„Novice Driver Preparation
from an
Ggf. Bild
International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of
Licensing Systems“
CIECA European Driver Training Initiative Workshop
7th of November 2012 Leuven
Institute for Applied Research on
Childhood, Youth, and the Family
at the University of Potsdam
Burgwall 15, 16727 Vehlefanz
Dipl.-Psych. Jan Genschow
e-Mail: [email protected]
mobile number: +49 (0) 151 12 22 22 82
What is Novice Driver Preparation?
Example: Learning to Drive in New South Wales/Australia
Driving Test
Knowledge Test
-Issuing of a
Drivers License-
-Issuing of a Learners
License-
Road Safety
Education in School
- Driver
Qualification Test-
Solo Driving under
Protective Regulations
-Provisional License 2-
-Provisional License 1-
Accompanied
Driving
Independent
Theory Learning
r
Solo Driving under
Protective Regulations
Knowledge
Traffic
Test
-and- perception Test
Leer
Traffic
Perception Test
-Min. 120 Hours-
Practical Driving
Instruction
Theory
Classes
From age 17
From age 16
Supervised Learning Phase
Teaching/Learning Forms:
Forms of Testing:
From age 18
From age 20
Autonomous Learning Phase
Mandatory:
Optional:
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
Unrestricted
Drivers License
-Additional Information-
2/23
What is Novice Driver Preparation?
Example: Learning to Drive in New South Wales/Australia
Driving Test
Knowledge Test
-Issuing of a
Drivers License-
-Issuing of a Learners
License-
Road Safety
Education in School
- Driver
Qualification Test-
Solo Driving under
Protective Regulations
-Provisional License 2-
-Provisional License 1-
Accompanied
Driving
Independent
Theory Learning
r
Solo Driving under
Protective Regulations
Knowledge
Traffic
Test
-and- Perception Test
Leer
Traffic
Perception Test
-Min. 120 Hours-
Practical Driving
Instruction
Theory
Classes
From age 17
From age 16
Supervised Learning Phase
Teaching/Learning Forms:
Forms of Testing:
From age 18
From age 20
Autonomous Learning Phase
Mandatory:
Optional:
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
Unrestricted
Drivers License
-Additional Information-
3/23
Project information
•
•
The research project „Preparation of Novice
Drivers in Europe“ (FE 82.325/2007) was carried out
on behalf of the Federal Highway Research Institute
in Germany (BASt).
 As part of the „Road safety research programme“
it was financed by the Federal Ministry for Traffic,
Construction, and Urban Development.
The aim of the project was to compile a state-of-the-art database on
current procedures and measures in the EU members states (and
other European and non-European countries) for guaranteeing the
road safety of Novice Driver Preparation.
 The country specific information was gathered by document
analysis as well as by consultations of experts from ministries
responsible for driver licensing, from the driver training industry and
from driver testing organisations.
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
4/23
Overview of Countries
North America/USA
California
Florida
North Carolina
Australia/Oceania
Victoria
Queensland
New South Wales
New Zealand
North America/Canada
Europe
Germany
Austria
Spain
Netherlands
Great Britain
Finland
Italy
Sweden
France
Bulgaria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Estonia
Denmark
Greece
Luxembourg
Hungary
Poland
Ireland
Lithuania
Latvia
Malta
Switzerland
Portugal
Norway
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Nova Scotia
Ontario
Croatia
Iceland
Russia
Turkey
Québec
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
Asia
Israel
5/23
Why is it promising to compare systems?
•
All over the world young novice drivers (aged below 25 years) are
overrepresented in accident statistics:
 They face a fatality risk which is between 2 or 3 times higher than for
older and more experienced drivers.
•
Although the demands on a functional preparation of
novice drivers are similar in general, the systems of
different countries vary quite a lot concerning their
specific arrangements for learning to drive:
 This indicates the possibility to get usefull suggestions
for the optimisation of Novice Driver Preparation by
comparing the systems.
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
6/23
Why is it difficult to compare systems?
•
The national systems evolved in a country specific historical
background, they have different scientific concepts, terms and
definitions:
 To make a comparative analysis of national systems, it
is necessary to create an overarching theoretical
framework and terminology („a common language“).
 Established approaches for system descriptions (e.g.
„One- and Two-Phase-Systems“) cannot achieve this
requirement.
•
A terminology for system analysis should allow to describe all (the
different) national systems…
 …by the specific preparation elements they consist of and
 …by the temporal order, in which the elements are arranged in the
learning process.
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
7/23
How can we „spell“ the systems in a „common language“?
– Phases of Novice Driver Preparation –
•
The beginning of solo driving is the point with the highest risk during the
driving career („initial peak of endagerment“):
 Starting from this point specific phases of the learning process can be
distinguished.
Beginning of solo
driving
Supervised Learning Phase
Autonomous Learning Phase
Unrestricted
Drivers License
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
8/23
How can we „spell“ the systems in a „common language“?
– Forms of Teaching/Learning –
Theory
Classes
Number of lessons, Teaching/Learning Methods, …
Independent
Theory Learning
Teaching/Learning Media, Learning objectives, …
Practical
Driving Instruction
Number of lessons, Teaching/Learning Methods, …
Solo Driving under
Protective Regulations
Type of restrictions, Duration of restrictions, …
Advanced
Training Courses
Obligation, contents, Learning objectives, ….
Road Safety
Education in School
Contents, Learning objectives, ….
Driving
Simulation Training
Teaching/Learning Media, Learning objectives …
Road Safety
Communication
Contents, Communication methods, …
Accompanied Driving
Minimum time span, Requirements for learner drivers, …
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
9/23
How can we „spell“ the systems in a „common language“?
– Forms of Testing –
Driving Test
Traffic PerceptionTest
Knowledge Test
Learner Assessment
Learner Assessment
Learner Assessment
e.g. pretest in Theory Classes
e.g. simulation of a Driving Test
e.g. consultations with a
professional driving instructor
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
10/23
How can we „spell“ the systems in a „common language“?
– Different levels of analysis –
System A
System B
Macro Level
Theory Lessons
Practical
Driving Instruction
Micro Level
-mandatory or optional?
-number of lessons?
-teaching/learning methods?
-learning objectives?
-teaching/learning-media?
…
Theory Lessons
Practical
Driving Instruction
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
11/23
First conclusion (about the theoretical framework)
•
Each country has it´s own System of Novice Driver
Preparation:
 To compare systems is promising for learning from
each other. The variety offers opportunities!
•
The comparison of differing systems requires an overarching and
integrative terminology:
 This „common language“ allows to analyse the Teaching/Learning
Forms and the Forms of Testing of which the overall „architectures“ of
systems are build.
•
The developed terminology has proven itself:
 It is applicable for the description of 44 countries.
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
12/23
Results: The analyzed countries have different starting points
for system development
•
Looking back on the last 20 years reveals different emphasis on the
further development of the systems.
?
Europe:
- great significance of
professional
(mandatory)
formal driver training
North America/
Australia/Oceania:
- high amount of practice
through accompanied
driving
- GDE-Matrix
- protective regulations
- second-phase training
- extended learning period
-…
-…
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
13/23
Results: Design of the Supervised Learning Phase
•
System comparison shows, that the Supervised Learning Phase
contains Teaching/Learning Forms in differing combination:
 Only a few systems follow a „driving school only“ approach.
 In the majority of systems professional driving instruction is combined
with possibilities for informal training.
•
The amount of practice which is gained by accompanied driving varies
a lot:
 This can be attributed to the different frame conditions which take
influence on the intensity of practice.
 Examples: Germany  2.400 km; France at least 3.000 km; Austria at
least 3.000 km; Florida/USA at least 50 hours, …
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
14/23
How is accompanied driving combined with professional
driving instruction?
Europe
North America/USA
Australia/Oceania
North America/Canada
„Driving school only“
Asia
„Liberal modells“
„Integrative modells“ „Consecutive modells“
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
15/23
Results: Design of the Autonomous Learning Phase (1)
•
Only in a few countries there are no protective regulations for novice
drivers when they start solo driving:
 Most of the (European) systems contain general preventive measures
in form of sanctions for traffic violations; often combined with lower
BAC-limits for novice drivers.
 Examples: Spain, Netherlands, Greece, Austria, Germany
•
In most of the GDL-Systems the regulations are much stricter:
 They include also restrictions concerning night time driving, carrying
passengers, using mobile phones and driving on weekends.
 Examples: North Carolina, Florida, California, New Zealand, Nova
Scotia
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
16/23
Results: Design of the Autonomous Learning Phase (2)
Europe
North America/USA
Australia/Oceania
North America/Canada
Restrictions
concerning …
„… driving speed“
Asia
„…night time driving“
„… carrying passengers“
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
17/23
Results: Time span for Novice Driver Preparation (1)
– Duration of the Supervised Learning Phase –
Europe
North America/USA
Australia/Oceania
North America/Canada
Supervised
Learning Phase…
Asia
„… up to 6 months“
„… up to 12 months“
„… up to 24 months“
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
18/23
Results: Time span for Novice Driver Preparation (2)
– Duration of the Autonomous Learning Phase –
Europe
North America/USA
Australia/Oceania
North America/Canada
Asia
Autonomous
„… up to 12 months“ „… between 12 and 24 months“ „… >24 months“
Learning Phase…
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
19/23
Results: Time span for Novice Driver Preparation (3)
Up to 24
months
Up to 12
months
Up to 6
months
Supervised Learning Phase
– Duration of the Supervised and Autonomous Learning Phase –
ON
IRL
F(AAC), N,
S, EST(BF),
LV, QC, FL,
NC
NSW, QLD,
VIC
D(BF17), B(36M),
B(18M), L(CA),
A(L17), IL, IS, LT,
SLO(BF), NS,
NZ, CA
CZ, PL,
BG, RO,
CY
D, GB, L, A, FIN,
EST, GR, H, HR,
SK, SLO
Up to 12
months
Between 12
to 24 months
E
I, F, DK, NL,
M, P, CH
> 24
months
Autonomous Learning Phase
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
20/23
Second conclusion
(about the results of the 44 country study)
•
Despite all differences, there are convergencies between the systems:
 The general differences in the emphasis of system designs in Europe
and North America, Australia/Oceania seem to draw near.
•
For the Systems of Novice Driver Preparation there can be
recognized common trends:
 The approach of accompanied driving leads to an extension
of the Supervised Learning Phase.
 Protective measures in the Autonomous Learning Phase
are widely used.
 The provided total time frame for learning extends.
•
Our project results relating to 44 countries will be published
in a report by the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt):
 It is planned to offer the results in an electronical data-base
which will be provided by the TÜV | DEKRA arge tp 21.
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
21/23
There is a new challenge: Steering the System of Novice
Driver Preparation (and not only formal driver training)!
•
Learning to drive comprises more than attending a driving school:
Leer
Traffic
Perception Test
Advanced
Training Course
Solo Driving under Protective Regulations
Knowledge Test
Road Safety
Education in School
Independent
Theory Learning
r
Theory
Classes
Learner
Assessment
Accompanied
Driving
Practical Driving
Instruction
Supervised Learning Phase
•
Driving Test
Autonomous Learning Phase
Unrestricted
Drivers License
Formal driver training has to take into account the interface to other
system elements and other agents in the learning process.
“Novice Driver Preparation from an International Perspective
- an Approach for Comparative Analysis of Licensing Systems“
22/23
The next step …
•
•
We know that learning to drive takes more than attending a driving
school!
•
We are able to describe the different systems of Novice Driver
Preparation regarding their characteristics in a detailed and
comprehensive way!
In future we have to learn how to steer complex systems of Novice
Driver Preparation in order to maximize the return for road safety!
23/23