acid test of joint technical and biological measures
intest
slope
and
gully
control
– impact
Acid
of joint stabilisation
technical and biological
measures
in slope
stabilisation
and gully conAcid test of joint technical and biological measures in slope stabilisation and gully conanalysis
the
heavy
rainstorm
event
august
2005
trol
–of
Impact
analysis
of the
heavy
rainstorm
event
in in
August
2005
Acid
test of
joint
technical
and biological
measures
in slope
stabilisation
and gully
con-
trol – Impact analysis of the heavy rainstorm event in August 2005
trol – Impact analysis of the heavy rainstorm event in August 2005
Frank Graf11, Albert Böll22
Frank Graf1, Albert Böll2
Frank Graf , Albert Böll
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Introduction
The
persisting and heavy rainstorms from 20th to 22nd
Introduction
nd August in 2005 resulted in loss of huThe persisting and heavy rainstorms from 20th
th to 22nd August in 2005 resulted in loss of human persisting
lives and tremendous
damage onfrom
infrastructure
over Switzerland.
Manyinofloss
the of
measThe
and heavy rainstorms
20 to 22 allAugust
in 2005 resulted
human lives and tremendous damage on infrastructure all over Switzerland. Many of the measures taken
hitherto
to protect
againstonsuch
natural hazards
were
stressed to Many
their limits
even
man
lives and
tremendous
damage
infrastructure
all over
Switzerland.
of theormeasures taken hitherto to protect against such natural hazards were stressed to their limits or even
beyond
duehitherto
to water
of thesuch
soilsnatural
and extreme
of the
torrents.
This
parures
taken
to saturation
protect against
hazardsdischarges
were stressed
to their
limits
or even
beyond due to water saturation of the soils and extreme discharges of the torrents. This particular configuration
theofpossibility
to investigate
the reliability
of torrents.
technicalThis
and parbiobeyond
due to water offered
saturation
the soils and
extreme discharges
of the
ticular configuration offered the possibility to investigate the reliability of technical and biological configuration
measures takenoffered
withinthe
thepossibility
scope of slope
stabilisation,
and of
gully
control.and bioticular
to investigate
the torrent
reliability
technical
logical measures taken within the scope of slope stabilisation, torrent and gully control.
In the context
of taken
a jointwithin
project
the stabilisation,
Federal Office
for the
logical
measures
thefinanced
scope ofby
slope
torrent
andEnvironment
gully control.(FOEN)
In the context of a joint project financed by the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN)
thethe
ancient
sliding
area project
“Schwandrübi”
Switzerland)
providing
joint
In
context
of a joint
financed in
by Dallenwil
the Federal(Central
Office for
the Environment
(FOEN)
the ancient sliding area “Schwandrübi” in Dallenwil (Central Switzerland) providing joint
technical
andsliding
biological
(Fig.1) was
chosen to(Central
address the
following aspects:
the
ancient
areameasures
“Schwandrübi”
in Dallenwil
Switzerland)
providing joint
technical and biological measures (Fig.1) was chosen to address the following aspects:
technical
and biological
measures
(Fig.1)
was chosen
to address
the spatial
following
aspects: as bax Reliability
of technical
supporting
structures
in respect
of their
arrangement
x Reliability of technical supporting structures in respect of their spatial arrangement as basis for biological
measures
as well as
concerning
their bearing
under limit stress
x Reliability
of technical
supporting
structures
in respect
of theircapacity
spatial arrangement
as basis for biological measures as well as concerning their bearing capacity under limit stress
for biological
measures as
well as in
concerning
bearing
under limit
stress
x sis
Development
of biological
measures
the coursetheir
of time
and capacity
their performance
under
the
x Development of biological measures in the course of time and their performance under the
extreme impact
x Development
of biological measures in the course of time and their performance under the
extreme impact
impact
x extreme
Effects of
biological measures on the stability of slopes with inclinations partially above
x Effects of biological measures on the stability of slopes with inclinations partially above
the critical
angle frommeasures
a soil mechanical
point ofofview
x Effects
of biological
on the stability
slopes with inclinations partially above
the critical angle from a soil mechanical point of view
the critical angle from a soil mechanical point of view
Fig. 1:The “Schwandrübi” area.
Fig. 1:The
left: “Schwandrübi”
in 1974 prior toarea.
the
Fig. 1:The
“Schwandrübi”
area.
left:
in 1974ofprior
the
application
jointto
techleft:
in
1974
prior
to
the
application
of
joint
technical (gabions)
and techbioapplication
of
joint
nical
(gabions)
biological
(Alnus and
incana,
nical
(gabions)
and
biological
(Alnus
incana,
Salix
purpurea,
hydrological
(Alnus
incana,
Salix
purpurea,
seeding)
measureshydroconSalix
purpurea,
hydroseeding)
measures
conducted
during
1981
and
seeding)
measures
conducted
during
1981
and
1982
and
ducted
during 1981 and
1982
and
right: and
in 2005 after the
1982
right:
2005 after
heavy in
rainstorm
eventthe
in
right:
in
2005 after
the
heavy
rainstorm
in
Augustrainstorm event
heavy
event
in
August
August
Investigation area and concept of measures
Investigation
area and
concept
measures of measures
investigation
area
andofconcept
The “Schwandrübi”
is aconcept
steep and
gully on moraine material and part of a
Investigation
area and
of amphitheatre-like
measures
The “Schwandrübi” is a steep and amphitheatre-like gully on moraine material and part of a
larger“Schwandrübi”
catchment. Until
was
a steady source gully
of bed
of the
outlet and
channel
The
is a 1980
steep itand
amphitheatre-like
onload
moraine
material
part and,
of a
larger catchment. Until 1980 it was a steady source of bed load of the outlet channel and,
therefore,
a potential
danger
resort “Wirzweli”
above
(Fig.
1) asoutlet
well channel
as the subjalarger
catchment.
Until
1980for
it the
wasski
a steady
source of bed
load
of the
and,
therefore, a potential danger for the ski resort “Wirzweli” above (Fig. 1) as well as the subjacent villages.
therefore,
a potential danger for the ski resort “Wirzweli” above (Fig. 1) as well as the subjacent villages.
cent villages.
1
1 Scientific employee „Alpine Ecosystems“, Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF)
Scientific employee
„Alpine
Ecosystems“,
Swiss Federal
Institute
for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF)
1Flüelastrasse
11, CH-7260
Davos
Dorf, Switzerland
(e-mail:
[email protected])
Scientific employee
„Alpine
Ecosystems“,
Swiss Federal
Institute
for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF)
2Flüelastrasse 11, CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland (e-mail: [email protected])
Team Leader11,
„Mountain
Torrents,
Erosion
and Landslides“,Swiss
Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Land2Flüelastrasse
CH-7260
Davos
Dorf,
Switzerland
(e-mail:
[email protected])
TeamResearch
Leader „Mountain
Torrents, Erosion
and Landslides“,Swiss
Federal Institute
for Forest,
Snow and Land2scape
(WSL) Zürcherstrasse
111, CH-8903
Birmensdorf, Switzerland
(e-mail:
[email protected])
TeamResearch
Leader „Mountain
Torrents, Erosion
and Landslides“,Swiss
Federal Institute
for Forest,
Snow and Landscape
(WSL) Zürcherstrasse
111, CH-8903
Birmensdorf, Switzerland
(e-mail:
[email protected])
scape Research (WSL) Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland (e-mail: [email protected])
– 124 –
During
1981
and
1982
joint
technical
and
biological
measures
had
been
taken
on
aa large
scale
During
1981
and
1982
joint
technical
and
biological
measures
had
been
taken
on
large
scale
During
1981
and
1982
joint
technical
and
biological
measures
had
been
taken
on
a
large
scale
with
minor
follow-ups
shortly
after.
The
underlying
strategy
was
based
on
several
pilot
surDuring
1981
and
1982
joint
technical
and
biological
measures
had
been
taken
on
a
large
scale
with
minor
follow-ups
shortly
after.
The
underlying
strategy
was
based
on
several
pilot
surDuring
1981
and
1982
joint
technical
and
biological
measures
had
been
taken
on
a
large
scale
with
minor
follow-ups
shortly
after.
The
underlying
strategy
was
based
on
several
pilot
surveys
as
thorough
soil
analysis,
e.g.
grain
size
distribution
and
determination
of
the
angle
of
inwith
minor
follow-ups
shortly
after.
The
underlying
strategy
was
based
on
several
pilot
surveys
as
thorough
soil
analysis,
e.g.
grain
size
distribution
and
determination
of
the
angle
of
inwith
minor
follow-ups
shortly
after.
The
underlying
strategy
was
based
on
several
pilot
surveys
as
thorough
soil
analysis,
e.g.
grain
size
distribution
and
determination
of
the
angle
of
internal
friction
(ĭ')
related
to
the
porosity
(n)
and
the
dry
unit
weight
(Ȗ),
respectively.
Furveys
as
thorough
soil
analysis,
e.g.
grain
size
distribution
and
determination
of
the
angle
of
internal
friction
(ĭ')
related
to
the
porosity
(n)
and
the
dry
unit
weight
(Ȗ),
respectively.
Furveys
as
thorough
soil
analysis,
e.g.
grain
size
distribution
and
determination
of
the
angle
of
internal
friction
(ĭ')
related
to
the
porosity
(n)
and
the
dry
unit
weight
(Ȗ),
respectively.
Furthermore,
it
was
considered
that
the
moraine
material
compacted
by
the
glacial
cap
is
in
fact
ternal
friction
(ĭ')
related
to
the
porosity
(n)
and
the
dry
unit
weight
(Ȗ),
respectively.
Furthermore,
it
was
considered
that
the
moraine
material
compacted
by
the
glacial
cap
is
in
fact
ternal
friction
(ĭ')
related
to
the
porosity
(n)
and
the
dry
unit
weight
(Ȗ),
respectively.
Furthermore,
it
was
considered
that
the
moraine
material
compacted
by
the
glacial
cap
is
in
fact
stable,
however,
loses
solidity
through
weathering
and
the
(pre-)
existing
inclination
is
not
to
thermore,
it
was
considered
that
the
moraine
material
compacted
by
the
glacial
cap
is
in
fact
stable,
however,
loses
solidity
through
weathering
and
the
(pre-)
existing
inclination
is
not
to
thermore,
it
was
considered
that
the
moraine
material
compacted
by
the
glacial
cap
is
in
fact
stable,
however,
loses
solidity
through
weathering
and
the
(pre-)
existing
inclination
is
not
to
be
reached
by
biological
measures,
entailing
lack
of
erosion
control.
The
technical
construcstable,
however,
loses
solidity
through
weathering
and
the
(pre-)
existing
inclination
is
not
to
be
reached
by
biological
measures,
entailing
lack
of
erosion
control.
The
technical
construcstable,
however,
loses
solidity
through
weathering
and
the
(pre-)
existing
inclination
is
not
to
be
reached
by
biological
measures,
entailing
lack
of
erosion
control.
The
technical
constructions
(gabions)
are
necessary
to
reduce
the
inclination
in
the
way
plants
are
able
to
establish
be
reached
by
biological
measures,
entailing
lack
of
erosion
control.
The
technical
constructions
(gabions)
are
necessary
to
reduce
the
inclination
in
the
way
plants
are
able
to
establish
be
reached
by the
biological
measures,
entailing
lackterm.
of erosion
control.
Therelevant
technical
constructions
(gabions)
are
necessary
to
reduce
the
inclination
in
the
way
plants
are
able
to
establish
and
guarantee
surface
protection
in
the
long
The
critical
angle
for
the
spations
(gabions)
are
necessary
to
reduce
the
inclination
in
the
way
plants
are
able
to
establish
and
guarantee
the
surface
protection
in
the
long
term.
The
critical
angle
relevant
for
the
spations
(gabions)
are
necessary
to
reduce
the
inclination
in
the
way
plants
are
able
to
establish
and
guarantee
the
surface
protection
in
the
long
term.
The
critical
angle
relevant
for
the
spatial
arrangement
of
the
gabions
was
based
on
the
angle
of
internal
friction
(ĭ')
determined
on
and
guarantee
the
surface
protection
in
the
long
term.
The
critical
angle
relevant
for
the
spatial
arrangement
of
the
gabions
was
based
on
the
angle
of
internal
friction
(ĭ')
determined
on
and
guarantee
the
surface
protection
in
the
long
term.
The
critical
angle
relevant
for
the
spatial
arrangement
of
the
gabions
was
based
on
the
angle
of
internal
friction
(ĭ')
determined
on
the
loose
moraine
soil
material.
tial
arrangement
of
the
gabions
was
based
on
the
angle
of
internal
friction
(ĭ')
determined
on
the
loose
moraine
soil
material.
tial
arrangement
of
the
gabions
was
based
on
the
angle
of
internal
friction
(ĭ')
determined
on
the
loose
moraine
soil
material.
the
loose
moraine
soil
material.
the
loose
moraine
soil
material.
Technical
supporting
structures
Technical
supporting
structures
Technical
supporting
structures
Technical
supporting
structures
Basically,
the
spatial
arrangement
of
the
gabions
was
in
accordance
with
the
theoretical
Technical
supporting
structures
Basically,
the
spatial
arrangement
of
the
gabions
was
in
accordance
with
the
theoretical
Technical
supporting
structures
Basically,
the
spatial
arrangement
of
the
gabions
was
in
accordance
with
the
theoretical
guidelines.
However,
it
was
not
possible
to
meet
the
soil
mechanical
criterion
of
inclination
Basically,
the
spatial
arrangement
of
the
gabions
was
in
accordance
with
the
theoretical
guidelines.
However,
it
was
not
possible
to
meet
the
soil
mechanical
criterion
of
inclination
Basically,
the
spatial
arrangement
of
the
gabions
was
in
accordance
with
the
theoretical
guidelines.
However,
it
was
not
possible
to
meet
the
soil
mechanical
criterion
of
inclination
between
the
constructions
in
all
cases.
Additionally,
some
steep
ridges
as
well
as
the
precipiguidelines.
However,
it
was
not
possible
to
meet
the
soil
mechanical
criterion
of
inclination
between
the
constructions
in
all
cases.
Additionally,
some
steep
ridges
as
well
as
the
precipiguidelines.
However,
it
was
not
possible
to
meet
the
soil
mechanical
criterion
of
inclination
between
the
constructions
in
all
cases.
Additionally,
some
steep
ridges
as
well
as
the
precipitous
zone
of
the
failure
edge
could
not
been
flattened
(Fig.
1).
Regardless
of
the
extreme
imbetween
the
constructions
in
all
cases.
Additionally,
some
steep
ridges
as
well
as
the
precipitous
zone
of
the
failure
edge
could
not
been
flattened
(Fig.
1).
Regardless
of
the
extreme
imbetween
the
constructions
in
all
cases.
Additionally,
some
steep
ridges
as
well
as
the
precipitous
zone
of
the
failure
edge
could
not
been
flattened
(Fig.
1).
Regardless
of
the
extreme
impact
during
the
rainstorm
(~100-year
event),
no
serious
damage
occurred
neither
on
the
tous
zone
of
the
failure
edge
could
not
been
flattened
(Fig.
1).
Regardless
of
the
extreme
impact
during
the
rainstorm
(~100-year
event),
no
serious
damage
occurred
neither
on
the
tous
zone
of
the
failure
edge
could
not
been
flattened
(Fig.
1).
Regardless
of
the
extreme
impact
during
the
rainstorm
(~100-year
event),
no
serious
damage
occurred
neither
on
the
roughly
25-year
old
gabions
nor
on
the
torrent
control
structures.
The
recalculated
peak
dispact
during
the
rainstorm
(~100-year
event),
no
serious
damage
occurred
neither
on
the
roughly
25-year
old
gabions
nor
on
the
torrent
control
structures.
The
recalculated
peak
dis3 event),
-1
pact
during
the
rainstorm
(~100-year
no
serious
damage
occurred
neither
on
the
roughly
25-year
old
gabions
nor
on
the
torrent
control
structures.
The
recalculated
peak
discharge
in
the
outlet
channel
was
~60
m
superimposed
by
high
bed
load
transport.
3s-1
roughly
25-year
old
gabions
nor
on
the
torrent
control
structures.
The
recalculated
peak
discharge
in
the
outlet
channel
was
~60
m
s
superimposed
by
high
bed
load
transport.
3
-1
roughly
25-year
oldchannel
gabionswas
nor~60
on the
torrent
control structures.
The
recalculated
charge
in
the
outlet
m
superimposed
by high bed
load
transport. peak dis3s-1
charge
in
the
outlet
channel
was
~60
m
3s-1 superimposed by high bed load transport.
charge
in
the
outlet
channel
was
~60
m
s
superimposed
by
high
bed
load
transport.
Development
and
reliability
of
plants
Development
and
reliability
of
plants
DEVELOPMENT
AND
REliability
of
plants
Development
and
reliability
of
plants
The
development
of
the
biological
measures
that
consisted
of
cuttings
of
Salix
purpurea
and
Development
and
reliability
of
plants
The
development
of
the
biological
measures
that
consisted
of
cuttings
of
Salix
purpurea
and
Development
and
reliability
of
plants
The
development
of
the
biological
measures
that
consisted
of
cuttings
of
Salix
purpurea
and
rooted
plantlets
of
Alnus
incana
combined
with
a
conventional
seed
mixture
(hydro-seeding)
The
development
of
the
biological
measures
that
consisted
of
cuttings
of
Salix
purpurea
and
rooted
plantlets
of
Alnus
incana
combined
with
aa consisted
conventional
seed
mixture
(hydro-seeding)
The
development
of
the
biological
measures
that
of
cuttings
of
Salix
purpurea
and
rooted
plantlets
of
Alnus
incana
combined
with
conventional
seed
mixture
(hydro-seeding)
was
most
satisfactory
(Fig.
1
right).
The
natural
re-establishment
of
Salix
appendiculata
––
rooted
plantlets
of
Alnus
incana
combined
with
aa conventional
seed
mixture
(hydro-seeding)
was
most
satisfactory
(Fig.
1
right).
The
natural
re-establishment
of
Salix
appendiculata
rooted
plantlets
of
Alnus
incana
combined
with
conventional
seed
mixture
(hydro-seeding)
was
most
satisfactory
(Fig.
1
right).
The
natural
re-establishment
of
Salix
appendiculata
––
rarely
used
in
eco-engineering
due
to
the
low
vegetative
reproduction
–
reveals
the
underestiwas
most
satisfactory
(Fig.
1
right).
The
natural
re-establishment
of
Salix
appendiculata
rarely
used
in
eco-engineering
due
to
the
low
vegetative
reproduction
–
reveals
the
underestiwas
most
satisfactory
(Fig.
1
right).
The
natural
re-establishment
of
Salix
appendiculata
–
rarely
used
in
eco-engineering
due
to
the
low
vegetative
reproduction
–
reveals
the
underestimated
potential
of
this
species.
The
rainstorm
left
hardly
any
destructive
marks
neither
on
the
rarely
used
in
eco-engineering
due
to
the
low
vegetative
reproduction
–
reveals
the
underestimated
potential
of
this
species.
The
rainstorm
left
hardly
any
destructive
marks
neither
on
the
rarely
used
in
eco-engineering
due
to
the
low
vegetative
reproduction
–
reveals
the
underestimated
potential
of
this
species.
The
rainstorm
left
hardly
any
destructive
marks
neither
on
the
vegetation
nor
on
the
soil
surface.
Root
excavations
in
the
field
and
laboratory
investigations
mated
potential
of
this
species.
The
rainstorm
left
hardly
any
destructive
marks
neither
on
the
vegetation
nor
on
the
soil
surface.
Root
excavations
in
the
field
and
laboratory
investigations
mated
potential
of
this
species.
The
rainstorm
left
hardly
any
destructive
marks
neither
on
the
vegetation
nor
on
the
soil
surface.
Root
excavations
in
the
field
and
laboratory
investigations
confirm
a
high
rooting
degree.
Furthermore,
plant
association
analysis
yielded
in
considerable
vegetation
nor
on
the
soil
surface.
Root
excavations
in
the
field
and
laboratory
investigations
confirm
a
high
rooting
degree.
Furthermore,
plant
association
analysis
yielded
in
considerable
vegetation
nora on
the soil
surface.
Root
excavations
in the field
and laboratory
investigations
confirm
aaand
high
rooting
degree.
Furthermore,
plant
association
analysis
yielded
in
considerable
diversity
species
composition
close
to
natural
succession
stages.
confirm
high
rooting
degree.
Furthermore,
plant
association
analysis
yielded
in
considerable
diversity
and
a
species
composition
close
to
natural
succession
stages.
confirm
a
high
rooting
degree.
Furthermore,
plant
association
analysis
yielded
in
considerable
diversity
and
a
species
composition
close
to
natural
succession
stages.
diversity
and
a
species
composition
close
to
natural
succession
stages.
diversity
and a species
composition
close
to natural
succession stages.
Quantification
of
biological
effects
on
soil
stability
Quantification
of
biological
effects
on
soil
stability
Quantification
of
biological
effects
on
soil
stability
quantification
of biological
effects
on
soil
stability
The
stability
of
the
“Schwandrübi”
was
not
affected
during
the
heavy
rainstorm
although
Quantification
of
biological
effects
on
soil
stability
The
stability
of
the
“Schwandrübi”
was
not
affected
during
the
heavy
rainstorm
although
Quantification
of
biological
effects
on
soil
stability
The
stability
of
the
“Schwandrübi”
was
not
affected
during
the
heavy
rainstorm
although
some
of
the
sections
between
the
technical
structures
were
too
steep
compared
to
the
proThe
stability
of
the
“Schwandrübi”
was
not
affected
during
the
heavy
rainstorm
although
some
of
the
sections
between
the
technical
structures
were
too
steep
compared
to
the
proThe
stability
of
the
“Schwandrübi”
was
not
affected
during
the
heavy
rainstorm
although
some
of
the
sections
between
the
technical
structures
were
too
steep
compared
to
the
proposed
tolerable
inclination.
A
new
approach
based
on
the
experience
of
the
“Schwandrübisome
of
the
sections
between
the
technical
structures
were
too
steep
compared
to
the
proposed
tolerable
inclination.
A
new
approach
based
on
the
experience
of
the
“Schwandrübisome
of
the
sections
between
the
technical
structures
were
too
steep
compared
to
the
proposed
tolerable
inclination.
A
new
approach
based
on
the
experience
of
the
“Schwandrübiproject”
offers
the
first
time
to
explain
this
phenomenon
with
biological
effects
on
soil
stabilposed
tolerable
inclination.
A
new
approach
based
on
the
experience
of
the
“Schwandrübiproject”
offers
the
first
time
to
explain
this
phenomenon
with
biological
effects
on
soil
stabilposed
tolerable
inclination.
A
new
approach
based
on
the
experience
of
the
“Schwandrübiproject”
offers
the
first
time
to
explain
this
phenomenon
with
biological
effects
on
soil
stability.
Previously
conducted
laboratory
experiments
were
validated
with
field
based
investigaproject”
offers
the
first
time
to
explain
this
phenomenon
with
biological
effects
on
soil
stability.
Previously
conducted
laboratory
experiments
were
validated
with
field
based
investigaproject”
offers
the
first
time
to
explain
this
phenomenon
with
biological
effects
on
soil
stability.
Previously
conducted
laboratory
experiments
were
validated
with
field
based
investigations
conducted
in
2006
and
confirmed
the
higher
soil
stability
due
to
mycorrhizal
fungi
and
ity.
Previously
conducted
laboratory
experiments
were
validated
with
field
based
investigations
conducted
in
2006
and
confirmed
the
higher
soil
stability
due
to
mycorrhizal
fungi
and
ity.
Previously
conducted
laboratory
experiments
were
validated
with
field
based
investigations
conducted
in
2006
and
confirmed
the
higher
soil
stability
due
to
mycorrhizal
fungi
and
better
rooting;
in
terms
of
an
increase
of
the
angle
of
internal
friction
(ĭ')
of
up
to
5°.
tions
conducted
in
2006
and
confirmed
the
higher
soil
stability
due
to
mycorrhizal
fungi
better
rooting;
in
an
increase
of
the
angle
of
internal
friction
(ĭ')
of
up
to
5°.
tions
conducted
interms
2006of
and
confirmed
the
higher
soil
stability
due to
mycorrhizal
fungi and
and
better
rooting;
in
terms
of
an
increase
of
the
angle
of
internal
friction
(ĭ')
of
up
to
5°.
better
rooting;
in
terms
of
an
increase
of
the
angle
of
internal
friction
(ĭ')
of
up
to
5°.
better
rooting; in terms of an increase of the angle of internal friction (ĭ') of up to 5°.
Conclusions
Conclusions
Conclusions
The
joint
technical
and
biological
measures
in
“Schwandrübi”
are
vitally
important
concernConclusions
CONCLUSIONS
The
joint
technical
and
biological
measures
in
“Schwandrübi”
are
vitally
important
concernConclusions
The
joint
technical
and
biological
measures
in
“Schwandrübi”
are
vitally
important
concerning
practical
as
well
as
scientific
aspects.
The
concept
applied
has
proven
suitable
to
protect
The
joint
technical
and
biological
measures
in
“Schwandrübi”
are
vitally
important
concerning
practical
as
well
as
scientific
aspects.
The
concept
applied
has
proven
suitable
to
protect
The
joint
technical
and
biological
measures
in
“Schwandrübi”
are
vitally
important
concerning
practical
as
well
as
scientific
aspects.
The
concept
applied
has
proven
suitable
to
protect
the
ski
resort
above
and
the
subjacent
villages.
It
was
and
still
is
the
starting
point
of
new
ing
practical
as
well
as
scientific
aspects.
The
concept
applied
has
proven
suitable
to
protect
the
ski
resort
above
and
the
subjacent
villages.
It
was
and
still
is
the
starting
point
of
new
ing
practical
as
well
as
scientific
aspects.
The
concept
applied
has
proven
suitable
to
protect
the
ski
resort
above
and
the
subjacent
villages.
It
was
and
still
is
the
starting
point
of
new
findings
and
perspectives
in
view
of
environmentally
compatible
slope
stabilisation.
There
is
the
ski
resort
above
and
the
subjacent
villages.
It
was
and
still
is
the
starting
point
of
new
findings
and
perspectives
in
view
of
environmentally
compatible
slope
stabilisation.
There
is
the
ski
resort
above
and
the
subjacent
villages.
It
was
and
still
is
the
starting
point
of
new
findings
and
perspectives
in
view
of
environmentally
compatible
slope
stabilisation.
There
is
evidence
that
the
eco-engineering
approach
of
WSL
shapes
up
as
a
successful
strategy
in
the
findings
and
perspectives
in
view
of
environmentally
compatible
slope
stabilisation.
There
is
evidence
that
the
eco-engineering
approach
of
WSL
shapes
up
as
aa successful
strategy
in
the
findings
and
perspectives
in
view
of
environmentally
compatible
slope
stabilisation.
There
is
evidence
that
the
eco-engineering
approach
of
WSL
shapes
up
as
successful
strategy
in
the
long-term,
although
the
complex
interactions
of
the
processes
that
control
soil
stability
do
not
evidence
that
the
eco-engineering
approach
of
WSL
shapes
up
as
a
successful
strategy
in
the
long-term,
although
the
complex
interactions
of
the
processes
that
control
soil
stability
do
not
evidence
that
theyears
eco-engineering
approach ofofWSL
shapes upthat
as acontrol
successful
strategy do
in not
the
long-term,
although
the
complex
interactions
the
processes
soil
stability
adjust
within
25
to
aa steady-state.
long-term,
although
the
complex
interactions
of
the
processes
that
control
soil
stability
do
not
adjust
within
25
years
to
steady-state.
long-term,
although
the
complex
interactions
of
the
processes
that
control
soil
stability
do
not
adjust
within
25
years
to
aa steady-state.
adjust
within
25
years
to
adjust
within
25
years
to
a steady-state.
steady-state.
Keywords:
eco-engineering,
slope
stabilisation,
long-term
reliability
Keywords:
eco-engineering,
slope
stabilisation,
long-term
reliability
Keywords:
eco-engineering,
slope
stabilisation,
long-term
reliability
Keywords:
eco-engineering,
slope
stabilisation,
long-term
Keywords: eco-engineering, slope stabilisation, long-term reliability
reliability
– 125 –