A stochastic model for a single click of Muller’s ratchet
D. Waxman, L. Loewe
To cite this version:
D. Waxman, L. Loewe. A stochastic model for a single click of Muller’s ratchet. Journal of
Theoretical Biology, Elsevier, 2010, 264 (4), pp.1120. .
HAL Id: hal-00594146
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Author’s Accepted Manuscript
A stochastic model for a single click of Muller’s
ratchet
D. Waxman, L. Loewe
PII:
DOI:
Reference:
S0022-5193(10)00137-2
doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.03.014
YJTBI 5915
To appear in:
Journal of Theoretical Biology
Received date:
Revised date:
Accepted date:
11 July 2009
9 March 2010
9 March 2010
www.elsevier.com/locate/yjtbi
Cite this article as: D. Waxman and L. Loewe, A stochastic model for a single click of
Muller’s ratchet, Journal of Theoretical Biology, doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.03.014
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Figure 2
Effect of mutation rate on click time
1000000
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Stephan-Gessler
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