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Unit I
Definition – Elements – Characteristics – Goals - Evolution of counselling
Definition
Rogers
Definitely structured permissive relationship – that allows the client to gain – an
understanding of himself – to a degree that enables him to take – positive steps in the
light of his new orientation.
Smith
Process in which – counsellor assists the counsellee – to make interpretation of facts –
relating to – a choice, plan or adjustment – which he needs to make
Help an individual for Self sufficient – self dependent – self directed
Personality types
1. Me first – whatever you do – you ask what’s in it for me – selfishness –
EGOIST
2. Height of conceit – I know, because I’m an expert at practically everything –
talking always about what you have done, how good you are – EGOTIST
3. Let me help you – welfare of others – never mind your own interest –
ALTRUIST
4. Leave me alone – examine (minutely – like a biochemist under microscope)
your every thought, feeling and action – what others think of me – shy, quiet,
unsocial, moody, prefer solitude – INTROVERT
5. Lets do it together – interest in other people’s problems – teachers, counsellors
– love to be with people – EXTROVERT
6. Neither extreme – both intro and extrovert at different times and occasions –
most of the people – AMBIVERT
7. People are no damn good – cynical, suspicious – MISANTHROPE
8. Women are no damn good – crossed – deeply wounded by a woman (mother)
– so you hate all women – MISOGYNIST
9. No legal commitment – prefer opposite sex as lovers, roommates but not as
lawfully wedded spouses – MISOGAMIST
10. Spiritual perfection – austerity - simplest and least food to keep body and soul
together and abstinence from fleshy, earthly pleasures - ASCETIC
Counselling
2 way collaborative
exchange
Supportive relationship,
enables client to explore
their problems, understand
need for action, take
appropriate action
Advice
Mainly one way
Guidance
Mainly one way
Gives opinion, makes
judgement, make
recommendation,
persuasive
Showing way, educating,
influencing, instructing
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Characteristics of Counselling
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It is a helping process
It is a set of activities (rational – emotive, psychoanalytic or behavioural)
Process of counselling is psychological
Interaction between 2 or more persons engaging in various kinds of behaviour
It is a special area for providing services
One-to-one relationship
It takes place in professional settings
Initiated and maintained to facilitate behavioural change of the client
Interpersonal relationship between counsellor and one or more client
Structure of self relaxed in safety
A learning oriented process
Concern which brings about voluntary changes in the client
To achieve better adjustment skills
Elements of Couselling
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Elements of Counselling are Counsellor – Counsellee – Relationship
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According to William Stewart in his Learning to counsel
3 elements are
Knowledge & Understanding
Skills Development
Personal Development
Knowledge & Development
• Theory of Personality development
• Common psychological processes
Skills development
• Skills in changing behaviour
Personal Development
• Able to separate our feelings from those of the client (self – awareness)
Other elements
• Privacy & Confidentiality
• Talking to someone who will really listen
• Talking to someone who is not part of the problem
• Getting another perspective on life and problem
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Goals of Counselling
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Achievement of positive mental health
Resolution of problems (Eg: Behavioural goals – altering maladaptive
behaviour – learning decision making process – preventing problems)
Improving personal effectiveness
Help change
Modification of behaviour
It is not enough to maintain status quo but should go further to help the client
transcend (better than) the status quo
Main goal is to understand behaviour – feelings – motivations – of the
counsellee
Types
• Immediate – relief for the client (specific goals to an individual)
• Long range – make him fully functional (help in self actualization, self
realization, fully functional)
• Mediate or process – to secure immediate and long range goals (empathic
understanding, warmth, friendliness for interpersonal exploration)
Immediate Goals
Mediate Goals
Long range Goals
Goals can be
• Medical or psychological
• Internal or external
• Intrinsic (Fundamental) or derived (imitative)
• General or specific
• Remedial, developmental or preventive
• Parloff – immediate & ultimate
• Patterson – mediating, ultimate and intermediate
Phases
Re helping (attending
Phase)
Responding & self
exploration phase
Integrating phase
Facilitating phase
Helpers Goals
Paying attention
Client Goals
Ventilation
Rapport building &
exploration
Integrate clients feelings,
behaviour, attitude with
problem
Give choices
Self exploration
Understanding the
problem
Decision making
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Evolution of Counselling
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It is an hybrid from philosophy, education, psychology, psychiatry, sociology
and family studies
During the period of ancient Mesopotamia and Persia, classical Greek and
roman eras and even in modern times – counsellors were philosophers,
physicians, or priests
Counselling branched out as a separate discipline from mental health 50 years
back.
Cathartic method (talking out problems) by Sigmund Freud was the first
attempt
Ancient Philosophers
• Community leaders, religious leaders (Buddha, Mosses)
• Their approach (principles)
No single right answer to any question
Many possible interpretations of same experience
Philosophy should be personalized
First Psychiatrists
• Pragmatic practitioners – combined philosophy and human behaviour
• Hippocrates introduced homeostasis, prognosis, casetaking
• Freud accomplished
Anatomy of human nervous system
Hypnosis
Importance of unconscious motivation for behaviours
Therapeutic counselling
Influence from psychology
• Psychology born with experimental lab of Wundt
• William James – concept of free will and consciousness
• Contributors – Stanley hall, Watson and skinner
Guidance era
• Early 20th century
• Development of standardized testing for aptitude, abilities, personality
• Evolution of vocational rehabilitation (Parson)
• First counselling services on college campus
• Establishment of mental health system
Counselling era
Contributors
Hippocrates
Plato
Aristotle
Mesmer
Charcot
Stanley hall
Contributions
Classified mental illness
Studied human behaviour in terms of
internal states
Rational psychology to manage emotions
Mesmerism
Hypnosis
Child guidance clinic
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Parsons
Moreno
Carl rogers
Albert ellis
krumboltz
Kaplan
Rache
White
Vocational guidance
Psychodrama
Client centered
Cognitive based therapy
Behaviour counselling
Sex counselling
Feminist approach to counselling
Narrative approach to counselling
Era of therapeutic counselling
• Educational guidance line - therapeutic guidance line
Eg: mental health counsellors, marital counsellors, family counsellors
Important periods in development of counselling
1850 – 1900
• innovations in the field of psychology
• psychological labs and child guidance clinics
1900 – 1930
• international conference on psychoanalysis
• mental hygiene movements
• vocational guidance movements
• progressive educational movements
• schools of social work
1930 – 1940
• innovative psychometric movements
• educational and vocational guidance
I world war and after
• Carl Rogers Client – Centered counselling
• Counselling Psychology (APA)