Anatomy (Greek anatome,”dissection”),
branch of natural science dealing with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science,
having its beginnings in prehistoric times. For centuries
anatomical knowledge consisted largely of observations of
dissected plants and animals. The proper understanding of
structure, however, implies a knowledge of function in the
living organism. Anatomy is therefore almost inseparable from
physiology, which is sometimes called functional anatomy. As
one of the basic life sciences, anatomy is closely related to
medicine and to other branches of biology.
It is convenient to subdivide the study of anatomy in several
different ways.
One classification is based on the type of organisms studied, the major subdivisions being plant anatomy (see Plant)
and animal anatomy. Animal anatomy is further subdivided
into human anatomy (see below) and comparative anatomy,
which seeks out similarities and differences among animal
types (see Animal).
Anatomy can also be subdivided into biological processes—for example, developmental anatomy, the study of
embryos, and pathological anatomy, the study of diseased
organs.
Other subdivisions, such as surgical anatomy and anatomical art, are based on the relationship of anatomy to other
branches of activity under the general heading of applied
anatomy. Still another way to subdivide anatomy is by the
techniques employed—for example, microanatomy, which
concerns itself with observations made with the help of the
microscope.
52
H u m a n
Chiropractic is a science, an art
and a philosophy that relies on
the body’s inherent recuperative
powers for healing. Chiropractic
is based on the premise that the
spine is literally the backbone
of human health. The nervous
system controls and coordinates
all the body’s functions, such
as the immune system, digestive
system, reproductive system, and
cardio-respiratory system. A
nerve interference caused by a
misalignment of the spine, called
a “subluxation,” can result in
malfunction or disease of the
cells, tissues, organs or systems
of the body. Subluxations can
occur as early as birth. Misalignments of the vertebrae caused
by trauma, poor posture or emotional tension result in pressure
on the spinal nerves or cord,
which may lead to diminished
function, pain or illness.
The word “chiropractic,” derived
from Greek, means “done by
hand.” Chiropractic seeks to
analyze and correct misalignments through spinal adjustments
thereby re-establishing proper
circulation of bio-energy, blood
and lymph, normalizing nerve
impulses and balancing muscle
tension. Regular chiropractic
adjustments help to maintain postural alignment, restore normal
function, and prevent many
potential problems. Each chiropractic treatment is tailored to
53
A n o t o m y
the patient’s
individual needs
and body type. Both
force and non-force adjustive techniques are offered at
the Wholistic Health Center by
Doctors of Chiropractic, including
flexion-distraction techniques for
cervical and lumbar disc problems.
Regular chiropractic care has been
practiced for over a century as
a natural, non-invasive, drug-free
approach to health care.
Chiropractic is a science, an art
and a philosophy that relies on
the body’s inherent recuperative
powers for healing. Chiropractic is based on the premise
that the spine is literally the
backbone of human health. The
nervous system controls and
coordinates all the body’s functions, such as the immune
system, digestive system,
reproductive system, and cardio-respiratory system. A
nerve interference caused by
a misalignment of the spine,
called a “subluxation,” can
result in malfunction or disease
of the cells, tissues, organs or
systems of the body. Subluxations can occur as early as
birth. Misalignments of the vertebrae caused by trauma, poor posture or emotional tension result in
pressure on the spinal nerves or
cord, which may lead to diminished function, pain or illness.
C o n t i n u e d
A WEB PAGE THAT IS MORE THAN JUST DESIGN
[email protected]
WWW.PENNYDESIGNS.COM
[Editor’s Note: This
month’s Interview was
originally slated to be
done with The Chopping
Block, but the disruptions
caused by the terrorist
attacks on September 11th
have forced everyone,
including us, to change
plans. We were able to
get word shortly after the
attack that everyone at The
Chopping Block is well
and accounted for. Given
the difficulty of holding “a
moment of silence” on the
Web, we will be taking
some time at the end of
the interview to address the effect of the attacks on the
Web, the Web “community,” and all of us individually. I
would also like to thank Christina, Gabe, and Noel for
agreeing to do the interview on such short notice. Speaking for ourselves, everyone at Digital Web has those hurt
by the attacks at the forefront of our thoughts and prayers.
-BMH]
User experience, usability, and information architecture
are just the sorts of things that are sure to make a designer’s eyes glaze over. When we look at the process of
building a web site, it is clear that the designer’s strong
suit is in building an overall theme, choosing colors,
creating a layout to fit the theme, and attending to all
of the minutiae that make the visitor say, “Wow!” It’s
the work of the designer that typically makes the first
impression.
The user experience specialist has a job that is no less
challenging, and no less important. It comes down to this:
while the first impression created by the designer brings
the visitor into the site, the overall user experience keeps
them coming back... and what good is a site that never
gets repeat visits?
55
This month I am conducting my first interview for Digi
tal Web Magazine. The folks under the spotlight this time
around are the people behind Carbon IQ, a team of three
people best known as the first user experience consultancy
in the Bay Area. They are Christina Wodtke, Gabe Zentall,
and Noel Franus. One of their recent projects was the
merging of atomfilms.com into shockwave.com, which
launched in August of this year.
Digital Web:
As you know, the majority of Digital Web’s audience is
composed of people who focus on visual and communication design. It can be said fairly that user experience as a
formal discipline is not something that gets a lot of focus
from our audience, if only because it’s impossible to be
an expert at everything. For the benefit of our non-expert
readers, can you define the objectives of your work that
would not be obvious to the “typical” designer?
Christina Wodtke:
I think you hit it on the head when you said “communication design.” A lot of our work is focused on discovering
to whom the design is communicating, and the most effective way to reach that set of individuals. Nathan Shedroff
recently said in his book Experience Design, “Though
most designers make choices based on what they prefer
or what ‘looks nice’ … the best designers choose each
element of visual design based on how they want to communicate the goals and message to the intended audience.”
Good looking book, btw…
Noel Franus:
I’ll pull from Tibor Kalman, who didn’t really consider
himself a great designer whatsoever; his job, he figured,
was to communicate. Effective communication is a calculated effort, and when you whittle it down to the core
that’s really what user-centered design is -- a calculated
effort to build an experience that will engage, excite,
enlighten, and so on.