College Board
Topics
Topic Outlines – Potential
FRQ’s / DBQ’s
Populism and
Progressivism
political issues of the late
nineteenth century
municipal, state, and national
Progressive presidents
workplace, education, politics,
and reform
migration and civil rights
initiatives
Other Information: Who, What, When,
Where, Why
Progressivism, Election of 1912,
Progressive Political Reforms, Muckrakers,
Ashcan School, Progressive Social
Reforms, Progressive Economic Reforms,
Anthracite Coal Strike, Hammer v
Dagenhart , “New Freedom,” Sixteenth
Amendment, Seventeenth Amendment,
Eighteenth Amendment, Nineteenth
Amendment, Ballinger-Pinchot Affair, Bull
Moose Party, National Association for the
Colored People, Clayton Anti-Trust Act, Bull
Moose, Veterans‟ Bureau, Federal Reserve
Act, Woodrow Wilson, William Taft,
Theodore Roosevelt, Robert La Follette, Ida
Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, Frank Norris,
Upton Sinclair, Jacob Riis, Oliver Wendell
Holmes Jr., Herbert Croly, Louis Brandeis,
Pancho Villa, Victoriana Huerta, Jane
Addams, Dwight Moody, Gifford Pinchot
NATIONAL PROGRESSIVISM VOCABULARY
1. Old Guards - politicians who resisted changes
2. "Trustbuster" - President Theodore Roosevelt became known as a trustbuster for his crusades against
American Tobacco and Northern Securities, but this was an exaggeration. He saw large business
concentrations in need of government regulation, not destruction.
3. United Mine Workers - Union for miners - involved in a bitter strike in which Roosevelt mediated to get
both sides to the bargaining table - example of Roosevelt supporting labor by forcing management to
bargain
4. Anthracite Coal Strike - See above - Coal miners strike for a 20% pay raise, and 8 hour day, and
recognition of their union. Management shut down the mine. With winter coming on Roosevelt forces
miners and management to bargain or threatens to have the National Guard run the mines.
5. John Mitchell - leader of the miners in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902
6. George F. Baer - leader of the management in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 - shut the mines
down
7. "Square Deal" - Roosevelt's program during his presidency, it included control of corporations by trusebusting, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources.
8. Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act of 1906 - strengthened the power of the Interstate Commerce
Commission. The ICC was now empowered to fix fair and reasonable railroad rates.
9. National Conservation Commission - Set up by Roosevelt, it conducted the first scientific study of the
country's water, forest, soil, and mineral resource.
10. Meat Inspection Act (1906) - established a federal system of inspection of meats packed for shipment
in interstate commerce
11. Pure Food & Drug Act (1906) - involved 3 things: 1) required the labeling of all containers to indicate
the contents, 2) forbade the manufacture of sale of adulterated or misbranded foods or drugs, 3)
prohibited the addition of harmful chemicals to foods
12. Platt Amendment (1901) - This Act provided that Cuba could not make any treaty impairing its
independence and could not borrow money unless it could be repaid out of Cuba's regular tax revenue. In
addition Cuba was force to lease or to sell naval station to the U.S., and we go Guantanamo Bay as a
naval station henceforth and forever.
13. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty - 1854 treaty with Great Britain which stated that neither the U.S. or Britain
could build a canal without the other
15. Hay-Paunceforte Treaty - 1901 did away with the old Clayton-Bulwer treaty, stating that the U.S.
could build the canal alone but would extend the use of the canal to all nations
16. Hay-Herran Treaty - negotiation with Columbia who controlled Panama to build the canal through
Panama - was not passed by the Columbian government
17. Philippe Bunau-Varilla - arranged a Panamanian revolt, with the secret support of the US, to break
away from Columbia so that the US could build the canal there. He became the first Panamanian
ambassador to the US after the revolt paving the way for the construction of the canal by the US.
18. U.S.S. Nashville - US battleship that just happened to appear off the coast of Panama to prevent the
Colombians from landing any troops to help put down the revolt in Panama
19. Roosevelt Corollary - I n 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt announced as a corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine, that the United States had a right to intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American
nations should those nations become unstable. Through it, the United States assumed the role of a
hemispheric policeman.
20. Russo - Japanese War - Russia and Japan were at war over the Chinese territory of Manchuria
21. Taft-Katsura Treaty - the United States recognized Japan's sphere of influence in Korea; in exchange,
Japan recognized the United States' sphere of influence in the Philippines. This treaty was made but not
officially signed because the Japanese were becoming a threat to American trade in the pacific
22. "Gentlemen's Agreement" - Japan consented to prevent Japanese immigration to the U.S., in return
for an end to the segregation of Oriental children in San Francisco schools, ending Japanese immigration
to America until 1952
23. William Howard Taft - Roosevelt's hand-picked Republican candidate for the election of 1908.
24. Payne-Aldrich Tariff - Although President William Howard Taft personally favored downward revision
of U.S. tariffs, he still signed the protectionist Payne-Aldrich tariff bill. His action alienated many
congressional progressives from his administration. Ruinous to Taft
25. Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy - Secretary of the Interior, R.A. Ballinger, believed land reserves ot be
illegal so he leased them out to large companies Pinchot, head of the Division of Forestry, wrote Ballinger
memos accusing him of not being zealous in conserving the environment. Pinchot was fired by Taft for
starting the controversy. This infuriated the progressive Republicans.
26. Mann-Elkins Act - 1910, gave the ICC the power to suspend a company's rate increase if it was not
needed. The ICC controlled anything that was interstate (for example, cable and telegraph companies).
27. "Dollar Diplomacy" - created by Taft as U.S. investments increased around the world. It allowed U.S.
intervention in countries with unstable economies. The US would take control of banks, customs duties,
and other revenue producing facilities until the economy was stabilized. The US then would influence the
election of a pro-US president and would help the government with its finances
28. Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party - (1912) a third party consisting of progressive Republicans. They
picked Roosevelt as their candidate for president in 1912. He advocated the New Nationalism platform.
similar to LaFollette's Wisconsin Plan. (Wisconsin Plan - was proposed by Robert LaFollette who was the
Gov. of Wisconsin. Tt stated that a government has responsibility for its citizens' welfare. It also
advocated workmen's compensation and the conservation of forests.)
29. "New Nationalism" - Progressive policy of Theodore Roosevelt--1912 Progressive party platform-favored a more active government role in economic and social affairs--favored continued consolidation
of trusts and labor unions and the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington--favored
women's suffrage and social welfare programs (including minimum-wage laws and "socialistic" social
insurance).
30. Woodrow Wilson - The Democratic representative in the presidential elections of 1912 and 1916.
He was elected into the presidency as a minority president. He was born in Virginia and was raised in
a very religious family. He was widely known for his political sermons. He was an aggressive leader
and believed that Congress could not function properly without good leadership provided by the
president. His progressive program was known as New Freedom and his foreign policy program was
Moral Diplomacy. He was president during World War I.
31. "New Freedom" - Wilson's policy that favored the small business, entrepreneurship, and the free
functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets.
32. Underwood-Simmons Tariff - substantially reduced import fees, lowest tariff since the Civil War,
part of Wilson's New Freedom Plan
33. Federal Reserve Act - Created the Federal Reserve System that attempted to destroy the interests
of investment bankers The most important piece of economic legislation between the Civil War and
the New Deal. It created a regulatory agency for banking with 12 regional reserve districts. Each bank
was independent but was controlled by the Federal Reserve Board, which was controlled by the public.
The Federal Reserve controls the amount of money in circulation through reserves and interest rates.
part of Wilson's New Freedom Plan
34. Clayton Anti-Trust Act - (1914) This helped to control monopolies by lengthening the Sherman
Act's list of business practices that were objectionable (interlocking directorates). It exempted labor
and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution; legalized strikes and peaceful picketing. part
of Wilson's New Freedom Plan
35. Federal Trade Commission - A committee formed to investigate industries engaging in interstate
commerce. It was created to stop unfair trade practices and to regulate and crush monopolies. part of
Wilson's New Freedom Plan
36. Victoriano Huerta - ruthlessly seized power in Mexico in 1913. President Wilson objected to Huerta's
murderous methods and refused to extend diplomatic recognition to the Huerta government. Huerta
abdicated in 1914.
37. Pancho Villa - was a combination of a bandit and a Robin Hood. He was a rival of President
Carranza of Mexico. He alluded Pershing and was never caught because Pershing was forced to go
fight in WWI.
38. Venustiano Carranza - He became president of Mexico in 1914. He succeeded the harsh President
Huerta. President Carranza at first supported Wilson's sending General Pershing into Mexico to look for
the criminal Pancho Villa, but when he saw the number of troops he became outraged and opposed
Wilson.
39. General John J. "Blackjack" Pershing - commanded the military excursion into Mexico in 1916 to
attempt to hunt down Pancho Villa, who was never caught because Pershing was forced to go fight in
WWI.