LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ
OBJECTIVES OF THE CLASS
 STUDY OF THE ____________________ AND ____________________ OF THE HUMAN BODY.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CELLS, TISSUES, MEMBRANES, ORGANS AND SYSTEMS (SKELETAL,
MUSCULAR AND NERVOUS) WILL BE COVERED.
 ________________________ EXERCISES USING SELECTED SLIDES, MODELS AND EQUIPMENT
ARE DESIGNED TO ILLUSTRATE THE BASIC CONCEPTS STUDIED IN LECTURE.
LET US GO OVER THE SYLLABUS
 THIS IS A CONTRACT BETWEEN ________________________ AND YOUR PROFESSOR.
 AFTER ________________________ THIS CONTRACT YOU ARE BOUND TO EVERYTHING THAT
IS IN IT.
 WHAT IF YOU DON’T LIKE SOMETHING ON THE SYLLABUS? (PLEASE FIND THE NEAREST EXIT)
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
 WWW.HELPMEMRR.COM
 THIS WEBSITE WILL HELP YOU SURVIVE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY… IF YOU USE IT THE
RIGHT WAY!
 YOU CAN USE THIS FOR BOTH LECTURE AND LAB
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
 THREE ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS:
o THE ________________________ OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
o THE ________________________ OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
o ________________________
WHAT DO WE DO IN CLASS
 TYPES OF PHYSIOLOGY
o SUBDIVIDED INTO MANY ____________________________ OF THE BODY
 EXAMPLES: RENAL, NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, CARDIOVASCULAR, ETC.
 TYPES OF ANATOMY
o ________________________ OR MACROSCOPIC
 REGIONAL
 ________________________
 SURFACE
o MICROSCOPIC
o ________________________
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
 ESSENTIAL TOOLS FOR THE STUDY OF ANATOMY:
o MASTERY OF ANATOMICAL ________________________
o ________________________
o ________________________
o ________________________
o ________________________
LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ
WHAT IS ANATOMY
 ANATOMY STUDIES THE ____________________________ OF THE BODY PARTS AND THEIR
RELATIONSHIP TO ONE ANOTHER.
WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY
 PHYSIOLOGY STUDIES THE ____________________________ OF THE BODY, HOW ALL THE
BODY PARTS WORK AND CARRY OUT THEIR LIFE-SUSTAINING ACTIVITIES.
COMPLEMENTARITY
 FUNCTION ALWAYS ____________________________ STRUCTURE
 BONE SUPPORT AND PROTECT DUE TO HARD MINERAL DEPOSITS
 VALVES ALLOW ONE DIRECTION OF FLOW OF BLOOD.
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
1. IN WHAT WAY DOES PHYSIOLOGY DEPEND ON ANATOMY?
__________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. WOULD YOU BE STUDYING ANATOMY OR PHYSIOLOGY IF YOU:
a. INVESTIGATED HOW MUSCLES SHORTEN?
________________________________
b. EXPLORED THE LOCATION OF THE LUNGS IN THE BODY?
___________________
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
 __________________________: ATOMS AND MOLECULES (CHAPTER 2)
 __________________________: CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES (CHAPTER 3)
 __________________________: GROUPS OF SIMILAR CELLS (CHAPTER 4)
 __________________________: CONTAINS TWO OR MORE TYPES OF TISSUES
 __________________________: ORGANS THAT WORK CLOSELY TOGETHER
 __________________________: ALL ORGAN SYSTEMS
ORGAN SYSTEMS
 NOTE MAJOR ORGANS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE 11 ORGAN SYSTEMS (FIG. 1.3)
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 FORMS THE ______________ BODY COVERING, AND PROTECTS DEEPER TISSUES FROM INJURY.
 SYNTHESIZES VITAMIN D, AND HOUSES CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS AND SWEAT AND OIL
GLANDS.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
 PROTECTS AND ______________ BODY ORGANS, AND PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK THE MUSCLES
USE TO CAUSE MOVEMENT.
 BLOOD CELLS ARE ______________ WITHIN BONES.
 BONES ______________ MINERALS.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 ALLOWS MANIPULATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT, LOCOMOTION, AND FACIAL EXPRESSION.
LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ

__________________ POSTURE, AND PRODUCES __________________.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
 AS THE FAST-ACTING __________________ SYSTEM OF THE BODY, IT RESPONDS TO INTERNAL
AND EXTERNAL CHANGES BY __________________ APPROPRIATE MUSCLES AND GLANDS.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 GLANDS SECRETE __________________ THAT REGULATE PROCESSES SUCH AS GROWTH,
REPRODUCTION, AND NUTRIENT USE (METABOLISM) BY BODY CELLS.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
 BLOOD VESSELS __________________ BLOOD, WHICH CARRIES OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE,
NUTRIENTS, WASTES, ETC.
 THE HEART __________________ BLOOD.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM/IMMUNITY
 PICKS UP FLUID LEAKED FROM BLOOD VESSELS AND __________________ IT TO BLOOD.
 __________________ OF DEBRIS IN THE LYMPHATIC STREAM.
 HOUSES WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LYMPHOCYTES) INVOLVED IN __________________.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 KEEPS BLOOD CONSTANTLY SUPPLIED WITH _____________ AND REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE.
 THE GASEOUS _____________ OCCUR THROUGH THE WALLS OF THE AIR SACS OF THE LUNGS.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 _____________ DOWN FOOD INTO ABSORBABLE UNITS THAT ENTER THE BLOOD FOR
DISTRIBUTION TO BODY CELLS.
 INDIGESTIBLE FOODSTUFFS ARE ELIMINATED AS _____________.
URINARY SYSTEM
 ELIMINATES _____________ WASTES FROM THE BODY.
 __________________ WATER, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE BALANCE OF THE BLOOD.
MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 OVERALL FUNCTION IS __________________ OF OFFSPRING.
 TESTES PRODUCE __________________ AND MALE SEX HORMONE, AND MALE DUCTS AND
GLANDS AID IN DELIVERY OF SPERM TO THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT.
 OVARIES PRODUCE __________________ AND FEMALE SEX HORMONES.
 THE REMAINING FEMALE STRUCTURES SERVE AS SITES FOR __________________ AND
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FETUS.
 MAMMARY GLANDS OF FEMALE BREASTS PRODUCE MILK TO __________________ THE
NEWBORN.
LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
 WHAT LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IS TYPICAL OF A CYTOLOGIST’S FIELD OF
STUDY? ________________________________________________________________________
 WHAT IS THE CORRECT STRUCTURAL ORDER FOR THE FOLLOWING TERMS: TISSUE, ORGANISM,
ORGAN, CELL? _________________________________________________________________
 WHICH ORGAN SYSTEM INCLUDES THE BONES AND CARTILAGE?
___________________
 WHICH ORGAN SYSTEM INCLUDES THE NASAL CAVITY, LUNGS AND TRACHEA? ____________
ORGAN SYSTEMS INTERRELATIONS
 ALL CELLS DEPEND ON ORGAN SYSTEMS TO MEET THEIR __________________ NEEDS
 ORGAN SYSTEMS WORK __________________ TO PERFORM NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
 __________________ OF FORM AND FUNCTION
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
 MAINTAINING BOUNDARIES
 __________________
 RESPONSIVENESS
 __________________




METABOLISM
__________________
REPRODUCTION
__________________
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
 MAINTAINING __________________ BETWEEN INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS
o PLASMA MEMBRANES
o SKIN
 MOVEMENT (__________________)
o OF BODY PARTS (SKELETAL MUSCLE)
o OF SUBSTANCES (CARDIAC AND SMOOTH MUSCLE)
 RESPONSIVENESS: THE ABILITY TO SENSE AND RESPOND TO __________________
o WITHDRAWAL REFLEX
o CONTROL OF BREATHING RATE
 DIGESTION
o __________________ OF INGESTED FOODSTUFFS
o __________________ OF SIMPLE MOLECULES INTO BLOOD
 METABOLISM: ALL CHEMICAL __________________ THAT OCCUR IN BODY CELLS
o CATABOLISM AND ANABOLISM
 EXCRETION: THE __________________ OF WASTES FROM METABOLISM AND DIGESTION
o UREA, CARBON DIOXIDE, FECES
 REPRODUCTION
o CELLULAR __________________ FOR GROWTH OR REPAIR
o PRODUCTION OF OFFSPRING
 GROWTH: INCREASE IN SIZE OF A BODY PART OR OF ORGANISM
LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ
SURVIVAL NEEDS
 __________________
 OXYGEN
 __________________


APPROPRIATE __________________
APPROPRIATE __________________
BASIC SURVIVAL NEEDS
 NUTRIENTS
o __________________ FOR ENERGY AND CELL BUILDING
o CARBOHYDRATES, FATS, PROTEINS, MINERALS, VITAMINS
 OXYGEN
o ESSENTIAL FOR __________________ RELEASE (ATP PRODUCTION)
 WATER
o MOST ABUNDANT __________________ IN THE BODY
o SITE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
 NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE
o AFFECTS RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
 APPROPRIATE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
o FOR ADEQUATE BREATHING AND GAS __________________ IN THE LUNGS
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
 WHAT SEPARATES LIVING BEINGS FROM NONLIVING OBJECTS? __________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
 WHAT NAME IS GIVEN TO ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR WITHIN THE BODY CELLS?
______________________________________________________________________________
 WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO BE IN A PRESSURIZED CABIN WHEN FLYING AT 30,000 FEET? _______
______________________________________________________________________________
HOMEOSTASIS
 THE ABILITY OF THE BODY OR A CELL TO SEEK AND MAINTAIN A CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM
OR STABILITY WITHIN ITS INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT WHEN DEALING WITH EXTERNAL
CHANGES.
LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ
HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL
 INVOLVE CONTINUOUS __________________ AND __________________ OF MANY FACTORS
(VARIABLES)
 NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS ACCOMPLISH THE __________________ VIA NERVE
IMPULSES AND HORMONES

THE __________________ TO THE STIMULUS LEADS TO CHANGE.
TWO TYPES OF FEEDBACK LOOPS
 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
o OUTPUT __________________ OFF ORIGINAL STIMULUS; RESPONSE IS INHIBITED
o CAUSES VARIABLE TO CHANGE IN __________________ TO DIRECTION OF INITIAL
CHANGE

POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
o __________________ OF ORIGINAL STIMULUS; RESPONSE IS ACCELERATED
o CAUSES VARIABLE CHANGE IN THE __________________ DIRECTION AS INITIAL
CHANGE
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
 THE RESPONSE __________________ OR SHUTS OFF THE ORIGINAL STIMULUS
 EXAMPLES:
o REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE (A NERVOUS MECHANISM)
o REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME BY ADH (AN ENDOCRINE MECHANISM)
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
 RECEPTORS SENSE DECREASED BLOOD VOLUME
 CONTROL CENTER IN HYPOTHALAMUS STIMULATES PITUITARY GLAND TO RELEASE
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
 ADH CAUSES THE KIDNEYS (EFFECTORS) TO RETURN MORE WATER TO THE BLOOD
POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
 THE RESPONSE __________________ OR EXAGGERATES THE ORIGINAL STIMULUS
 MAY EXHIBIT A CASCADE OR __________________ EFFECT
 USUALLY CONTROLS INFREQUENT EVENTS E.G.:
o ENHANCEMENT OF LABOR CONTRACTIONS BY OXYTOCIN (CHAPTER 28)
o PLATELET PLUG FORMATION AND BLOOD CLOTTING
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
 DISTURBANCE OF HOMEOSTASIS
o __________________ RISK OF DISEASE
o CONTRIBUTES TO __________________ ASSOCIATED WITH AGING
o MAY ALLOW __________________ POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS TO TAKE OVER
(E.G., HEART FAILURE)
LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
 WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS US TO ADJUST TO EITHER EXTREME HEAT OR EXTREME COLD? ______
______________________________________________________________________________
 WHEN WE BEGIN TO GET DEHYDRATED, WE USUALLY GET THIRSTY, WHICH CAUSES US TO
DRINK FLUIDS. IS THIRST PART OF A NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM?
DEFEND YOUR CHOICE. __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
 WHY IS THE CONTROL MECHANISM SHOWN IN FIGURE 1.6 CALLED A POSITIVE FEEDBACK
SYSTEM? WHAT EVENT ENDS IT? ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
THE CELL
 THE SMALLEST FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF ALL ORGANISMS
DIFFERENTIATION
 THERE ARE __________________ COLORED “LEGOS” AND EACH SERVES A DIFFERENT
PURPOSE IN YOUR CREATION…
CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION (NOUN)
 THE NORMAL PROCESS BY WHICH A LESS __________________ CELL DEVELOPS OR MATURES
TO POSSESS A MORE __________________ FORM AND FUNCTION
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
 ANATOMICAL POSITION:
o THE __________________ REFERENCE POINT
o THE __________________ BODY POSITION
o BODY IS ERECT, FEET SLIGHTLY APART, PALMS FACE FORWARD, THUMBS POINTED
AWAY FROM THE BODY.
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ






__________________ (CRANIAL)
__________________ (CAUDAL)
VENTRAL
DORSAL
__________________
POSTERIOR






MEDIAL
__________________
INTERMEDIATE
PROXIMAL VS DISTAL
__________________ (EXTERNAL)
DEEP (INTERNAL)
REGIONAL TERMS
 TWO FUNDAMENTAL DIVISIONS:
o __________________
o __________________
 REGIONAL TERMS USED TO DESIGNATE SPECIFIC AREA MAJOR BODY DIVISIONS (FIG 1.7)
BODY PLANES
 __________________ PLANE
o MEDIAN PLANE
o MIDSAGITTAL PLANE
o PARASAGITTAL


__________________ (CORONAL)
PLANE
__________________ PLANE
o HORIZONTAL
o CROSS SECTION
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
 WHAT IS THE ANATOMICAL POSITION? WHY IS IT IMPORTANT THAT YOU LEARN THIS
POSITION? _____________________________________________________________________
 THE AXILLARY AND ACROMIAL REGIONS ARE BOTH IN THE GENERAL AREA OF THE
SHOULDER. WHERE SPECIFICALLY EACH IS LOCATED? _________________________________
 WHAT TYPE OF CUT WOULD SEPARATE THE BRAIN INTO ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PARTS? __
______________________________________________________________________________
BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES
 __________________ BODY CAVITY
o PROTECTS THE FRAGILE NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANS
o __________________ - ENCASES BRAIN
o __________________ - RUNS WITHIN THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES
 __________________ BODY CAVITY
o THE MORE ANTERIOR AND LARGER OF THE CLOSED BODY CAVITIES
o __________________ - SURROUNDED BY RIBS
o __________________ - ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
FOUR ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS
 RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT
 LEFT UPPER QUADRANT


RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT
LEFT LOWER QUADRANT
LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
 JOE WENT TO THE EMERGENCY ROOM WHERE HE COMPLAINED OF SEVERE PARTS IN THE
LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT OF HIS ABDOMEN. WHAT MIGHT BE HIS PROBLEM? _____________
______________________________________________________________________________
 OF THE UTERUS, SMALL INTESTINE, SPINAL CORD AND HEART, WHICH IS/ARE IN THE DORSAL
BODY CAVITY? _________________________________________________________________
 WHEN YOU RUB YOUR COLD HANDS TOGETHER, THE FRICTION BETWEEN THEM RESULTS IN
HEAT THAT WARMS YOUR HANDS. WHY DOESN’T WARMING FRICTION RESULT DURING
MOVEMENTS OF THE HEART, LUNGS, AND DIGESTIVE ORGANS? _________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________