RUSSIAN
ARCHITECTURE
AND THE WEST
DMITRY SHVIDKOVSKY
Photographs by
YEKATERINA SHORBAN
Translated from the Russian by
ANTONY WOOD
YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS
NEW HAVEN &
LONDON
Contents
Acknowledgements
Glossary
Introduction
I
3
xi
i
BETWEEN BYZANTINE AND ROMANESQUE
1
2
ix
A Choice of Faith and a Choice of Architecture
13
13
The Architecture of Kievan Rus':The Emergence of a Model for Sacred Buildings
15
Romanesque in North-eastern Rus':The Architecture of Vladimir - Historical Context
4
5
28
The Churches of Andrey Bogolyubsky and the Lombard Masters
6
7
The Earliest Cathedrals of North-eastern Rus'
The Cathedral of St Demetrius and the Depiction of Paradise
30
41
St George's Cathedral in Yur'yev-Pol'sky: An Encyclopedia of Russian Romanesque
8
The Mongol Invasion and the Absence of Gothic
9
The Beginnings of Moscow Architecture
II
1
44
62
64
73
Byzantine Masters in Renaissance Italy and Moscow
2
3
THE MOSCOW RENAISSANCE
26
The Prospects of a Moscow "Renaissance"
73
75
Foreigners' Accounts of New Buildings in Moscow at the Turn of the Fifteenth and
Sixteenth Centuries
4
77
Aristotele Fioravanti and Filarete
5
Aristotele Fioravanti in Italy
78
80
6
7
Fioravanti, Cardinal Vissarion and Semyon Tolbuzin
81
The Architectural Programme of the Cathedral of the Dormition in the Moscow Kremlin
and the "early Greek piety laid down by God" 82
8
9
The Building of Fioravanti's Cathedral of the Dormition
84
Russian, Italian and Byzantine Features of the Cathedral of the Dormition
10 The Solari Building Dynasty in Milan and Moscow
85
91
11 The Late Fifteenth-century Lombard Fortifications and Grand Princes' Palace
in the Kremlin
92
12 Alevisio Lamberti da Montagnana and the Burial-place of the Princes of Moscow
13. Moscow Traditional Architecture in the Renaissance Period
99
108
14 The Symbolism of the Third Rome:Vasily III and the Church of the Ascension in
Kolomenskoye 111
III
1
POST-BYZANTINE "MANNERISM" IN THE MUSCOVITE STATE
123
Post-Byzantine "Mannerism"? The Stylistic Features of Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-century
Russian Architecture
2
St Basil's Cathedral and the Architectural Tastes of Ivan the Terrible
3
4
7
The Meaning of St Basil's Cathedral
126
138
New Tower-form and Traditional Churches in the Second Half
of the Sixteenth Century 140
5
6
123
English Architects at the Court of Ivan the Terrible
146
The Reign of Boris Godunov: Tradition and a NewWave of Italianisms
The Architecture of the First of the Romanovs and Christopher Galloway
8
The Architecture of Alexis Mikhaylovich
166
IV
RUSSIAN IMPERIAL BAROQUE
T83
1
Peter the Great's Architectural Reforms
183
2
Architectural "Manners" in Moscow in the Early Petrine Era
3
The Founding of St Petersburg and the Transformation of Moscow:
The Image of a New Empire 193
4
Peter the Great's Foreign Architects
5 Baroque St Petersburg
6
7
197
205
The Birth of Russian Imperial Baroque
The Style of Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli
209
210
185
150
153
V
1
THE RUSSIAN ENLIGHTENMENT
229
"Legislomania" and the Architectural Utopia of Catherine the Great
229
2 Jean-Baptiste-Michel Vallin de la Mothe and the Emergence of Russian Neoclassicism
3
4
Antonio Rinaldi and the Brief Life of Russian Rococo
236
Russian Pupils of Charles deWailly:The Return ofVasily Bazhenov and Ivan Starov
5
The Revival of Antiquity and Palladianism:
Charles-Louis Clerisseau, Charles Cameron, Giacomo Quarenghi and Nikolay L'vov
7
Town and Country in the Age of Enlightenment
VI
1
2
THE EUROPEAN CENTURY
5
Neoclassicism, the Russian Style and Eclecticism
Moscow after the Fire of 1812: Iosif Bove and Domenico Gilardi
296
302
308
Utopia in Neoclassical Garb: William Hastie's Model Planning System
7
8
From Gothic Revival to Russian Style
319
324
Alexander II and Alexander III: An Era of Retrospection
335
Russian Art Nouveau and Neoclassical Nostalgia on the Eve of Revolution
VII
THE SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET ERAS
1
The Architecture of Soviet Russia and the West
340
357
357
The Soviet Neoclassical Revival and its Displacement by Industrialized Architecture
3
Architecture of the Post-Soviet Era
Notes
386
Select Bibliography
r
293
Vying with Ancient Rome: The St Petersburg of Karl Rossi, Vasily Stasov and
6
2
291
Vincenzo Brenna and the Architectural Fate of Paul I
Auguste-Ricard de Montferrand
9
28T
291
The "Rome Prize" Style in St Petersburg in the Reign of Alexander I
4
254
267
Architecture and Politics in the Last Years of the Reign of Catherine the Great
3
240
Catherine the Great's Architectural Programme for Moscow:
Vasily Bazhenov, Matvey Kazakov and Nicolas Legrand 242
6
8
232
Index
420
401
379
368