Lecture Overview
Emotion
Finishing up Groups
October 16th, 2009 : Lecture 11
Emotions
Jury Decision Making
Jury Decision Making
Group Polarization and Group Think
Group Decision Making
and Juries
Across 200 jury trials, 97% of juries ended
with the decision favoured by majority on
the initial vote
Value of Unanimity
Called “Predeliberation Errors”
12 person versus 6
person juries
Cascade Effect
!
Judgements of initial speakers shape
successors, who do not disclose what they
know or think
Unanimous Decisions
Requirement of Unanimity forces group to be
extra cohesive
Group Think is amplified
HOWEVER, lack of unanimity requirement
increases rates of guilty verdicts
Just World Hypothesis applied to a
defendent
Predeliberation errors are biased toward
belief of defendant's guilt
Leadership
Jury Composition
How many people are ideal?
6-person vs. 12-person juries
6 person juries convict more often
12-person juries acquit or are “hung”
more often
12-person juries are more likely to have a
dissenter
Who Should Lead?
Anyone, really
“Great Person Theory” … big bust
Who Should Lead?
Who Does Lead?
Effective leadership uncorrelated with
personality
One trait stands out:
Integrative Complexity
!
The ability to simultaneously hold, consider,
and integrate multiple perspectives on an issue
Who Does Lead?
All the same, (relative to nonleaders) leaders tend
to be:
Emotion
Definitions: What is an emotion?
More intelligent
Socially skilled, charismatic
How do we measure emotions?
Driven by power
Components: What makes up emotions?
Adaptive and flexible
Are emotions functional?
Confident in their leadership abilities
Are emotions Universal?
Trait dominance
What is an Emotion?
What is NOT an Emotion?
Moods are not emotions
!
a brief physiological and psychological
response to an event that is felt
subjectively and prepares a person for
action
Sentiments are not emotions
Personality traits are not emotions
Arousal (e.g., sleepiness) is not strictly an
emotion
Why Not Mood?
Classes of Emotions
Moods are Diffuse
6 Basic Emotions
Don’t need to have an eliciting cause
Complex Emotions
Don’t need to have a target
Positive Emotions
Moods may not call for an action
Self-conscious
Moods persist over time
Basic Emotions
Complex Emotions
1. Fear
2. Anger
Blends of Basic
Emotions
3. Disgust
Most Studied examples
4. Sadness
Positive Emotions
5. Happiness
Self-conscious
Emotions
!
6. Surprise
Positive Emotions
!
Positively-valenced emotions (mostly complex)
Most Studied Examples:
Gratitude
Self-Conscious Emotions
!
Complex emotions elicited by the self
Most studied examples:
Pride
Contentment
Amusement
Desire
Love (contested)
Measuring Emotions
Shame
Guilt
Embarrassment
Facial Action Muscles
Frontalis
Currogator
Supercilii
Nasalis
Orbicularis
Oculi
Self-report
Levator Labii
Facial EMG
Masseter
Facial Action Coding System (FACS)
Orbicularis Oris
risoris
Buccinator
Mentalis
Depressor Labii
Depressor Angulis Oris
Do Facial Muscles Yield
Emotional Displays?
Basic Emotion Displays
Electromyography (EMG)
Facial Action Coding System
(FACS)
Captures subtle facial
movements
Best used for
situations where facial
movement is not
visually detectable
Obtrusive measurement
technique
Codes overt facial
expressions
Numbers all Facial
muscle actions
Classifies emotions as
patterns of muscle
Actions that occur
together
E.G., Anger: 4, 5, 7, 23
Components of Emotion
Temporal: Short-lived
Physiological
Cognitive
Behavioural
Temporal Component
“An emotion is a universal, functional
reaction to an external stimulus event,
temporarily integrating physiological,
cognitive, phenomenological, and
behavioural channels to facilitate a
fitness-enhancing, environment-shaping
response to a current situation.”
--Keltner & Shiota (2003), p.89
A More Complex Definition of
Emotion
“An emotion is a universal, functional
reaction to an external stimulus event,
temporarily integrating physiological,
cognitive, phenomenological, and
behavioural channels to facilitate a
fitness-enhancing, environment-shaping
response to a current situation.”
--Keltner & Shiota (2003), p.89
Physiological Component
“An emotion is a universal, functional
reaction to an external stimulus event,
temporarily integrating physiological,
cognitive, phenomenological, and
behavioural channels to facilitate a
fitness-enhancing, environment-shaping
response to a current situation.”
--Keltner & Shiota (2003), p.89
Physiology and Emotion
Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Emotions in Peripheral
Nervous System
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous
systems
E.g., Heart rate, skin conductance, preejection period, finger temperature
Proper inference
Indicate degree of arousal
Emotions in Central Nervous
System
Physiology and Emotion:
Proper Inference
Limbic System
Amygdala: Fear and Anger
Hippocampus: Laughter
Frontal Cortex
Everything else
Physiological profiles & locations help us
understand arousal, intensity & possible
circuits
Emotions cannot be identified by examining
physiological states
James-Lange Theory of
Emotion
James-Lange Theory
Specific bodily (physio) response tells us
what emotion we are feeling
Bodily response is specific
Event
Specific
Bodily
Response
Subjective
Emotion
James-Lange Theory
Perception of Event : See a Bear
James-Lange Theory
Perception of Event : See a Bear
Bodily Expression: Sweat, Increased HR, RUN!
James-Lange Theory
Perception of Event: See a Bear
Bodily Expression: Sweat, Increased HR, RUN!
Subjective Experience: Become Afraid
Feedback to the System
Levenson, Ekman, & Friesen (1990)
Method:
1. Tell participants to pose face in certain ways
I’m Scared!
“Directed Facial Action Task”
2. Ask them what expression they are demonstrating
3. Measure physiological responses
Directed Facial Action Task
Pull eyebrows down
and together
Feedback to the System
Results:
Raise your upper eyelid
Participants were able to identify
emotions from instructions
Push your lower lip up
and press your lips
together.
Reliable physio profiles
Cognitive Component
“An emotion is a universal, functional
reaction to an external stimulus event,
temporarily integrating physiological,
cognitive, phenomenological, and
behavioural channels to facilitate a
fitness-enhancing, environment-shaping
response to a current situation.”
--Keltner & Shiota (2003), p.89
Key Appraisals for Eliciting
Emotion
Self-relevance
Goal congruence
Blame & Responsibility
Cognitive Appraisals
The MEANING of an
event affects our
emotional response to it
Ex: Getting Punched
He meant to do it and
he meant it to hurt !
ANGER
He meant to do it, but
was joking around !
AMUSEMENT
Two-Factor Theory of
Emotion
1. Physiological arousal is generalized, not
specific
2. We apply a label to the arousal based on
cognitive appraisal
Certainty
Coping Ability
Event
General
Arousal
+ Appraisal
Emotion
Two-Factor Theory of
Emotion
1. My heart is pounding! Something’s
happening!
2. Bears are dangerous. I’m Scared!
Two-Factor Theory of
Emotion
Schacter & Singer (1964)
Method:
1. Give people Heart-rate Increasing Pill or Placebo
2. Have them complete a survey with very personal
questions
3. An actor gets angry at the questionnaire
4. What does the participant do?
Two-Factor Theory of
Emotion
Two-Factor Theory of Love
Schacter & Singer (1964)
Results:
Aroused participants expressed greater
anger than the actor
Non-aroused participants didn’t get angry
Builds on Schachter & Singer’s 2-factor
theory of emotion
Romantic attraction = Unexplained arousal
+ attribution of that arousal to romantic
partner
The Bridge Study
The Bridge Study
Dutton & Aron (1974)
1. Males crossed rickety or solid bridge
2. Approached by attractive female experimenter
3. At end of study, gave them her phone number
They could call if they had questions
Dutton & Aron (1974)
Results: How Many Participants Called?
Percent Who Called her
Method:
75
60
45
30
15
0
Solid Bridge
Rickety Bridge
Arousal Group
James-Lange vs. 2-Factor
J-L says specific emotions are distinct and
real
2-Factor says specific emotions are an
illusion of appraisal
In your opinion, which One is Right?
A.James-Lange
B.2-Factor Theory
Behaviour
“An emotion is a universal, functional
reaction to an external stimulus event,
temporarily integrating physiological,
cognitive, phenomenological, and
behavioural channels to facilitate a
fitness-enhancing, environment-shaping
response to a current situation.”
--Keltner & Shiota (2003), p.89
Behavioural Channels
1
Facial Display
Body Posture
Vocal Tone
Touch
Action!
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Body Posture
A
Action!
B
A More Complex Definition of
Emotion
Emotions have “Action Tendencies”
Mostly Approach or Avoidance
E.g.,
Anger ! Approach
Fear ! avoid
Disgust ! avoid
Happiness ! Approach
This is the Functional service of emotions
“An emotion is a universal, functional
reaction to an external stimulus event,
temporarily integrating physiological,
cognitive, phenomenological, and
behavioural channels to facilitate a
fitness-enhancing, environment-shaping
response to a current situation.”
--Keltner & Shiota (2003), p.89
Darwin (1872), The Expression
of Emotion in Man and Animals
Expression in Animals
Emotions are Adaptations
Solve problems of survival, reproduction,
raising young
Expression evolved before language
Continuity between species
Universality within species
Expression in Humans
Is Expression Universal?
Ekman & Friesen (1972): New Guinean Pre-literate Villagers
3 Methods:
Standard Method:
“Here’s a photo; what is the emotion? (6 options)
Dashiel Method:
Told a story, then “Which photo matches” (3 options)
Posed Method:
Told a Story, then “YOU Pose the emotion that the protagonist
would be feeling.”
Photos shown to US undergrads, who rated them with the
standard method
Is Expression Universal?
Is Expression Universal?
Ekman & Friesen (1974) Results : % Correct
Standard
Dashiel
Posed
Happy
82%
92 %
73 %
Fear
54 %
88 %
18 %
Anger
56 %
90 %
51 %
Disgust
29 %
85 %
46 %
Surprise
38 %
98 %
27 %
Sadness
55 %
81 %
28 %
Note: Chance is 16% for standard and posed, and 33% for Dashiel
Is Emotion Universal?
Culturally-Specific
Emotions?
Prototypical expression of emotion appear to be
universally recognizable and producible
Some argue emotions as culturally
constructed and specific
However, cultural display rules apply
Examples:
Influence how, when and to whom emotions are
expressed
Situational context
Japanese amae - pleasant feeling of
depending on someone else
German schadenfreude- pleasure derived
from the misfortune of others
Relational context
Intensity
Bedouin hasham – pleasant feeling of
humility
“Your heart Is In Your Head”
Next Lecture (10/21):
Morality
Related Websites:
Paul Ekman & “Lie to Me” Site:
http://www.paulekman.com/about/signup-page/
Facial EMG In-Depth Resource:
http://www.facialemg.com/
Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals (Darwin, 1872) on
Project Gutenberg (Full Text Free Online):
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1227