Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software 7th International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software Jun 17th, 9:00 AM - 10:20 AM W(h)ither the Oracle? Cognitive Biases and Other Human Challenges of Integrated Environmental Modeling Pierre D. Glynn National Research Program, U.S. Geological Survey, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference Part of the Civil Engineering Commons, Data Storage Systems Commons, Environmental Engineering Commons, Hydraulic Engineering Commons, and the Other Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Pierre D. Glynn, "W(h)ither the Oracle? Cognitive Biases and Other Human Challenges of Integrated Environmental Modeling" ( June 17, 2014). International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software. Paper 22. http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference/2014/Stream-F/22 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Civil and Environmental Engineering at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. 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