determine if suspected
Banting rocks exposed along the western shore of Yellowknife
Bay (including the upper “Giant Section”) are indeed part of the
Banting Group, c) to verify the link between the Banting Group
and proposed “Banting” feeder dykes cutting the Kam Group,
and d) to utilize the geochemical patterns of the Banting Group
for comparisons with nearby 2.66 Ga volcanic complexes.
With two major gold mines, the Yellowknife volcanic belt is
one of the most studied in the Slave Province. The volcanic belt
consists of two lithotectonic groups, the 2.72 - 2.70 Ga Kam and
2.66 Ga Banting Groups, overlying the > 2.8 Ga Central Slave
Basement Complex and Cover Sequence that is exposed at the
north end of the belt (see figure below) (Helmstaedt & Padgham,
1986). The Kam group is composed of mafic pillowed and massive flows interbedded with thin cherty volcaniclastic to quartz
feldspathic sandstone interbeds. The overlying Banting Group is
composed mainly of intermediate to felsic pyroclastic, volcanic
and sedimentary rocks, and has been interpreted as a volcanic arc
sequence based on the relative abundance of felsic rocks and their
calc-alkaline nature. Banting rocks, as well as potential felsic
“Unit #9” feeder dykes cutting the Kam Group , have been dated
by U-Pb zircon techniques at between 2658 + 2 and 2664 + 1 Ma
(Isachsen, 1992).
Our data show that volcanic rocks of the West Yellowknife
Bay suite (West Mirage, Joliffe, Mosher, Latham, Navigation
islands, Old Town Peninsula) follow the same geochemical systematics as the Ingraham and Prosperous Formations of the main
Banting Group, and thus are considered to be part of the Banting
Group as previously proposed (Bailey, 1987). The tonalitic Ryan
Lake Pluton and “#9” feldspar porphyry dykes that cut the Kam
Group also have Banting-like geochemical compositions. Rocks
of the upper Giant Section, proposed to be transitional between
Kam and Banting volcanism, are geochemically unlike Banting
rocks, and are part of the upper most Kam Group.
Volcanic rocks from the Banting Group range in composition
from basalt through rhyolite. Mafic rocks follow a tholeiitic fractionation trend, and intermediate through felsic rocks rapidly become enriched in alkalis and follow a more calc-alkaline trend.
Basalts have the characteristics of melts of Archean depleted upper mantle, and basaltic andesites through andesites appear to be
contaminated by older crust. The geochemical systematics of the
mafic through intermediate rocks of the Banting Group mimic
those of the older Kam Group tholeiites However, felsic rocks in
the two groups are quite distinct: Banting felsic rocks have
highly fractionated rare earth element patterns and 0Nd values > 1, whereas Kam felsic rocks have distinctly less fractionated rare
earth element patterns and 0Nd values < 0 (see figure below).
Unlike the Kam Group, where felsic rocks are differentiates of
basaltic magmas and are highly contaminated by older (~3 Ga)
continental crust, Banting dacites and rhyolites are best explained
as melts of juvenile mafic crust, perhaps hydrated basalts of the
Kam Group, and are not petrogenetically related to Banting mafic
rocks. The Banting Group may have been erupted in a rift setting, where the rate of lithospheric extension was low and heating
of the crust may have been enhanced by delamination of eclogitic
October 2002 – Gangue No. 75
lower crust (Zegers and van Keken, 2001). Alternatively, felsic
rocks of the Banting Group may be melts of subducting oceanic
crust in a convergent margin setting (Drummond and Defant,
1990). Geochemically, there is no way to distinguish between
these two possible scenarios.
Felsic rocks from other volcanic complexes of Banting age,
specifically the Clan Lake complex north of the Yellowknife belt,
exhibit the same chemical systematics as those of the Banting
Group. Thus 2.66 Ga felsic complexes of the southwestern Slave
Province may be the product of a widespread tectonothermal
event at this time.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
Contract 96-50212, a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research
Council of Canada Research Grant to BLC, and a research grant
from the EXTECH III program. This is a contribution to the
1999-2003 Yellowknife Mining Camp, Canada-Northwest Territories Exploration Science and Technology (EXTECH III) Initiative.
References
Bailey, G., 1987. A guide to the Shot Member of the Banting
Group, Yellowknife Volcanic Belt, in Padgham, W.A., ed.,
Field Guide: Yellowknife Mining District, Geological Association of Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland, p. 81-87.
Cousens, B.L., 2000. Geochemistry of the Archean Kam Group,
Yellowknife Greenstone Belt, Slave Province, Canada. Journal of Geology, v. 108, p. 181-197.
Cunningham, M.P. & Lambert, R.S.J., 1989. Petrochemistry of
the Yellowknife volcanic suite at Yellowknife, NWT. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, p. 1630-1646.
Drummond, M.S. & Defant, M.J., 1990. A model for
trondhjemite-tonalite-dacite genesis and crustal growth via
slab melting: Archean to Modern comparisons. Journal of
Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 21503-21522.
Helmstaedt, H., and Padgham, W.A., 1986. A new look at the
stratigraphy of the Yellowknife Supergroup at Yellowknife,
NWT - Implications for the age of gold-bearing shear zones
and Archean basin evolution. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 23, p. 454-475.
Hurdle, E., 1985. Stratigraphy, structure and metamorphism of
Archean rocks, Clan Lake, NWT. M.Sc. thesis, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa.
Isachsen, C.E., 1992. U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Yellowknife volcanic belt and subjacent rocks, N.W.T., Canada:
Constraints on the timing, duration, and mechanics of greenstone belt formation. Ph.D. thesis, Washington University, St.
Louis, Missouri.
Lambert, M.B., 1988. Cameron River and Beaulieu River volcanic belts of the Archean Yellowknife Supergroup, District
of Mackenzie, Northwest Territories. Geological Survey of
Canada, Bulletin 382, 145 p.
Yamashita, K., Creaser, R.A., & Heaman, L.M., 1998. Geochemical and isotopic constraints for tectonic evolution of the
Slave province, in Cook, F. & P. Erdmer, P., eds., SlaveNorthern Cordillera Lithospheric Evolution (SNORCLE)
Transect and Cordilleran Tectonics Workshop, Lithoprobe
Report 64, Vancouver, p. 11-14.
Zegers, T.E. and van Keken, P.E., 2001. Middle Archean continent formation by crustal delamination. Geology, v. 29, p.
1083-1086.
Editors Note: This was one of the presentations that received theBoldy award .
Call For Papers
GAC/MAC Vancouver 2003
SS10. TECTONIC CONTROLS ON PALEOPROTEROZOIC MINERALIZATION
Chris Beaumont-Smith (Manitoba Industry, Trade and Mines, Geological Survey Branch), Alan
Bailes (Manitoba Industry, Trade and Mines, Geological Survey Branch), Alan Galley (Geological
Survey of Canada). Sponsored by Precambrian Division (GAC).
The Paleoproterozoic is one of the most prolific
periods of early earth history for production of
base metal and gold mineralization. This session
will present studies by researchers and explorationists on the setting and control of deposits
formed during this important period including:
lode gold, volcanogenic massive Cu-Zn-Au sulphide, Olympic Dam-type Cu-Au mineralization,
and craton-margin nickel and PGE mineralization. We solicit papers on all aspects of these deposits including mine-scale studies, research into
geological controls of mineralization in individual mining areas, and studies emphasizing regional-scale tectonic-metallogenic controls.
Oral and poster presentations are welcome.
Exploration and Mining Geology
CIM’s quarterly journal
Issue number 3&4 for volume 9 (EMG) are now available; the
table of contents and abstracts for this volume can be viewed at
the EMG web site.
http://www.cim.org/geosoc/indexEmg.cfm
One Special Issue is NOW available free for downloading as a
pdf file. Subscriptions to volume 9 are available to members of
MDD at a special affiliated rate of $CDN 75/ $US 55.
O ctober 2002 – G angue N o. 75
5
Platinum Solubility in High Temperature, Hypersaline Fluids: Preliminary Experimental
Results and Application to Fluid Modified Platinum-Group Element Deposits
J.J. Hanley*, and J.E. Mungall
Department of Geology, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1
[email protected]
Introduction
The solubility of Pt in high temperature (greater than 500ºC), aqueous, chloride-rich brines has not been previously evaluated experimentally. Petrographic and microthermometric studies undertaken in fluid-modified PGE (platinum group element) deposits including the Merensky Reef (Balhaus and Stumpfl, 1986; Johan and Watkinson, 1986), Sudbury footwall Cu-Ni-PGE veins (Farrow,
1994; Molnar et al., 2002), and the Lac Des Iles Roby Zone (Hanley and Mungall, in prep.) have found evidence for the exsolution
and evolution of hypersaline (30 – 90 wt. % eq. NaCl) brines coincidental to PGE deposition by primary magmatic processes. These
brines may have exsolved from silicate or sulphide liquids as they approached their solidus temperatures and likely interacted with
primary concentrations of the PGE. Therefore, the ability of such brines to carry the PGE in solution is highly relevant to the development of integrated genetic models for these deposit types.
Indisputable experimental constraints on PGE solubility in moderately to slightly acidic (pH 4.6 ~ 5.5), moderately to very oxidizing (Ni-NiO to MnO2-Mn3O4 buffer) fluids have been determined at lower salinities (less than 10 wt. % KCl) and temperatures
(400-500°C) by Xiong and Wood (2000). In these experiments, the solubilities of Os and Pd as chloride complexes were determined
to range from approximately 10 to 103 ppb under such conditions. For both metals, order-of-magnitude changes in solubility occurred with significant changes in fO2, salinity, and temperature. In general, these are significant results because they demonstrate
that theoretical predictions of PGE solubility at high T (Sassani and Shock, 1998) have underestimated actual values by several orders of magnitude.
Experimental Design
We are investigating the solubility of Pt in brine and supercritical fluid at T =500–900 ºC and PH2O = 1 – 2 kbar using cold seal
bombs under conditions of simultaneously controlled pH, fO2, and salinity. Solubility measurements are obtained by analyzing
quenched fluids within sealed Au capsules. A small Au tube is loaded with a Pt metal source (annealed bead or wire) and is flattened
and crimped at both ends to allow fluid to pass freely through the tube. The small tube containing the Pt is then loaded into a larger
Au capsule containing salt (NaCl) and deionized water (to obtain a specific NaCl molality at run conditions), pH buffer (andalusitealbite-quartz), and fO2 buffer (MnO-Mn3O4). The capsules are then placed in Rene 41 cold seal bombs. The bombs are prepressurized (with water) to run conditions and heated in clam-shell furnaces, while pressure is bled off and kept constant during heating. The thermal gradient over the entire length of the capsules is 3- 4°C. An internal thermocouple is used to monitor T at the hottest
end of the capsules.
After 200 hours the cold seal bombs are quenched (1.5 min.) to room temperature using a cold water mist quench. The capsules
are then opened, and the small inner tube containing the metal source is removed. The remaining capsule fluid, salt, buffers, and
main Au capsule is then digested completely in hot aqua regia. The resulting solution is diluted and analyzed by ICP-MS at Activation Laboratories in Ancaster, Ontario. The Pt concentration in the aqua regia leach solution is then back-calculated by applying
Table 1. Experimental conditions and results (MnO-Mn3O4 buffer)
Run
T (°C)
P (kbar)
NaCl (wt%)
aCl-
pH
log fO2 (atm)
[Pt]soluble(ppm)
1
500
1.5
50
0.599
4.28
-19.4
164.8
2
600
1.5
50
0.213
4.83
-15.6
327.9
3
600
1.5
70
0.329
4.64
-15.6
596.1
4
700
1.5
70
0.111
5.27
-12.6
638.7
5
780
1.5
50
0.035
5.71
-10.7
385.2
6
850
1.5
50
0.055
5.52
-9.0
744.8
October 2002 – Gangue No. 75
a dilution factor which relates the concentration in the final solution to the concentration in the original volume of capsule fluid at
run conditions, assuming that all of the Pt present was present as soluble Pt and not an alloy in the wall of the Au capsule. Run products examined by X-ray diffraction confirmed that the pH and fO2 buffer assemblages were present for the duration of the experiment
and no new phases had formed.
Results and Discussion
Preliminary experimental results are listed in Table 1. Values of pH and aCl- are calculated using the EQBRM computer code
(Anderson and Crerar, 1993) with equilibrium constants taken from the SUPCRT (Dslop98.dat) database (Johnson et al., 1992). Values of log fO2 for the MnO-Mn3O4 buffer are calculated from Chou (1987).
The results demonstrate that Pt solubility increases with increasing temperature when the fluid has a fixed total salinity, and with
increasing total salinity when the fluid has a fixed temperature. An increase in T at a fixed salinity should result in a decrease in the
amount of Pt in solution, since the activity of free Cl- will decrease and pH of the fluid will increase. However, we observe a definite
increase in Pt solubility with increasing T, which suggests that Pt solubility is strongly dependant on fO2 and that the increase in fO2
(with increasing T) imposed on the system by the solid buffer assemblage is sufficient to counteract the effects of decreasing free Cland increasing pH in the fluid. In brine at a fixed temperature and fO2, an increase in free Cl- and decrease in pH resulting from
changing the total salinity of the brine from 50 to 70 wt. % NaCl causes a similar, significant (2x) increase in Pt solubility. The dependence of Pt solubility on these parameters (pH, fO2, aCl-) may be demonstrated by the following general equation for the solubility
of Pt as a chloride complex:
Pt(s) + xO2 + yCl- + 4xH+ = PtCly4x-y + 2xH2O
It must be noted that at these conditions, Pt-Au alloy is stable, and euhedral, 100 – 300 um diameter crystals of the alloy were observed where Pt and Au were directly in contact with one another in the small inner tube. However, we have recently confirmed that
alloying of Pt with the main Au capsule (which was dissolved in aqua regia) is not the source of the high Pt concentrations measured
in the digestions and that this level of Pt was truly dissolved in the brine at run conditions. We have analyzed synthetic fluid inclusions and melt vesicles by LA-ICPMS at ETH Zürich (Hanley, Pettke, and Mungall, in prep.). These inclusions and vesicles were
formed in quartz and peraluminous glass in the experimental runs. Pt concentrations in the vesicles (dissolved Pt) are in the 102 ppm
range, consistent with those concentrations obtained from the leachates. In a recent series of experiments where a lower fO2 (NiNiO) was imposed on the high T brines, fluid inclusions trapped brines with Pt concentrations in the 1 to 30 ppm range, consistent
with the prediction that a such a decrease in fO2 (3-4 log units from MnO-Mn3O4) should decrease Pt solubility by one to two orders
of magnitude
It has been suggested by some authors that these experimental conditions do not apply to the deposits listed above because the
alteration assemblages within the PGE-bearing horizons or rock units in those deposits are inconsistent with the action of acidic and
oxidizing fluids on the ores. However, evidence of multiple fluid generations passing through the igneous stratigraphy, many of
which were late-stage, raises the question of whether diagnostic alteration phases such as clay minerals, or ferric amphiboles would
be preserved. The absence of low pH, high fO2 alteration assemblages in the PGE-bearing horizons may result from overprinting of
such early assemblages by successive pulses of later fluid activity.
In summary, these preliminary experimental results demonstrate that Pt solubility in high T brines at moderate to high fO2 is economically significant; such brines could remobilize large amounts of crystallized Pt occurring in magmatic alloy and sulphide
phases, provided that high salinity, moderately oxidizing conditions were maintained during deposit genesis.
REFERENCES
Anderson, G. and Crerar, D., 1993. Thermodynamics in geochemistry. Oxford University Press, New York, 588 p.
Balhaus, C.G. and Stumpfl, E.F., 1986. Sulphide and platinum mineralization in the Merensky reef: Evidence from hydrous silicates
and fluid inclusions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 94, p. 193-204.
Chou, I.M., 1987. Oxygen Buffer and Hydrogen Sensor Techniques at Elevated Pressures and Temperatures, in Ulmer, G.C. and
Barnes, H.L., eds., Hydrothermal Experimental Techniques, Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 61-99.
Farrow, C.E.G., 1994. Geology, alteration, and the role of fluids in Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization of the footwall rocks to the Sudbury
Igneous Complex, Levack and Morgan Townships, Sudbury District, Ontario. Ph.D. thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON.
Johan, Z. and Watkinson, D.H., 1986. Fluide riche en Na-Cl-C-H-O-N et son role dans la concentration des platinoides et de la chromite; exemple de la zone critique du complexe de Bushveld: Reunion Annuelle des Sciences de la Terre, v. 11, p. 99.
Johnson, J., Olkers, E., and Helgeson, H., 1992. SUPCRT92: a software package for calculating the standard molal thermodynamic
properties of minerals, gases, and aqueous species and reactions from 1 to 5000 bar and 0 to 1000 °C. Computers in Geoscience,
v. 18, p. 899-947.
Molnar, F., Watkinson, D., and Jones, P., 2001. Multiple hydrothermal processes in footwall units of the North Range, Sudbury
igneous complex, Canada, and implications for the genesis of vein-type Cu-Ni-PGE deposits. Economic Geology, v. 96, no. 7., p.
1645-1670.
October 2002 – Gangue No. 75
Sassani, D. and Shock, E., 1998. Solubility and transport of platinum-group elements in supercritical fluids: Summary and estimates
of thermodynamic properties for ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, and platinum solids, aqueous ions, and complexes to 1000 °C
and 5 kbar. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 62, no. 15, p. 2643-2671.
Xiong, Y. and Wood, S.A., 2000. Experimental quantification of hydrothermal solubility of platinum-group elements with special
reference to porphyry copper environments. Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 68, p. 1-28.
7th BIENNIAL SGA MEETING
Athens, Greece
24-28 August 2003
The 7th Biennial SGA Meeting "Mineral Exploration and Sustainable Development" will be held in
Athens, Greece (August 24-28, 2003). Athens is the historical capital of Greece, a scientific and cultural center and the Host City of the Summer Olympic Games of 2004.
The meeting will be organized by the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits (SGA) in cooperation with the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens Technical University, University
of Thessaloniky and Geological Society of Greece (Section of Economic Geology and Geochemistry).
Under the general theme "Mineral Exploration and Sustainable Development" the organizers would
like to bring together economic geology scholars and professional exploration and mining geolgists to
discuss current issues on ore geology, exploration and sustainable development. Participants are kindly
invited to offer papers for oral and poster presentations. There is an opportunity to have meetings and
sessions of ongoing and planned Projects and Working Groups. Proposals for conveners and topics of
sessions are welcome.
Several pre- and post-meeting field trips will be organized and the participants will have the opportunity to visit different metallogenic provinces of Greece and neighboring countries.
The first circular will be available under the following address:
www.igme.gr/sgaconference.html
Contact address
7th SGA Biennial Meeting
Secretary: Dr. Demetrios Eliopoulos
Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration
70 Messoghion Str.
GR-115 27 Athens, Greece
Fax: 0030 - 1 77 73 421
e-mail: [email protected]
October 2002 – Gangue No. 75
Report on the International Symposium on Vanadium
Mehmet F. Taner, Eng., Ph.D., Consulting Geologist and Mineralogist
Gloucester, Ontario Canada K1J 1E3
E-mail: [email protected]
Vanadium
Vanadium from Vanadis,
Goddess of Norse folk-lore,
Strengthen the steel that serves us,
Toughen our iron ore.
Go—get the fumes that exhaust us,
Muffle the mighty jets' roar,
Crack up the compounds that plague us,
Help us to find more ore.
E.R. Rose (1973)
An International Symposium on Vanadium, organized by Dr. Mehmet F. Taner, was held in conjunction
with the Conference of Metallurgists in Montreal, Canada, on August 11-14, 2002. Vanadium is a strategic
metal having many important industrial applications. Vanadium is widely used to toughen and strengthen
steels. Vanadium foil is used as a bonding agent in cladding titanium to steel and generally by the aerospace
industry. Medical implants often contain vanadium alloys because of their excellent stability. Some vanadium compounds have catalytic properties that make them useful in many industrial applications, such as the
production of sulfuric acid. The vanadium redox battery is an exciting new development, which has found
uses in load leveling, back-up power, and for storage of electricity from wind and solar power.
The symposium covered various aspects of vanadium and its industry, including the production of vanadium oxides and ferrovanadium, and the latest discoveries, developments and emerging markets. Keynote
lectures were given by internationally known experts in the areas of interest to the vanadium industry. Original papers were presented in four sessions.
Session I: History, Geology and Mineralogy
Session I contained six talks: 1. "Two Hundred Years of Vanadium" by F. Habashi, explained the historical development of vanadium metal since its discovery in 1801; 2. "The Vanadium Industry: A Review"
by L. Perron, provided a detailed analysis of the vanadium industry in the world, including production,
price, marketing, and new applications; 3. "Roof Rock Assimilation in the Doré Lake Complex and its Influence on Vanadium Concentration" by G.O. Allard, who gave an excellent talk about the geological environment of the Chibougamau vanadium deposits in Quebec and the role of roof rock assimilation in magma
chambers in the formation of vanadium deposits; 4. "Mineralogy of the Matagami and Chibougamau Vanadium Deposits, Abitibi, Québec, Canada" by M.F. Taner, T.S. Ercit and R.A. Gault, who talked about the
mineralogy of Matagami and Chibougamau vanadium deposits from the Abitibi greenstone belt, Québec and
discussed where the vanadium is located in the vanadium ore structure; 5. "Titanium – Vanadium Resources
in Southern Québec: The Anorthosite Link" by S. Perreault, who explained existing relationship between
titanium and vanadium resources in the Grenville Province, Québec; and 6. "Vanadium Resource Potential
At Matagami, Québec" by G. Arnold and M. Allard, who gave detailed geological and geophysical information on recently discovered vanadium deposits at Matagami Québec owned by Noranda Inc.
October 2002 – Gangue No. 75
Session II: Processing
Session II contained the following three talks: 1. "The Production of Vanadium Pentoxide" by S. Bradbury,
who explained the flow sheet for the classic (over 30 years old) Sodium Salt roasting process for the production of vanadium pentoxide from vanadiferous magnetite as used by the main South African producing plants;
2. "Beneficiation of Vanadium-Bearing Magnetite from the Sinarsuk Deposit, West Greenland" by T. Grammatikopoulos, A. McKen, R. Molnar, and O. Christiansen, who gave the results of pilot testing on the vanadium-bearing magnetite from West Greenland; 3. "The Recovery and Assimilation Kinetics of Ferrovanadium
Alloys in Liquid Steel" by S.A. Argyropoulos, who explained the assimilation kinetics of various grades of
ferrovanadium alloy additions in liquid steel.
Session III: Electrochemical Applications
The session III contained the following four talks: 1. "An Historical Overview of the Vanadium Redox Flow
Battery, Development at the University of New South Wales" by M. Skyllas-Kazacos, who gave an excellent
overview on the important features and advantages of the Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRB). She provided an historical overview of the VRB development since 1984, as well as an update on the commercial installations that have been recently commissioned and are being planned around the world; 2. "The Impact of
Low Temperature on Vanadium Redox Battery (VRB) Performance” by M. Gattrell, J. Park, B. MacDougall,
S. McCarthy and J. MacDonald, who discussed the effect of temperature on the rates of the vanadium redox
reactions underlying the VRB, and the implications of low temperature for VRB system design for remote off
grid applications in Canada; 3. "Development and Applications of the Vanadium Redox-Flow Battery" by S.
Miyake and N. Tokuda, who presented successful applications of VRBs installed by his company at various
locations for reliable power, load leveling, and wind power stabilization. Long-term tests with the VRB systems connected to actual electrical networks have been carried out, verifying their performance and VRBs are
now available commercially. Thus the VRB, which use large volumes of vanadium in sulfuric acid solution
as the electrolyte, represents a new energy storage system for large-scale energy storage applications.; 4. "The
Lac Doré Vanadium Project: Current and Future Trends" by J. Sawarin explained the success to date of
McKenzie Bay International Ltd in developing the Lac Doré vanadium/titanium deposit at Chibougamau,
Quebec. This deposit is considered to represent the world’s second largest with the deposit having good quality, size and consistency along with a highly favourable infrastructure and tariff advantages. As well,
McKenzie Bay’s future role in the newly evolving vanadium markets was discussed.
Session IV: Extractive Metallurgy
Due to illness C.K. Gupta, was unable to attend the symposium, but he submitted two papers to the proceedings volume. One being "The Vanadium Metallurgy Scenario – Then, Now and Future" reviewing vanadium
metallurgy, with particular emphasis on the extraction, refining and processing of this important and versatile
metal, as well as a few applications of vanadium, such as steel additives, vanadium-titanium alloys for the aircraft industry and potential uses such as gallium/vanadium alloys as a semiconductor material; and "The Aluminothermic Process for Vanadium Production" which discusses the basic principles and the practice of aluminothermic technology, both in general terms and as they apply to the recovery of vanadium;
The session had four other presentations: 1. "Recovery of Vanadium from Fly Ash and Spent Catalysts"
by G.V.K. Puvvada, R. Sridhar and V.I. Lakshmanan, who gave the results of their investigations for the recovery of vanadium from spent catalysts and fly ash obtained from processing tar sands. Processes used included flotation, leaching and finally ion exchange. They also described the recovery of vanadium from spent
catalysts, which was attempted through sulphidizing roasting followed by acid leaching; 2. "The Behaviour of
Vanadium (III) during Jarosite Precipitation" by J.E Dutrizac and T.T. Chen, discussed the synthesis of V(III)
analogue of potassium jarosite at 100°C from VCl3 solutions containing an excess of K2SO4; 3. "Recovery of
Vanadium from Oil Sands Fly Ash" by P. Holloway and T.H. Etsell, presented the results of the most recent
October 2002 – Gangue No. 75
studies into vanadium recovery from oil sands fly ash in northern Alberta, Canada, produced by Suncor and
Syncrude, and proposed strategies to improve vanadium extractions; 4. "Vanadium Extraction from a Mexican Power Plant Residue" by J.A. Barrera-Godínez and T. Campos-González, who gave the results of their
studies for the recovery of vanadium from the slags from heavy oil-burning plants in Mexico, which generate
about 1,000 tonnes of slag per year containing 29% vanadium They indicate that this slag can be considered
as a viable vanadium resource in Mexico.
In conjunction with the symposium, Prof. M. Skyllas-Kazacos, from School of Chemical Engineering and
Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, gave a very successful short course
on "Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems and Applications". The one-day short course described the
principles of electrochemical energy systems and the fundamentals of electrochemistry, secondary batteries
and fuel cells. Advanced batteries for stationary and mobile applications were described, including the features and characteristics of the Vanadium Redox Flow Battery, the Sodium Sulphur, Zinc-Bromine, SodiumMetal Chloride, Sulphur-Bromine and Lead-Acid battery systems. The criteria used in the assessment of different battery storage technologies was covered together with practical calculations of capacity, theoretical
and practical energy density, coulombic efficiency and overall energy efficiency. Important design considerations for maximizing battery energy efficiencies were also discussed.
All papers presented at the international symposium on vanadium were published as a Proceedings volume (Vanadium-Geology, Processing and Applications, edited by M.F.Taner, P.A. Riveros, J.E. Dutriziac,
M.A. Gattrell and L.M.Perron, ISBN 1-894475-26-7, 265 pages, COM2002). This book is available via Metallurgical Society of CIM at the cost of $CAN50.00 (to order, contact: Mrs. Ronona Saunders, MetSoc, 12103400 de Maisonneuve Blvd, West, Montreal, Quebec Canada H3Z 3B8, tel.:(514)939-2710, ext.1327; fax.:
(514)939-9160; e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]; website: www.metsoc.org).
CIM Conference and Exhibition (MONTREAL 2003)
Montreal, QC - May 4 to 7, 2003
Conference themes:
Globalization and the Search for, and Exploitation of, new Ore Deposits &
Globalization and the Impact on Mine Development, Mine Operations and Mine Closure
Premeeting Workshops: Ore Mineralogy for Dummies, Remote Sensing for Dummies, and Exploration
Geochemistry for Dummies
Postmeeting Field trips: Intrusion-related gold systems in SW New Brunswick, Bathurst VMS deposits,
New Brunswick, Carbonatites and Diatremes, Montreal, Quebec, and Matagami VMS deposits, Quebec
MONTREAL 2003 is requesting papers (talks & posters) from the broad mineral industry community, including overseas, for
Canada’s Premier Mining Convention. Each paper is allotted 30 minutes which includes a question period. As 5 or 6 papers are
scheduled concurrently in each morning or afternoon session, presentations cannot exceed the 30 minutes allowed.
Deadline for Abstracts is December 15, 2002. Please submit your abstract through the CIM website at www.cim.org and click on
MONTREAL 2003, and note that 400 words is the maximum acceptable.
Schedule:
Abstract due - December 15th, 2002
Notification of acceptance - January 1st, 2003
Completed Short Paper - February 15th, 2003
October 2002 – Gangue No. 75
SYMPOSIA
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE MINERAL RESOURCES SECTOR: AN OXYMORON OR GOLDEN
OPPORTUNITY? - Jeremy Richards (University of Alberta). Sponsored by SEG, GAC and MAC.
METALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Bill Price (British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines) and John Jambor (University of British Columbia, and
Leslie Research and Consulting). Sponsored by MAC.
GIS: A LEADING EDGE FOR GEOSCIENTISTS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Jeff Harris (Geological Survey of Canada) and Danny Wright (Geological Survey of Canada).
Sponsored by GIS Division (GAC).
SPECIAL SESSIONS
MASSIVE SULPHIDES ON THE EDGE: THE FORMATION OF VMS AND SEDEX DEPOSITS WITHIN EVOLVING
CONTINENTAL MARGINS — Steve Piercey (Laurentian University) and Jim Mortensen (University of British
Columbia). Sponsored by Mineral Deposits Division (GAC) and SEG.
TECTONIC CONTROLS ON PALEOPROTEROZOIC MINERALIZATION
Chris Beaumont-Smith (Manitoba Industry, Trade and Mines, Geological Survey Branch), Alan Bailes (Manitoba
Industry, Trade and Mines, Geological Survey Branch) and Alan Galley (Geological Survey of Canada).
Sponsored by Precambrian Division (GAC).
CANADIAN DIAMOND DEPOSITS: HISTORY AND TECHNIQUES OF THEIR DISCOVERY
Felix Kaminsky (KM Diamond Exploration Ltd. and University of British Columbia). Sponsored by SEG & MAC.
NEW PERSPECTIVES ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENTS IN MAGMAS
AND ORE DEPOSITS - James Scoates (University of British Columbia) and David Peck
(Anglo American Exploration) Sponsored by SEG and Mineral Deposits Division (GAC).
ORE-FORMING PROCESSES IN THE PORPHYRY COPPER (GOLD) AND EPITHERMAL GOLD ENVIRONMENTS:
WHAT DO WE REALLY KNOW? - Stephen Rowins (University of British Columbia) and Anthony WilliamsJones (McGill University). Sponsored by SEG, Mineral Deposits Division (GAC), and MAC.
WORKSHOPS
SEG WORKSHOP: UNDERSTANDING GEOPHYSICAL INVERSIONS FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION
Instructors: Douglas Oldenburg and Francis Jones (The University of British Columbia - Geophysical Inversion
Facility). Sponsored by the Society of Economic Geologists
SHORT COURSES
THE ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF FLUID INCLUSIONS (May 24 - 25, 2003)
Organizers: Iain Samson (University of Windsor), Alan Anderson (St. Francis Xavier University,
and Dan Marshall (Simon Fraser University). Sponsored by MAC
ALKALINE Cu-Au PORPHYRIES AND Fe-OXIDE Cu-Au DEPOSITS: DISTINCT DEPOSIT TYPES, A CONTINUUM
OR GENETIC LINKAGE? (May 24 - 25, 2003)
Organizers: Dick Tosdal, Moira Smith and Murray Hitzman. Sponsored by GAC-MDD and MDRU
October 2002 – Gangue No. 75
October 2002 – Gangue No. 75
Field
Trip
Photos
Bruno Lafrance lead a pre-meeting field trip to see the
shear-zone hosted gold deposits of the LaRonge Belt, Saskatchewan. Pictured are (from left to right) Steve Goff,
Chris Beaumont-Smith, Sergey Ivanov, Kay Thorne, and
Bruno LaFrance. Great job Bruno!
Hendrik Falck sitting amongst the spectacular pillows of
the Giant Section near the Giant Mine in Yellowknife,
NWT. Even though the field trip was cancelled due to a
lack of participants, Hendrik and his crew were gracious
enough to go ahead with the trip, despite the fact that there
were only two willing participants brave enough to head
north!
Kay Thorne, John Armstrong, John Kerswill, Danny
Wright, and Hendrik Falck examining the Con Shear near
the Con Mine as a part of the Yellowknife field trip.
Rob Carpenter, Hendrik Falck, Kay Thorne, Luke Ootes,
John Kerswill, and Danny Wright on the last day of the
Yellowknife trip.
October 2002 – Gangue No. 75
October 2002 – Gangue No. 75
MDD Awards
It is time again to pull out the pens and nominate your friends and colleagues for the two prestigious Mineral
Deposits Division awards. It’ll give you a warm feeling for Christmas!
The Duncan R. Derry Medal is the highest award bestowed by the Mineral Deposits Division (MDD)
of the Geological Association of Canada. It is awarded annually to an outstanding economic geologist who
has made contributions to the science of economic geology in Canada. Candidates should be recognized for
their skill and stature as a professional economic geologist, and also by their public contributions to the science. It is acknowledged that publication is the prime, but not the only method, of disseminating scientific
information in any discipline. Candidates should be members of the GAC, and preferably, but not necessarily, MDD members. The Young Scientist award (William Harvey Gross Medal) is awarded to someone under the age of 40 years old, who has contributed in a substantive way to Mineral Deposits in Canada.
The William Harvey Gross Award is awarded annually by the Mineral Deposits Division of the Geological Association of Canada to a young geologist (less than 40 years of age on December 31, 2001) who
has made outstanding contributions to the field of economic geology in a Canadian context. The recipient
may be a Canadian or a non-Canadian who has made a contribution in Canada or a contribution with a distinctively Canadian flavour. The contributions on which the award is based may relate to mineral exploration
or development, scientific research either applied or fundamental, and field-based studies, that is, to include
all aspects of what is generally referred to as economic geology and which represents the broad spectrum of
fields to which Bill Gross contributed. The award consists of a medal and a cash supplement supported
through an endowment fund provided by Corona Corp. Donations by the friends and family of Bill Gross
provide a contribution toward the travel expenses for the recipient and spouse to attend the annual luncheon
of MDD to receive the award. CONTACT Dan Marshall (Medals Committee) email: [email protected]
October 2002 – Gangue No. 75
The World Atlas of Resources and Environment by the Russian Academy of Sciences (published by Ed. Holzel, Vienna) is the
most comprehensive work ever published on the world's resources and environment. It is a monumental work of over a decade
of dedicated efforts by hundreds of world-class experts in these fields and an invaluable reference book to scientists, educators
and administrators. The atlas consists of two volumes with beautiful plates, figures, and texts printed on high-quality paper. It
has a dimension of 20" x 14" x 2.75" (weighing ~23
lbs), which is >8 times the size of an average technical
book.
The atlas was first published in November
1998, with an original price of US$550. Now there are
limited copies left that can be offered at US$180. Orders
from America are filled from the U.S. and the atlas
should arrive 3-6 days after an order is received. Mailing
fee: $15 for U.S. order and $28 for Canadian order.
Order by e-mail to [email protected]
See http://www.hoelzel.at/resourceatlas for details.
October 2002 – Gangue No. 75
MEETINGS, WORKSHOPS, & FIELDTRIPS
2002
•
December 7-18 - Modular Course in Exploration Geochemistry, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada For more information contact Dr. Steve Piercey, Mineral Exploration Research Centre, Department
of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University, Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, Canada, P3E 2C6,;
Tel: (705) 675-1151 x2364, Fax: (705) 675-4898; email: [email protected]; http://
earthsciences.laurentian.ca
2003
• January 27- 30 - Cordilleran Exploration Roundup 2003, Westin Bayshore, Vancouver, BC.
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www.chamberofmines.bc.ca
February 24- 26 - Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME) Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Tel:
(800) 763-3132; email: [email protected]
March 9 - 12 - Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada (PDAC) Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, www.pdac.ca;
email: [email protected]
March 26 - 30 - N.E. Section GSA and Atlantic Geoscience Society, Metallogeny of the Northern Appalachians, Westin
Hotel, Halifax, Canada; www.geosociety.org; Contact: [email protected]
May 4 - 7 - CIM Montreal 2003 Annual General Meeting, Montreal, Quebec; Website: www.cim.org
May 18 - 24 - 39th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, Nevada Division of Minerals and Nevada Mining Association. www.nbmg.unr.edu/imf
May 25 - 28 - GAC-MAC/SEG Joint Annual Meeting, Vancouver, BC. www.Vancouver2003.com
August 24 - 28 - 7th Biennial Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits (SGA), Contact: Demetrios Eliopoulos,
Inst. of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Greece; email: [email protected]
September 24-25-CIM Field Conference: Ore Deposits at Depth-Challenges and Opportunities, Timmins, Ontario
Contact: Mr. Damien J. Duff, Falconbridge Limited, Timmins, Ontario; email: [email protected]
2004
•
May 15-17– GAC/MAC Annual Meeting, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario
Preliminary Announcement and Call for Papers
NORTHEASTERN SECTION -GSA and ATLANTIC GEOSCIENCE SOCIETY
(AGS) meeting; 38th Annual Meeting
Westin Hotel, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada.
March 27-29, 2003
5 Field Trips, 3 Short Courses, 1 Workshop, 5 Symposia, 12 Theme Sessions, plus more
CALL FOR PAPERS (Oral and Poster presentations welcome)
Abstract deadline: December 18, 2002
Abstracts for all sessions must be submitted online at the GSA Web site, www.geosociety.org. If you have
questions, contact technical program committee chairs, Sandra Barr [email protected], and David Piper
[email protected]. Only one volunteered paper may be presented by an individual; however, a person may
be a co-author on other papers. Also, those invited for symposia may present additional papers.
DETAILED INFORMATION
For further information, see www.geosociety.org, contact the General Co-Chairs Marcos Zentilli, [email protected], and
David B. Scott, [email protected] or Administrative Assistant Jane Barrett, [email protected], Department of Earth Sciences,
Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 3J5; Tel: (902) 494-2358, Fax: (902) 494-6889.
October 2002 – Gangue No. 75