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Saving Resources: Manure and Water
Assessing Agricultural Policy Implications
for the Mississippi River Basin
David Osterberg
Nick Fetty
Nathan Wong
May 2016
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The Iowa Policy Project
20 E. Market Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52245
(319) 338-0773
www.IowaPolicyProject.org!
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Authors and Acknowledgments
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David Osterberg is a Professor in the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health in the
University of Iowa College of Public Health. A former state legislator who chaired the Iowa House
Energy and Environmental Protection Committee and Agriculture Committee during his six terms, he
also has served as a consultant to the Iowa Department of Natural Resources. He holds masters
degrees in water resources management and agricultural economics from the University of WisconsinMadison. In 2001, Osterberg co-founded the Iowa Policy Project and served as executive director
through June 2013. He remains on the staff as a researcher on energy and environmental issues.
Nick Fetty is a master’s student in the University of Iowa School of Journalism and Mass
Communication. He serves as a Graduate Assistant for the UI’s Center for Global and Regional
Environmental Research and writes about environmental news and research in Iowa, particularly in
regard to agriculture, water quality, and wind energy. He holds a bachelor’s degree in journalism from
the University of Iowa and is a former reporter for the Iowa City Press-Citizen.
Nathan Wong served as a graduate student intern with IPP from the University of Iowa School of Urban
and Regional Planning. His focus is in economic development and housing and community
development. He holds a bachelor's degree in sociology from the University of California, San Diego.
In addition, we want to acknowledge the editorial assistance of Nathan Shepherd and Sara Conrad of
Iowa Policy Project staff.
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We gratefully acknowledge the generous support of the McKnight Foundation and the Fred and
Charlotte Hubbell Foundation, which made the preparation of this report possible. While these funders
support the research that went into this report, they may not necessarily agree with policy
recommendations that are included. Policy recommendations are solely the perspective of the authors
and the Iowa Policy Project.
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The Iowa Policy Project
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Formed in 2001, the Iowa Policy Project is a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization. Its principal office is at
20 E. Market Street, Iowa City, IA 52245.
The Iowa Policy Project promotes public policy that fosters economic opportunity while safeguarding the
health and well-being of Iowa’s people and the environment. By providing a foundation of fact-based,
objective research and engaging the public in an informed discussion of policy alternatives, the Iowa
Policy Project advances accountable, effective and fair government.
All reports produced by the Iowa Policy Project are made available to the public, free of charge, via the
organization’s website at http://www.iowapolicyproject.org.
The Iowa Policy Project is a 501(c)3 organization. Contributions to support our work may be taxdeductible. We may be reached at the address above, by phone at (319) 338-0773, by email at
[email protected], or through other contacts available at our website.
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The Iowa Policy Project
20 E. Market St. • Iowa City, Iowa 52245 • (319) 338-0773
www.iowapolicyproject.org
May 2016
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Saving Resources: Manure and Water
Assessing Agricultural Policy Implications for the Mississippi River Basin
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How Iowa Policies Fall Short
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Policy Recommendations
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The Iowa Policy Project
20 E. Market St. • Iowa City, Iowa 52245 • (319) 338-0773
www.iowapolicyproject.org
May 2016
POLICY BRIEF
Saving Resources: Manure and Water
Assessing Agricultural Policy Implications for the Mississippi River Basin
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Photo credit: Iowa Manure Management Action Group, Iowa State University, IMMAG Update March 2014.
The High Risk of Winter Manure Application
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1$!5'*&!8*1)$2=!F/)-<!.%&%$8!%-!0'*'&1)$.!.1!./+!-),,+--5)(!'00(%,'.%1$!15!&'$)*+=!
!
Figure 1. Phosphorus (P) in the Winter Landscape: How Nutrient Investment is Lost
!
Source: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food & Rural Affairs (2013)
"! !
@DM!*+-+'*,/!%(()-.*'.+-!
Table 1. Nitrogen Loss Greatest from Late-Winter Manure Application
?/4!./+!*%-E!15!*)$155!%-!
Two-year average of nitrogen lost in surface runoff from corn and soybean stubble
0'*.%,)('*(4!/%8/!?/+$!
&'$)*+!%-!'00(%+2!%$!('.+!
?%$.+*=!#!.?1C4+'*!-.)24!
,1&0'*+2!./+!(1--!15!
$%.*18+$!5*1&!-)*5',+!
*)$155!',*1--!51)*!
Source: J. Lorimer, 1995, Fate of Nutrients from Liquid Swine Manure Land-Applied in the Winter, Ph.D.
2%55+*+$.!&'$)*+!
dissertation, Iowa State University.!
'00(%,'.%1$!.%&[email protected]!
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!
Figure 2. Average Monthly Phosphorus Loss at Riechers Beef Between 2003 and 2010
!
!
Source: University of Wisconsin Discovery Farms. “Understanding Nutrient and Sediment Loss at Riechers Beef,” Winter 2013
!
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The Negative Impacts of Manure Runoff
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Blue-green algae — or cyanobacteria. Photo credit: Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency, http://tinyurl.com/jembwqy
Eutrophication is “The process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates.
These typically promote excessive growth of algae. As the algae die and decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing
organisms deplete the water of available oxygen, causing the death of other organisms, such as fish.” (USGS, Website, “Definition of
Eutrophication,” 2014)
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Figure 3. Iowa Beach Advisories for Microcystin Increase
L)*%$8!-)&&+*!&1$./-!./+! !
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Source: Mary Skopec, Iowa Department of Natural Resources!
*+8)('.+2!;4!./+!D'5+!I'.+*!
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The Dead Zone
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Figure 4. Mississippi River-Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone Much Larger than Goals
!
!
The Mississippi River
Gulf of Mexico
Watershed Nutrient Task
Force’s 1,900 mi2 2001
Action Goal limit
compared to the actual
five-year average size of
the hypoxic zone —
5,600 mi2.
Source: U.S.
Environmental
Protection Agency
!
Animal Feeding Operations
!
!
F1!)$2+*-.'$2!./+!&'8$%.)2+!15!?%$.+*!&'$)*+!'00(%,'.%1$<!?+!-/1)(2!'(-1!+J'&%$+!./+!-1)*,+!
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U.S. EPA vs. Iowa DNR
On July 12, 2012, Region 7 of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) — which covers Iowa, Kansas,
Missouri, and Nebraska — found that the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) was inadequately
enforcing the Clean Water Act (CWA) in regard to Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs).
In a letter to IDNR Director Chuck Gipp, EPA Regional Administrator Karl Brooks outlined his agency's concerns
over the lack of pollution control from the 7,000 animal feeding operations jeopardizing Iowa's waterways and
cited that it was a violation of Section 402 of the CWA.1 Brooks wrote: “Actions are necessary to ensure that
Iowa’s NPDES [National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System] permitting, compliance and enforcement
program for CAFOs complies with the Clean Water Act.” EPA gave IDNR 60 days to submit a plan and a
schedule for addressing the issues outlined in the letter. EPA also required that IDNR allow the public to provide
input on the plan.
EPA and IDNR came to agreement a on plan that outlined six major categories: on-site inspections for all (1)
“large” factory farms (more than 1,000 beef cattle or 2,500 hogs) and (2) “medium” factory farms (300-999 beef
cattle or 750-2,499 hogs), (3) desktop evaluations for other medium-sized factory farms, (4) issuance of new
factory farm permits regulations within one year, (5) stronger manure applications setback requirements within
one year, and (6) tougher enforcement protocols.
EPA became involved with the situation after a petition called for IDNR to relinquish its authority for managing
the NPDES. The petition was submitted in September 2007 in a collaboration by the Environmental Integrity
Project, Iowa Citizens for Community Improvement, and the Sierra Club Iowa Chapter.
Days after EPA’s announcement, The Des Moines Register — the state’s largest newspaper — issued an
editorial lambasting state officials for their inability to address the problem.
“Our elected officials enact laws to ensure there is little regulation. They underfund state agencies that oversee
agricultural operations. They send a message to go easy on polluters. And the rest of us pay the price with dirty
water that compromises recreational and tourism opportunities, which affects this state's economy.”2
Water quality was a contentious issue at both the state and federal level at the time. Iowa Governor Terry
Branstad claimed that IDNR was “too aggressive already in enforcing pollution regulation against agricultural
operations”3 while U.S. Representatives Leonard Boswell (D), Tom Latham (R), and Steve King (R) voted in
2011 to limit EPA’s ability to enforce the Clean Water Act.4
One year after EPA issued its indictment against IDNR, another report was released which found that INDR had
done little to improve Iowa’s water quality. Iowa Citizens for Community Improvement issued a statement critical
of IDNR’s efforts to address the issue, writing “[i]t has now been almost a full year since the EPA published its
report, and no action has been taken. That’s 12 more months of degradation to Iowa’s water while the DNR
stonewalls implementation of the Clean Water Act.”5
Despite the criticism from activist groups, EPA Region 7 spokesperson Kris Lancaster said “[the] proposed rules
are consistent with federal requirements.”6
Noble Jason. “EPA says DNR is lax on enforcing confinement permits, regulations.” Des Moines Register, July 13, 2012.
The Des Moines Register, Editorial: “EPA letter should be a wakeup call.” July 1, 2012.
3 Bleeding Heartland: “EPA Finds Iowa DNR Not Enforcing Clean Water Act for CAFOs” July 13, 2012
4 Bleeding Heartland: “Boswell, Latham and King vote to undermine Clear Water Act.” July 15, 2011.
5 Iowa Citizens for Community Improvement. “One Year after EPA Demands Compliance, DNR Continues to Obstruct Clean
Water Act Implementation - Iowa CCI,” July 8, 2013
6 Eller, Donnelle. “Groups say water rules aren’t enough.” Des Moines Register, Jan. 28, 2014.
1
2
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Iowa’s Response to Difficult Soil Conditions for Manure Application
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How Another Midwestern State Addresses Winter Manure Runoff
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RV! !
Clean Lake Erie Act (SB1) After One Year
“The Clean Lake Erie Act’s success is unclear. Many of its provisions were left
open to interpretation, and the law contains several exemptions that allow manure
applications, even under the new limits. For example, applications can occur on
growing crops such as winter cover crops that lie dormant all season. This is the
first winter and spring where the law has been in effect, and Ohio lacks any system
that can effectively assess its success or failure. We need an effective way to
determine compliance with the law before we know how well it’s working.”
— Adam Rissien, Clean Water Director, Ohio Environmental Council
“Ohio Farm Bureau supported SB 1 (The Clean Lake Erie Act) because it balances
two equally important resources, clean water and food production. The law allows
for common agronomic practices that are proven effective for water quality and
workable for farmers. SB 1 also recognizes that water quality is a shared
responsibility; it contains nonagricultural provisions dealing with the dumping of
dredge material and with water quality monitoring.”
— Joe Cornely, Senior Director of Corporate Communications,
Ohio Farm Bureau Federation
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2014 Toledo Water Crisis
“We’re right back to where we were in the ]70s,” Jeff Reutter, head of the Ohio Sea Grant research lab, told The
Associated
after August
the 20142,crisis.
At 2 a.m. onPress
Saturday,
2014,5 the City of Toledo issued a “Do Not Drink” notice to residents advising them not to
drink, boil, or bathe in water from their taps. An algae bloom outbreak on Lake6 Erie, the city’s main water source,
The amount of phosphorus entering the lake had risen every year since 1990. Farm runoff as well as sludge from sewage
contaminated the water so severely that standard water treatment practices were not enough to make it safe for
treatment plants contributed to the problem which spurred state lawmakers in Ohio to enact new regulations to reduce the
consumers. In the following hours and days other cities and counties in the area would issue similar notices advising
likelihood of more algae blooms and potentially another water crisis. The Senate Bill 1 — also known as the Clean Lake
residents to stay away from the water and by the end more than half a million residents were directly affected. 1
Erie Act — banned the application of manure on frozen and rain-saturated land as ways to prevent nutrient runoff into
7 Despite being passed by both of Ohio’s legislative chambers as well as Governor Kasich,
nearby waterways.
Though
it likely came
as a surprise to many of the area’s residents, researchers, scientists, and other experts were aware
environmental
advocacy
groups
expressed
concerns
the legislation’s
effectiveness.
of the potential looming issue
from
several years
out. about
Troublesome
algal blooms
have threatened the lake since at least
the 1960s. Agricultural pollution from rural land as well as industrial pollution from urban areas both contributed high levels
Alison Auciello — with Ohio’s Food & Water Watch — said the bill was not strong enough and had too many exemptions.
of phosphorus and nitrogen into the lake. The Cuyahoga River carried pollution from Cleveland factories as well as from
farm
fields intoprevented
the lake. this
The crisis
Cuyahoga
infamouslyand
caught
fire in
1969 when
from aagain,”
passing
train ignited
and
“We could’ve
from happening
we can
prevent
it fromsparks
happening
Auciello
said inoil
a 2015
other
debris
of the
river.based
Pictures
of theOhio.
event8 “But
brought
national
country’s
issues
we’ve
got to attention
be willingto—the
we’ve
got towater
have quality
the political
interview
withfloating
WKSU,onantop
NPR
affiliate
in Kent,
2
and
helped
lead
to
the
passage
of
the
Clean
Water
Act.
will in Ohio and in other states to really take on the factory farm pollution that’s been a really big culprit for the algae
blooms.”
Lake Erie has long been a site for water recreation. Areas surrounding the lake offer hiking trails, campsites, beaches, and
even
golf courses.
The lake has
a robust
life for anglers
with
walleye,
perch,
smallmouth
andit.
Randydisc
Gardener
— a Republican
state
senatoraquatic
from Bowling
Green —
was
the main
author
of the bill bass,
and hesalmon,
defended
trout while the area around the lake offers hunters and trappers ideal ground for waterfowl and other small game. Water
“SB 1 helps
Erie, butalgae
in doing
so we
notcan
to ignore
Ohio’s number
onefor
industry.
In water
fact, some
call thisand
bill the
pollution
and Lake
the resulting
blooms
in agreed
Lake Erie
have detrimental
effects
land and
ecosystems
can
CleanbeLake
Erie Actforofhumans,
2015, butdogs,
perhaps
a subtitle
— ‘Heal
Lake,
Respect
the contact
Farm.’ Iwith
believe
SB 1
also
dangerous
livestock,
andmight
other be
animals
thatthe
ingest
orBut
even
come into
affected
does just that,” Gardener said, as reported by the Sandusky Register in 2015.9 “Lake Erie is far from dead. In 2014 Lake
waters.
Erie enjoyed a very good year in boating, fishing and tourism. We must fight to protect Lake Erie, but we must also
Federal regulation
curbErie
the remains
use of phosphorus
in detergents
and fertilizers
nearly
eliminated
thegrow
problem
until it
promote
Lake Erie.toLake
a great place
to visit. A great
place to live.
A great
place to
a business."
st
3
resurfaced again around the turn of the 21 century. Lake Erie being the southernmost and the shallowest of the Great
Lakes
alsolaw
makes
it theapplied
warmest.
waterbut
temperatures
coupled
with nutrient
from agricultureoperations
and other
The new
not only
to Warm
crop farms
also livestock
operations.
Smallrunoff
and medium-sized
sources
create
the
ideal
breeding
grounds
for
algae.
were able to apply for temporary exemption from the new manure applications. Small operations were defined as
those with fewer than 200 heads of mature dairy cows, fewer than 300 heads of veal calves, fewer than 50 heads
One of the most recent water crises to strike the Lake Erie region was in Toledo in August 2014. Ten hours after the City
of swine 50 pounds or heavier and fewer than 3,000 heads of swing weighing less than 50 pounds.10 The new
of Toledo issued a “Do Not Drink” notice to its residents, Ohio governor John Kasich declared a state of emergency,
which
10
legislation went into effect on July 3, 2015. Those caught violating the new law could be fined up to $10,000.
was followed by more warnings and advisories from area mayors and other governmental agencies.4
Michael. “Behind Toledo’s Water Crisis, a Long-Troubled Lake Erie.” The New York Times 4 Aug. 2014
!2 Wines,
Latson, Jennifer. “The Burning River That Sparked a Revolution.” TIME. 22 June 2015
1
The Associated Press. “Researchers Track Lake Erie Algae Blooms.” 13 Sept. 2007
WTOL Staff. “Toledo Water Crisis: A Timeline of What's Happened so Far.” WTOL [Toledo] 3 Aug. 2014
5 The Associated Press. “Toledo Water Ban Persists After New Test Results Cause Concerns.” NPR 4 Aug. 2014
6 The Associated Press. “Toledo’s Water Crisis Was a Decade in the Making from Farms and Sewage Plants, Experts Say.”
Cleveland.com 3 Aug. 2014
7 The Associated Press. “Gov. John Kasich Signs Bill Aimed at Fighting Toxic Algae.” Cleveland.com 2 Apr. 2015
8 Chow, Andy. “Critics Say New Anti-algae Bill Doesn't Go Far Enough.” WKSU [Kent] 27 Mar. 2015
9 Jackson, Tom. “Governor Signs Lake Erie Cleanup Bill.” Sandusky Register 2 Apr. 2015
10 LaBarge, Greg (Ohio State University. “New Manure and Fertilizer Regulations in Ohio.” AgProfessional 13 July 2015
3
4
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Minnesota Environmental Quality Board. 1999. Generic Environmental Impact Statement of Agriculture: A summary of the Literature
Related to Manure and Crop Nutrients. Page J-9.
2 Heffernan, A., Galluzzo, T., Hoyer, Will. “Solution to Pollution: It Starts on the Farm,” The Iowa Policy Project. September 2010.
3 Andersen, Daniel. How much manure is there in Iowa? The Manure Scoop. ISU Extension, blog post from October 6, 2014.
http://themanurescoop.blogspot.com/2014/10/how-much-manure-is-there-in-iowa.html
4 Owens, Bonta, Shipitalo, and Rogers. Effects of Winter Manure Application in Ohio on the Quality of Surface Runoff American Society of
Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America. January 2011.
5 Ibid.
6 Brenneman, Greg. “Winter Manure Application” Iowa Manure Manager Series Vol. 3.
http://www.agronext.iastate.edu/immag/pubs/imms/vol3.pdf
7 Stuntebeck, Todd D et. Al. (2011) Precipitation-Runoff Relations and Water-Quality Characteristics at Edge-of-Fiesl Stations, Discovery
Farms and pioneer farm, Wisconsin 2003-2008. US Geological Survey. Scientific Investigations Report 2011 5008.
http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5008/pdf/sir2011-5008_web.pdf
8 Panuska, J.C., Karthikeyan, K.G., Norman, J.M. “Sediment and Phosphorus Losses in Snowmelt and Rainfall Runoff from Three Corn
Management Systems.” American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 51 (1). 95-105. 2008
9 Frame, D., Radatz, T., Radatz, A., “Manure Applications on Frozen and/or Snow Covered Ground.” Understanding the Data and
Information Collected at Reichers Beef, Fact Sheet 7. 2012
10 Wright, P. “Manure Spreading Risks.” NRCS Syracuse, NY.
http://www.cayugacounty.us/Portals/0/environmental/OLWMC/manure%20spreading%20risks.pdf
11 Backer, Lorraine C. “Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (CyanoHABs): Developing a Public Health Response.” 2002
http://yyy.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/niehs/mfbsc/science/pdf/CynoHABs%20Developing%20a%20Public%20Health%20Response.pdf
12 Frankel, Todd. “The Toxin that shut off Toledo’s water? The feds don’t make you test for it.” The Washington Post. August 11, 2014.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/storyline/wp/2014/08/11/watching-toledos-toxic-water-troubles-with-a-wary-eye-and-few-regulations/
13 Kilbert, Kenneth. et al. “Legal Tools for Reducing Harmful Algal Blooms in Lake Erie.” April 2012
http://www.utoledo.edu/law/academics/ligl/habs/Legal_Tools_White_Paper.pdf
14 Reichwaldt, E.S., Ghadouani, A. “Effects of Rainfall Patterns on Toxic Cyanobacterial Blooms in a Changing Climate: Between Simplistic
Scenarios and Complex Dynamics.” Water Res., 46 (5). pp. 1372-1393. 2012.
15 Paerl, H.W., Huisman, J. “Blooms Like it Hot.” Science, 320, pp. 57-58. 2008.
16 US EPA. “Climate Change: Midwest Impacts.” Website. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts-adaptation/midwest.html
1
RP! !
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Iowa Climate Statement 2014: Impacts on the Health of Iowans. http://cgrer.uiowa.edu/files/cgrer.uiowa.edu/files/pdf_files/Iowa Climate
Statement 2014-Impacts on the Health of Iowans_with signatures.pdf
18 Personal communication with DNR staff person Mary Skopec, 10/21/2014.
19 Sarcone, L. Des Moines Water Works Ratepayers Face Over 1.5 Million for 2014 and 2015 Denitrification Operational Costs. Des Moines
Water Works Website. http://www.dmww.com/about-us/news-releases/des-moines-water-works-ratepayers-face-over-1-5-million-for2014-and-2015-denitrification-operationa.aspx
20 Des Moines Register. “Water Works votes to sue 3 counties over nitrates.” January 9, 2015.
http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2015/01/08/des-moines-water-works-sues-sac-buena-vista-calhoun-counties-cleanwater-act/21470973/
21 Des Moines Water Works. “Board of Water Works Trustees Issue a Notice of Intent to Sue for Polluted Drinking Water.” January 8, 2015.
http://www.dmww.com/about-us/news-releases/board-of-water-works-trustees-issue-a-notice-of-intent-to-sue-for-polluted-drinkingwater.aspx
22 Board of Water Works Trustees Votes to Pursue Lawsuit Against Drainage Districts. http://www.dmww.com/aboutus/announcements/board-of-water-works-trustees-votes-to-pursue-lawsuit-against-drainage-districts.aspx
23 U.S. EPA. “Hypoxia 101: What is Hypoxia and What Causes It?” http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/named/msbasin/hypoxia101.cfm
24 Ohio EPA. “Getting to the Point about Nonpoint: Ohio Nonpoint Source Pollution Management Plan – 2005-2010.”
http://wwwapp.epa.ohio.gov/dsw/nps/NPSMP/ET/nitrogenwq.html
25 Goolsby, Donald. et al., “Flux Sources of Nutrients in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin”, 1999.
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/pubs/jrn/Lawrence.1999.CENRreport.pdf
26 Ribaudo M, Gollehon N, Aillery M,et al. Manure Management for Water Quality: Costs to Animal Feeding Operations of Applying Manure
Nutrients to Land. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service; June 2003.
27 Iowa Department of Natural Resources. “IDNR AFO Workplan Annual Report. August 2015.
28 Rieck-Hinz, Angela. “Winter Application of Manure: Regulations and Common Sense.” 2010.
http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2010/1214rieckhinz.htm
29 Iowa Department of Natural Resources. “Manure on Frozen & Snow-Covered ground,” p.3, 2010.
30 McAfee, Eldon. IPPA legal counsel, Beving, Swanson, and Forrest.
http://www.supportfarmers.com/Resources/Manure%20on%20Frozen%20Ground%20-%20IPPA.pdf
31 Environmental Law and Policy Center. “Cultivating Clean Water: Iowa.” 2010. http://elpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/ELPCCultivating-Clean-Water-Report.pdf
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid, pp.49-50.
34 Iowa Department of Natural Resources. “Manure on Frozen & Snow-Covered Ground,” p.5, 2010.
35 Bleeding Heartland. EPA finds Iowa DNR not enforcing Clean Water Act for CAFOs. July 2012
http://www.bleedingheartland.com/diary/5612/epa-finds-iowa-dnr-not-enforcing-clean-water-act-for-cafos
36 Workplan Agreement between the Iowa Department of Natural Resources and the US Environmental Protection Agency. Region 7, US
EPA website. http://www.epa.gov/region7/water/pdf/ia-workplan-cafo.pdf
37 Iowa Department of Natural Resources, “Response to U.S. EPA Region 7,” pp. 2-3, Sept. 2012.
http://www.epa.gov/region7/water/pdf/water_dnr_response_091112.pdf
38 Iowa Department of Natural Resources. “Manure Application on Frozen and Snow-covered Ground.”
http://www.iowadnr.gov/Portals/idnr/uploads/afo/2011%202011%20DNR%20Manure%20on%20Frozen%20Ground%20Report%20FIN
AL.pdf
39 Spiehs, M. Frequently Asked Questions: Manure Management Plans. University of Minnesota Extension. (undated)
40 USDA. “2013 State Agriculture Overview: Ohio. Ranked Items Within the U.S., 2012.”
http://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/Ag_Overview/stateOverview.php?state=OHIO
41 Kick, C. Farm and Dairy News. “House Approves New Rules for Applying Manure in Ohio.” Nov. 21, 2014.
http://www.farmanddairy.com/news/house-approves-new-rules-applying-manure-ohio/228086.html
42 The Ohio Senate. 131st General Assembly. “Majority Caucus Blog: Burke, Peterson, Gardner Sponsor Priority Legislation to Fight Toxic
Algae in Ohio” Feb. 4, 2015. http://www.ohiosenate.gov/republicans
43 Ibid.
44 Ohio Governor John Kasich. “Blueprint for a New Ohio: Gov. John R. Kasich’s Fiscal Years 2016-2917 Budget.”
http://www.blueprint.ohio.gov/LakeErie.aspx
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.
47 LaBarge, Greg. Understanding Regulation, Definition, Noncompliance Pentalties, On Fertilizer And Manure Application In Ohio Wleb.
C.OCRLN Newsletter 2016-3. Ohio State University Extension.
48 Ibid.!
49 LAWriter Ohio Laws and Rules. Chapter 903; Concentrated Animal Feeding Facilities Definitions. Ohio Revised Code: TITLE [9] IX
AGRICULTURE
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