Vol. 5 No. 2 Summer 2011 How Workforce Diversity Helps Conservation Feral Pig Invasion Conservation in Conflict Zones Research on Rodenticides Summer 2011 Vol. 5 No. 2 Cover Story: The Value of Workforce Diversity 20 Why Diversity Matters By Roel Lopez and Columbus H. Brown 28 Lessons Learned from Experience 32 A Sense of Belonging By Katherine Unger 34 A Person of Vision By Lisa Moore LaRoe By Columbus H. Brown 30 Crossing the Cultural Divide Online Extra! Resources for Increasing Diversity By Seafha Blount In Focus: The Impacts of Feral Pigs 36 Plowing through North America By Jessica Tegt et al. ROTATING FEATURES By Bill Hamrick et al. Wildlife Conservation Amidst War and Conflict By Peter Zahler and Eva Fearn Shedding Light on WNS By Karen E. Francl 69 Professional Development So, You Want to Be a Graduate Student? By Blake Grisham et al. Wildlife Detection Dogs By Megan Parker 50 Research and Practice The Facts about Rodenticides By Roger A. Baldwin and Terrell P. Salmon 54 Human-Wildlife Connection 72 Education Training Students for the Real World By William M. Giuliano Turning Students into Problem Solvers By Larkin A. Powell et al. An Inadequate Construct? By Michael P. Nelson et al. Credit: John Campos/iStockphoto.com 78 Research and Practice Bird Havens: Western Oak Woodlands By David A. Ross Debate Keeps the Model Dynamic By Daniel J. Decker 58 North American Model: 36 74 Education Building Public Support for Endangered Species By Bill E. Van Pelt 57 Critiques of the Model Credit: LaVonda Walton/USFWS 64 Human-Wildlife Connection 44 Research and Practice 47 Research and Practice 20 41 Managing an Invasion 82 Tools and Technology Using Infrared Aerial Cameras By Susan Bernatas 61 Moving Beyond the Model By Peter Dratch and Rick Kahn 44 DEPARTMENTS 6 8 10 14 18 Guest Editorial By Benjamin N. Tuggle 86 Policy Watch New Forest Planning Rule Letters to the Editor 88 Field Notes Practical tips for field biologists State of Wildlife 90 Today’s Wildlife Professionals: Alejandro Juárez Reina and Raul Valdez The Society Pages TWS news and events 96 Gotcha! Photos from readers Science in Short © The Wildlife Society Credit: Karen E. Francl More Online! This publication is available online to TWS members at www.wildlife.org. Throughout the magazine, mouse icons and text printed in blue indicate links to more information available online. www.wildlife.org 5 WILDLIFE IMAGING ³:H&DQ6HHD'HHU¶V(DUVIURP+HUH´ WILDLIFE INVENTORIES USING INFRARED AERIAL CAMERAS By Susan Bernatas % Credit: BBSG Photography Susan Bernatas, CWB, is President of Vision Air Research in Boise, Idaho. elieve it or not, a deer’s ears can give off a ORWRIHQHUJ\²VRPXFKVRWKDW,FDQVSRW WKHPIURPIHHWDERYHWKHJURXQG, JDLQWKLVµELRQLF¶DELOLW\E\XVLQJDQLQIUDUHGVHQ- VRUDWWDFKHGWRWKHZLQJRID&HVVQDDLUSODQH ,QIUDUHG,5VHQVRUVZKLFKPHDVXUHWKHKHDW emitted from objects and organisms, provide XVHIXOLQIRUPDWLRQIRUDKRVWRIDSSOLFDWLRQVIURP SROLFHVXUYHLOODQFHWRZHDWKHUIRUHFDVWLQJWRPRUH recently, wildlife research. 8VHRI,5LPDJLQJIRUZLOGOLIHZDVXQFRPPRQ EDFNLQWKHHDUO\VZKHQZHKDGWRGRWUDFN- LQJDQGSRSXODWLRQFRXQWVWKHKDUGZD\'XULQJ DELJKRUQVXUYH\LQ,GDKRIRUH[DPSOH,ZRUNHG ZLWKDWHDPXVLQJKHOLFRSWHUVWRFRXQWWKHDQL- mals, which lived in steep, inaccessible canyons. 8QIRUWXQDWHO\WKHQRLVHRIWKHKHOLFRSWHUVTXLFNO\ VFDUHGWKHDQLPDOVRII,ORRNHGLQWRDOWHUQD- WLYHWHFKQRORJLHVWKDWZRXOGDYRLGVWUHVVLQJWKH ELJKRUQVLQFOXGLQJQLJKWYLVLRQJRJJOHVXOWUDOLJKW Credit: Vision Air Research Posing by “R2D2,” the infrared sensor attached to the wing of a Cessna plane that is used to capture images of wildlife on the ground, Art Rodgers of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and author Susan Bernatas prepare to survey moose from 1,000 feet up. 82 The Wildlife Professional, Summer 2011 SODQHVHYHQEDOORRQV7KHQ,UHDGDERXWLQIUDUHG 7RVHHLILQIUDUHGVHQVRUVDWWDFKHGWRSODQHVFRXOG LGHQWLI\ELJKRUQVKHHSRQWKHJURXQG,KHOSHGVH- FXUHDFRQWUDFWZLWKWKH$LU)RUFHIRUDWHVWVWXG\ 7KHH[SHULPHQWVZRUNHG:HFRXOGVLJKWELJKRUQV FOHDUO\ZLWKLQIUDUHGZKLOHÀ\LQJKLJKHQRXJK that the animals didn’t move when we passed over (%HUQDWDVDQG1HOVRQ). 6RRQDIWHUWKDW,PRUWJDJHGDOO,RZQHGWRVWDUW P\RZQ,5VXUYH\FRPSDQ\1RZP\FRPSDQ\ DQGRWKHUVKDYHRSHQHGWKHGRRUWRXVLQJLQIUDUHG WRVXUYH\IRUZLOGOLIHRQWKHJURXQG,¶YHXVHG,5 VHQVRUVWRVWXG\VDJHJURXVHHOHSKDQWVHONFDWWOH ZKLWHWDLOHGGHHUDQGEODFNEHDUVWRQDPHDIHZ 8VLQJ,5PD\VHHPKLJKWHFKEXWWKHFRQFHSWLV VWUDLJKWIRUZDUG,W¶VVLPSO\DQRWKHUZD\WR¿QG DQGFRXQWDQLPDOVRQWKHODQGVFDSH Seeing Things in a Different Light /LNHDW\SLFDODHULDOVXUYH\DQ,5VXUYH\LQYROYHV DSODQHDSLORWDQGDELRORJLVW³VSRWWHU´RQ ERDUG:LWK,5KRZHYHUWKDWVSRWWHULVDFWX- DOO\WKHVHQVRURSHUDWRU,SHUIRUPWKDWGXW\ VLWWLQJGLUHFWO\EHKLQGWKHSLORWQH[WWRWKHOHIW ZLQJZKHUHWKHVHQVRULVDWWDFKHG7KHVHQVRULV KRXVHGLQDVWDELOL]LQJFRQWDLQHUZHFDOODEDOO RUJLPEDOSLFWXUH5'IURP6WDU:DUV,FDQ PDQHXYHUWKHVHQVRUWRWKHDQJOH,ZDQWXVLQJD MR\VWLFNRFFDVLRQDOO\DVNLQJWKHSLORWWRFKDQJH GLUHFWLRQVWRJHWDEHWWHUYLHZ7KLVW\SHRI,5 LPDJLQJE\ZKLFK\RXDLPDQGIRFXVWKHVHQVRU LWVHOILVFDOOHGIRUZDUGORRNLQJLQIUDUHGRU)/,5 ,W¶VDOVRSRVVLEOHWRPRXQWDVHQVRUWKDWORRNV VWUDLJKWGRZQIURPWKHSODQH²DOHVVH[SHQVLYH WHFKQRORJ\%XWWKDW¿[HGDQJOHUHGXFHVWKH YHUVDWLOLW\RILPDJLQJDQGPDNHVLWKDUGWRVLJKW animals in areas with a lot of relief, snow, or EDFNJURXQGIHDWXUHVVXFKDVURFNVRUSXGGOHV (YHU\WKLQJZLWKDWHPSHUDWXUHDERYHDEVROXWH]HUR &HPLWV,5HQHUJ\VR,5VHQVRUVFDQGHWHFW ³KHDW´LQWKHPLGGOHRID1HZ(QJODQGVWUHDPLQ -DQXDU\+RZHYHUUHVHDUFKHUVZLOOQHHGWRFKRRVH GLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIVHQVRUVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHVXUYH\ © The Wildlife Society )RUH[DPSOHGLIIHUHQWVHQVRUVFDQFROOHFWHLWKHU VKRUWPLFURQRUORQJPLFURQZDYHHQ- ergy. Short-wave sensors are a bit better for warm, KXPLGHQYLURQPHQWV²VLQFHPRLVWXUHDIIHFWVKRZ ,5ZDYHVDUHDEVRUEHGDWWHQXDWHGRUUHÀHFWHG² EXWIDLOLQH[WUHPHFROG/RQJZDYHVHQVRUVDUH OHVVOLNHO\WRLQFOXGH³QRLVH´IURPVRODUUHÀHFWLRQ RIIZDWHUVRPHURFNW\SHVVQRZRURWKHUUHÀHF- WLYHVXUIDFHVPDNLQJWKHPWKHEHVWFKRLFHLQPRVW RI1RUWK$PHULFDGXULQJWKHZLQWHU 5HVROXWLRQFDQDOVRYDU\IURPVHQVRUWRVHQVRU DQGMXVWDVIRUSRLQWDQGVKRRWGLJLWDOFDPHUDV FDQPDNHDELJGLIIHUHQFHLQLPDJHTXDOLW\6HQ- VRUVKDYHWZRW\SHVRIUHVROXWLRQWKHUPDODQG SL[HOVL]H7KHUPDOFRPSRQHQWVDUHVRSUHFLVH WKDWDOPRVWDOOVHQVRUVRQWKHPDUNHWFDQGHWHFW as little as a 0.1o&GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHEDFN- JURXQGDQGWKHVXEMHFWDQGWKXVZRUNHYHQ LQZDUPFRQGLWLRQV,¶YHXVHG)/,5WRLGHQWLI\ ZLOGKRUVHVDQGEXUURVLQ<XPD$UL]RQDLQWKH KHDWRI-XO\ 3L[HOUHVROXWLRQLVZKDWJLYHVXVWKHDELOLW\WR ³VHH´SUHFLVHVKDSHVOLNHDGHHU¶VHDUV7KLVLV DNH\FULWHULRQIRUZLOGOLIHDSSOLFDWLRQVVLQFH ZHQRWRQO\ZDQWWRGHWHFWWKHKRWVSRWEXWDOVR ZDQWWRNQRZLILW¶VDGHHUDPRRVHRUVRPHWKLQJ HOVH7KHPRUHSL[HOV¿OOHGE\DWDUJHWDQLPDO WKHHDVLHULWLVWRGLVWLQJXLVKERG\VKDSHRU PRUSKRORJLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV:LWKDKLJKSL[HO UHVROXWLRQVHQVRULW¶VSRVVLEOHWRFRQGXFWVXUYH\V RQPXOWLSOHVSHFLHVDWWKHVDPHWLPHDVGLIIHUHQW VSHFLHVKDYHWKHLURZQXQLTXHWKHUPDOVLJQD- WXUHV:KLWHWDLOHGGHHUDSSHDUDVWKRXJKWKHLU KHDGVDUHGHWDFKHGIURPWKHLUERGLHVEHFDXVHRI WKLFNIXURQWKHLUQHFNV(ONKDYHSDWWHUQLQJRQ WKHLUÀDQNV%LJKRUQVKHHSKDYHKRWKHDGV&DWWOH ORRNEULJKWKRWZLWKQRUHDOSDWWHUQXQWLOWKHVHQ- VRULVDGMXVWHGWRDOORZXVWRVHHWKHLUEDFNERQHV which are cooler than the rest of their bodies. &KLFNHQVDUHKDUGHUWRGHWHFWXQWLO\RX¿QGD OLWWOHKHDGGDQFLQJDURXQGWKHIDUP\DUG The Power of FLIR ,QWKH\HDUVWKDW,¶YHEHHQZRUNLQJZLWK)/,5 IRUZLOGOLIHDQGDQLPDODSSOLFDWLRQV,¶YHSDUWLFL- SDWHGLQDZLGHDUUD\RIVWXGLHV , Q'HODZDUH,ZRUNHGZLWKWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI 1DWXUDO5HVRXUFHVWRVXUYH\DWZRE\HLJKWPLOH EORFNLQHDFKRIPDQDJHPHQWXQLWVDFURVVWKH © The Wildlife Society Credit: Susan Bernatas Through the lens of an infrared sensor, two moose shine bright white against a backdrop of dark conifers. After adjusting the sensor to pick up fine patterning, author Susan Bernatas can distinguish male moose from female, and older from younger animals, all based on specific thermal signatures. VWDWH7KH,5VXUYH\SURYLGHGJHRUHIHUHQFHG JURXSVRIGHHUDQGWKHQXPEHURIGHHUZLWKLQ HDFKJURXS²XVHIXOLQIRUPDWLRQIRUDUDQJHRI PDQDJHPHQWSXUSRVHV 'XULQJDQHONVXUYH\RQIHQFHGODQGRZQHGE\D KXQWLQJFOXELQQRUWKHUQ0LFKLJDQZHOHDUQHG WKDWWKHHONEHGGHGGRZQDWQLJKWXQGHUFRQLIHUV UDWKHUWKDQIRUDJLQJOLNHZLOGHONZRXOGSHUKDSV a response to living in an area with feeding sta- tions and enclosed by a high fence. 'XULQJDPRRVHVXUYH\LQQRUWKHUQ2QWDULR &DQDGD,ORFDWHGPRRVHXVLQJ,5DQGWKHQWRJ- JOHGRYHUWRWKHFRORUFDPHUDZKLFKLVKRXVHGLQ WKHVDPHVWUXFWXUHDVWKH,5VHQVRUWRREVHUYH HQRXJKGHWDLOVDERXWWKHDQLPDOVWRYHULI\DJH DQGVH[$IWHUORFDWLQJPDQ\PRRVH,UHDOL]HG, FRXOGFODVVLI\WKHDJHDQGVH[XVLQJ)/,5DORQH Males have hotter, broader heads than females, DPRQJRWKHUVXEWOHGLIIHUHQFHV 2 QHQLJKWZKLOHVXUYH\LQJGHHUDW%URRNKDYHQ 1DWLRQDO/DERUDWRU\%1/RQ/RQJ,VODQG ,QRWLFHGWKDWWKHGHHUKDGDJKRVWO\DSSHDU- DQFHLQ,5PXFKIDLQWHUWKDQWKHEULJKWDQG VWURQJVLJQDWXUHJLYHQRIIE\WKHGHHU,KDG MXVWVHHQLQDQDGMDFHQWVXEXUE7KHUHZDVQR HYLGHQFHRIDWPRVSKHULFLQWHUIHUHQFHVXFKDVD IRJOD\HUEHFDXVHWKHVKUXEVDQGKDUGWDUJHWV VXFKDVEXLOGLQJVDQGFDUVORRNHGFULVS7KH %1/ELRORJLVWODWHULQGLFDWHGWKHVHZHUHUDWKHU VLFNO\XQGHUQRXULVKHGGHHU7KRXJKWKHSRV- www.wildlife.org 83 RIELJKRUQVKHHSZHXVHGUDGLRFROODUHGDQL- PDOVDVDUHIHUHQFHDQGGHWHUPLQHGWKDWWKH,5 VXUYH\KDGDGHWHFWLRQSUREDELOLW\RISHUFHQW (%HUQDWDVDQG1HOVRQ,QDGGLWLRQVRPH YLVXDOVXUYH\VUHTXLUHVQRZWREHRQWKHJURXQG IRUDQLPDOVWRVWDQGRXWRU¿QGWKDWH[FHVVLYH WUHHFRYHUPDNHVLWKDUGHUWRVSRWDQLPDOV)/,5 UHGXFHVWKHVHFRQFHUQV During a survey at a captive elephant facility in Tennessee, the animals’ distinctive shape stands out— including trunks, ears, and torso. Elephants are bigger than the typical study animal, but even similarlooking species, like elk and moose, can be distinguished from one another by their distinctive infrared emission patterns. Credit: Vision Air Research/WWF AREAS Programme VLELOLW\QHHGVWREHIXUWKHULQYHVWLJDWHGWKLV VHHPVWRRSHQWKHGRRUIRUXVLQJ,5WRHYDOXDWH overall body condition in wildlife. &OHDUO\)/,5RIIHUVDVROXWLRQWRPDQ\VXUYH\LQJ FKDOOHQJHV,5VXUYH\VDOVRKDYHFKDUDFWHULV- WLFVWKDWVHWWKHPDSDUWIURPRWKHUWHFKQLTXHV $PRQJWKHDGYDQWDJHV Safety. $Q\DHULDOVXUYH\KDVLWVULVNVEXWWKRVH ULVNVULVHDVÀLJKWDOWLWXGHGHFOLQHV)L[HGZLQJ DHULDOVXUYH\VRIWHQÀ\MXVWWRIHHWDERYH WKHJURXQGDQGKHOLFRSWHUVXUYH\VDOVRÀ\ORZ RIWHQLQGDQJHURXVVWHHSWHUUDLQ8VLQJD)/,5 VHQVRUUHVHDUFKHUVFDQÀ\EHWZHHQDQG IHHWDERYHJURXQG\HWFDQVWLOOJHWPXFKWKH VDPHLQIRUPDWLRQ²LQFOXGLQJDJHDQGVH[GDWD² ZLWKPXFKOHVVULVN,QDGGLWLRQE\XVLQJ)/,5 we can pivot the camera to the angle we want, UDWKHUWKDQDVNLQJWKHSLORWWRPDNHGDQJHURXV RUELWVRIDFHUWDLQVSRWWRJHWDSDUWLFXODUYLVXDO angle on an animal. Less distress for wildlife. As with the big- KRUQVORZOHYHOÀLJKWVFUHDWHQRLVHWKDWFDQ GLVWXUEDQLPDOVRQWKHJURXQGFDXVLQJWKHPWR XVHYDOXDEOHHQHUJ\UHVHUYHVDQGSRVVLEO\DEDQ- GRQWKHLUQRUPDOWHUULWRU\7KRXJKÀ\LQJ feet over the animals is by no means silent, we’ve REVHUYHGWKDWDQLPDOVDUHPXFKOHVVOLNHO\WR FKDQJHWKHLUEHKDYLRUZLWK)/,5VXUYH\VWKDQ ZLWKORZHUOHYHODHULDOVXUYH\WHFKQLTXHV Detectability. Finding an animal is more than KDOIWKHEDWWOHLQZLOGOLIHVXUYH\VDQGXVLQJ)/,5 FDQSURYLGHKLJKGHWHFWLRQUDWHV,QRXUVWXG\ 84 The Wildlife Professional, Summer 2011 Versatility.:LWK)/,5ZHFDQWRJJOHEHWZHHQ FRORUYLGHRDQGLQIUDUHGRSHQLQJXSDUDQJHRI GLIIHUHQWSRVVLELOLWLHVWRVWXG\6RPHWLPHVFRORU LVSUHIHUDEOHIRUVHHLQJGLVWLQFWLYHPDUNLQJVVXFK as identifying antlers to determine a male moose IURPDIHPDOHRUGLVWLQJXLVKLQJDQHONIURPD GHHU,W¶VDOVRSRVVLEOHWRUHFRUGERWKLQIUDUHGDQG FRORUYLGHRVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\DQGWKHQJRRYHUWKH images later for analysis. 7KHUHDUHVRPHGUDZEDFNVWR,5)RURQH,5 DQGZDWHUGRQ¶WPL[5DLQDQGKLJKKXPLGLW\ ZLOOGHJUDGHDQ,5LPDJHDQG,5VHQVRUVFDQ¶W GHWHFWRUJDQLVPVEHQHDWKWKHVXUIDFHRIDERG\ RIZDWHU'HFLGXRXVWUHHOHDYHVFDQDOVRSRVHD challenge, as the energy of photosynthesis can FORXGDQ,5LPDJH,QWHPSHUDWHDUHDVIDOODQG ZLQWHUDUHWKHEHVWWLPHVWRREWDLQVXLWDEOHLP- DJHVRIZLOGOLIHRQWKHJURXQG 7KHEHOOVDQGZKLVWOHVRI)/,5GRQ¶WRIIHUDVXE- VWLWXWHIRUGHWDLOHGVXUYH\GHVLJQDQGVWDWLVWLFDO DQDO\VLV$VZLWKDQ\VXUYH\DELRPHWULFLDQ FDQEHDQLPSRUWDQWWHDPPHPEHUIRUODUJHU,5 VXUYH\VKHOSLQJGH¿QHWKHSRSXODWLRQRILQWHU- HVWFKRRVHDVXUYH\GHVLJQDQGUHFRPPHQG DQXPEHURIUHSOLFDWHV%H\RQGWKDWDWULDGRI VNLOOVLVQHHGHGWRFRQGXFWDTXDOLW\DLUERUQH LQIUDUHGZLOGOLIHVXUYH\JRRGDYLDWLRQVXSSRUW WRVHOHFWWKHEHVWDLUFUDIWDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI thermography to select the right sensor for the application, and familiarity with wildlife habitat XVHDQGEHKDYLRU:LWKWKRVHHOHPHQWVLQSODFH VHHLQJDGHHU¶VHDUVPD\EHMXVWDÀLJKWDZD\ This article has been reviewed by subject-matter experts. To watch video footage of deer from Susan Bernatas’s forward-looking infrared sensor, go to this article online at www.wildlife.org. © The Wildlife Society
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