Dates
.'
~.
:
'.",~
Liberru
Conservative
Thomas Jefferson spokesman
Alexander Hamilton spokesman
Favored farmers
Favored commercial, mercantile groups
Best government is the least government
Government should be strong
Advocated states' rights
Wanted centralized government power
Opposed National Bank
Favored National Bank
Supported low taxes/tariffs
Believed that tariffs were necessary
Supported reduced army and navy
Strong national defense
":.
1790-1824
Laissez-faire
.
1824-1840
Personal liberty, weak government
Supported compact theory of government
Free competition, egalitarian opportunity
Weak presidents
Anti-National Bank, anti-tariffs
Pro-National Bank
States should fund roads, canals
National government should fund roads, canals
Supported Andrew Jackson
vVhig8-{)pponents of Andt'ew Jackson
Supported Henry Clay
.
1840-1.865
1865-.1900
,
-t-
,'
..
Pro-union
States'rights
Antislavery
Proslavery
Favored national program of roads/canals
Opposed national program of roads/canals
Opposed westward expansion
Favored westward expansion
Opposed extending slavery into territories
Favored extending slavery into territories
Opposed secession
Supported secession
Supported Radical Reconstruction
Resisted Radical Reconstruction
Wanted honesty in government
Tolel'ated spoils system
Supported Reform Darwinism
Supported Social Darwinism
Anti -imperialist
Expansionist
Expanded money supply (paper, silver)
Supported gold standard
Supported government regulation of business
Laissez-faire
Wanted low tariffs
High tariffs
Gospel of Wealth
.1900-1940 . Government intervention in society
Old Guard Republicans
Progressive social and labor reforms
Extremely favorable to business interests
Regulations and limitations of trusts
Isolationism
Collective security (League of Nations)
Leaders: Thft, Lodge, Harding, Coolidge, Hoover
Promoted consumer protection
Rugged Individualism
Presidents: T. Roosevelt, W. Wilson, and FDR
Normalcy in 1920s
Direct government relieflwelfru'e in 1950s
Best government is least government
Square Deal, New Deal
No direct relief or welfare
Low tariffs
High tariffs
Review Activities
*
17
Dates
Liberal
Conservative
194Q-1900
Government should regulate economy
Government should be limited in society
Government responsible for people's welfare
Promoted individual responsibility for
welfare
Deficit spending acceptable
U.S. accepts international role
Communism a challenge at home and abroad
vVanted a balanced budget
Communism was a great domestic Un'eat
Supported organized labor
Limited overseas involvement but contained
communism with force
Embraced federal support of racial justice
and equality
Reconsidered much of the New Deal
Encouraged flexible military response
States should handle their racial issues
Encouraged massive retaliation
1900-1908
1908-1975
Expanded role of government in society
Government should be limited in society
vVanted Vietnam to be a limited war
Total military victory in Vietnam
Racial justice was national priority
States handle racial problenls
Protected the environment
\'Vanted to restore law and order in cities
Women's rights important
Upheld sexual/gender roles
U.S. should end domestic poverty
Defended h'aditional fanlily values
Youth culture tolerated and celebrated
Youth culture deplored
Withdraw from Vietnam
''''anted limited government in society
PronlOted Equal Rights Amendment for
women
Peace ,villi honor in Vietnam
Richard Nixon and vVatergate a threat
to liberty
Great Society must be maintained
Blacks' gains nlust expand with busing and
affIrmative action
Nixon should be impeached
~Maintained
traditional gender roles
'Silent Majority' should be heard
vVatergate not that important
Repealed much of Great Society
No special treatment for minorities to
achieve equality
Maintained that Nixon was no more corrupt
than earlier presidents
1975-1985
iVlaintain Great Society
",Tanted limited government in society
Insisted on human rights in foreign policy
Cut taxes
Avoid future Vietnams
Increased defense spending
Detente ,vitlI USSR
Acted aggressively overseas
Promoted afflrmative action
USSR viewed as an "evil empire"
Supported Equal Rights Amendment
Limited federal role in civil rights
Supported conservation of energy
Nlaintained family values
Supported abortion rights (Roe v. Wade)
Stressed fmding new sources of oil
Prolife (anti-abortion)
Review Activities
*
19
Mexican War
1846-1848
1861-1865
1898
James Madison
James It Polk
Abraham Lincoln
'Villiam McKinley
Impressment
Manifest Destiny
Slavery
States' rights
seas threatened
Texas boundary
dispute
Oppression of Cubans
by Spain sparks revolt
U.S. hoped to gain
Canada from
England
South)s desire for
new slave territory
Eleven southern
states withdrew
from Union to
start their own
country
U.S. business
intel'ests threatened in
Cuba by the
fighting between the
rebels and Spanish
Battleship Maine
bloV\'ll up
Yellow press
strengthened antiSpanish sentiment
Pl'essures of new
Manifest Destiny
England burned
VVashington
Plattsburg battle
Buena Vista
Antietam
Manila Bay
Siege of Veracruz
Fredericksbm'g
San Juan Hill
Mexico City
Chancellorsville
Battle of the Thames
Gett:)'sburg
Siege of Baltimore
Vicksburg
Sherman's march
to sea
Guadalupe Hidalgo
Appomattox
Paris
No resolution of
original disputes
U.S. got Mexican
Cession
Cuba freed from Spain
No terIitory gained
for either side
Agreement on
Texas border
South rejoined
the Union, but
without slavery
Fulfilled Manifest
Destiny
nationalism and
Crushed Indian
resistance in South
and 'Vest
Federalist Party died
Industrialization
began in New
England
58
*
Threads ofHistOlY
Re-opened debate
over expansion of
slavery CV\Tilmot
Proviso)
Led to Compl'omise
of 1850
Union saved
Ended slavery in
the U. S.
Bloodiest war in
American history
Difficult and
divisive Era of
Reconstruction
left bitter
feelings on both
sides for decades
U.s. got Guam, Puerto
Rico, Philippines
U.S. acquires foreign
tenitory and becomes
world power
U.S. enforced Monroe
Doctrine with
aggressiveness
F. Roosevelt
H. Truman
H. Truman
D. Eisenhower
German submarine
attacks
Japan closed Open
Door in China
Sinking of the
Lusitania
Japanese expansion
in Asia and Pacific
Zimmerman Note
Pearl Harbor
attacked
Communist North
Korea attacked
South Korea and the
United States sent
u'oops to contain
communism
Failure to hold
Geneva Accords'
elections in 1956
caused communist
insurgency in South
Vietnam and attacks
by North Vietnamese
forces
Guadalcanal
Pusan siege
Gulf of Tonkin
Midway
Inchon landing
Pleiku
Chinese communist
intervention
Tet Attacks
Accords with the
Axis powers
Panmunjom Accords
Paris Accords
Unconditional
sm'render
South Korea
remained free of
communism
Cease fITe
\-V. vVilson
Trade, cultural ties
with Britain
Make "world safe
for democl'act'
Chateau ThieITY
Second Battle
of the Marne
Meuse-Argonne
Germany declared
war on U.S.
Gulf
EI Alatnein
Stalingrad
H. Truman to
G. Ford
Invasion of
Cambodia
Normandy Invasion
Battle of the Bulge
Germany
surrendered,
punished for war
League of Nations
created
Ern'opean boundaries
redrawn to create
new nations
;-
,./
Germany, Italy and
Japan gave up
Fascist philosophies
and methods
Comnlunism
remained in the
North
Japan and Germany
occupied by AlJied
forces
Four empires
destroyed
Atomic age began
at Hiroshima
First lest of military
containment
Communists took
over in Russia
USSRIU.S. began
Cold vVal'
First lilnited war
U.S. rejected
membership in
League of Nations
United Nations
founded
Hal'sh treatment of
Germany leads to
rise of Hitler
U.S. becanle
illternational
superpower
Hardened relations
between the U.S.
and Communist
China
Communist troops
remained in South
Americans withdrew
South Vietnam·
temporat'ily
remained free of
communism
Six U.S. presidents
tried to contain
conlmunism
"Vat' divided nation,
left legacy of distrust
of government and
fOl'eign intervention
In 1975 North
conquered South
and communism
triumphed
Review Activities
Os
*
59
Cause
Virginia frontiersmen
seeking land clashed
with Indians
,RebellioIl,, ,
.Frontiersmen
demanded help from
government
Jamestown refused
aid, fearing Indian
War
1786-1787
~hay5Jg
Rebe1lJ,on ;'
Unfair taxes in
lVfassachusetts
Farms foreclosed
Farmers imprisoned
as debtors
Bacon and his men
lived on frontier
Bacon and his men
stormed Jamestown
Bm'ned Jamestown
Bacon died of fever
Rebellion collapsed
Colonial rebellion
against government
authority
Clash between east!
west, rich/poor
Tidewater's
discrimination against
frontiersmen
Revision of indentured
servant system, greater
reliance on slave labor
Shays/1200 men
attacked courts in
western Massachusetts
State militia put down
rebellion
Uprising was a general
threat to property
Threat that rebellion
could spread to other
states
Articles of
Confederation viewed
as too weak to
maintain law and order
Bolstered call for
l'evisions of Articles
(Constitutional
Convention, 1787)
Whiskey
1794-1795
Rebellion
Farmers in western
Pennsylvania refused
to pay federal excise
tax on whiskey
Attacked tax collectors
Washington called for
1'5,000 troops to
suppress the rebels
Put the force of the
governrnentbehind
the Constitution
Rebels dispersed,
ceased rebellion
Government could
enforce the law
Constitution protected
law/order
Farmers compared tax
to Stamp Act of 1765
Hamilton's idea of an
energetic national
government prevailed
Nat Tumertg
(slave)
Rebellion
1831
Slaves wanted freedom
Nat Thrner sa,v
"vision" and attacked
whites in Southampton
County, Virginia
'furner, 70 slaves, and
55 whites killed
'I\.u'ner caught; he
was executed, and
hundreds of slaves
were punished
.Frightened South
Tightened slave codes
Restricted freedom for
all blacks in South
South began to aggressively defend slavery
as a "positive good"
Review Activities
*
5
Act or Action
Purpose
.i!~~~n
British hoped to
pacify Indians
in West
Pacification would
reduce need for
troops to battle
Indians on frontier
"
,.'.
,~uqnp~t
1765 '
British Reaction
Forbade
settlement west
of Appalachian
Mountains
Everyone in the
western region
must return to
the East
Act passed to raise
money for colonial
defense
Duty on foreign
molasses had
been reduced but
now would be
enforced
Passed to raise
money
Taxed dice,
playing cards,
newspapers,
marriage licenses
Same tax existed
in Great Britain
Total of 50 items
taxed
Anger; colonists
had fought
French and
Indian War to
gain access to
western region
Colonists
continued to
settle in the area
Anger
Smuggling
Convened Stamp
Act Congress
Petitioned the King
British repealed
law with Treaty of
Fort Stanwix 1768
Moved line of
permitted
settlement farther
to west
Attempted to
enforce tax
Repealed law
Little money
raised
Urban riots
Boycotted goods
Viewed as an
internal tax
When Stamp Act
repealed, British
needed to save face
England could
pass any laws for
the colonies
Ignored it
British attempt
to assert their
dwindling authority
Passed to raise
money and
regulate trade
Taxed imports:
glass, paint, lead,
paper, tea
Boycott of British
goods
Repealed taxes on
everything but tea
in 1770
N.A.
Confronted
soldiers
Opened rITe on
mob, five colonists
killed
Colonists wanted
to protest tea tax
Tax on tea from
1770 remained
Sons of Liberty
threw 342 cases
of tea into Boston
Hal'bor
Intolerable ,or
Coercive Acts
passed
Met to decide
how to help
Massachusetts
resist Intolerable
Acts
N.A.
Pled to King to
repeal the
Intolerable Acts
Put troops in cities
Urban riots
External tax
British troops
in city to
enforce laws
npstOn,Tea Pad, ,
1775 .
'
.
,First
,Co.ntinent8l
Corigre8s 1114
Decided to hold
flrm
Boycotted taxed
goods
Called another
Congress in 1775
Review Activities
*
15
FUnction
Supporters
. OpponentS
Hamilton modeled it after Bank
of England
1811-1816 country in economic chaos
following War of 1812
Paid dividends and interest to
government, which was the source
of revenue
Explosion in number of unstable
state banks
Provided flexible currency
Controlled state banks
Created adequate credit for business
Provided flexible currency
Generated revenue for national
government
Controlled inflation
Restrained land speculation
Alexander Hamilton's supporters
Madison signed recharter
Members of the Federalist Party
National RepublicanslWhigs
Mercantile, eastern groups
Henry ClaylNicholas Biddle
Friends of strong central government
Mercantile, eastern groups
Thomas Jeffel'son's supporters
Old Jeffersonians
(Democratic) Republicans
Andrew Jackson-Democrats
Backcountry farmers
Western farmers
States' rights supporters
Small banking interests
Land speculators
Re8BODB
for Demise
Republicans gain political power and,
by 1811, control Washington
Madison's government did not renew
charter
Constitutionltl Issue
Federalists: Bank was "necessary and
proper~' under "elastic clause" in
Constitution
Republicans: Bank violated the
Constitution-establishing Bank was
not enwnerated as a pOWel' of
Congress in Article 1, Section 8
Great stl'uggle of loose v. strict
interpretation of the Constitution
Andrew Jackson's veto
Became a cause celebre for opponents
of Jackson
Appeared undemocratic/elitist in 'the
egalitarian 1830s
1819 McCulloch v.l\t!aryland declared
the Bank constitutional
1832 Jackson declared the Bank
unconstitutional in his veto message
Part of an ongoing debate between the
loose/strict interpretations of
Constitution and the strong/weak
views of federal government
Review Activities
*
15
President Andrew Johnson
Charles Sumner
Other Radical Republicans
April-December 1865
1866-1877
No; executive branch believed it
needed to restore the states to their
proper relationship with the Union
Yes; the southern states had left the
Union, ,vere conquered territories,
and should be treated accordingly
Proclamation of Amnesty and
Reconstruction 1865, 1865
Civil Rights Act 1866
Vetoed '¥ade Davis bill 1864
Renewed, expanded
Freedmen's Bureau
Pardoned most ex-Confederates
Fourteenth Amendment 1868
Thirteenth Amendment 1865
Reconstruction Acts 1867-1868
Tenure of Office Act 1867
Fifteenth Amendment 1870
Force Acts 1870-1871
Civil Rights Act 1875
Elements of Plans
South must:
renounce secession
ratify Thirteenth Amendment
10% of YO tel'S from 1860 Inust swear
allegiance to Union
Confederate officers, officials,
wealthy must Inake special request
for pardon
South must:
ratify Thirteenth, FOllteenth, and
Fifteenth Alnendments
accept black citizenship
accept black men voting
Put 20,000 troops in the South
Confederate officials, officers,
soldiers could not vole
Civil Rights Act of 1875 provided for
social integration
Aid for Freedmen
_ None provided; up to the individual
states to decide how and to what
extent newly freed slaves would
be helped
Created Freedmen's Bureau,
providing welfare and education to
former slaves
Provided troops to protect black
voting rights
No permanent land distribution,
which gave rise to sharecropping and
tenant farming
50
*
Threads of HistoIy
F. Roosevelt
H. 'Ii'uman
J. Kennedy
L. Johnson
~:l)''UDllan)J!''';(',fl
Civil rights program blocked
by Congress
Voter protection
End discrimination in
military, interstate travel,
government hiring
End poll tax
Fh'st president to address
the NAACP
Won African Americans to
Democratic Party
Desegregated the rumed
forces
Alienated South (Strom
Thurmond's Dixiecrat
revolt)
Reduced government job
discrimination
Work for mildest forms of
civil rights
Appointed Earl Warren to
Supreme Court
Lacked conviction on civil
rights
Racial justice part of Cold
Wru' struggle
Civil Rights Acts of
1957/1960
Avoided compulsory action
on civil rights
Ended segregation in D.C.
and on military bases
Sought change through
reason and prayer
Sent federal troops to Little
Rock
Believed government could
not legislate morality
Defended freedom riders
Hoped to contain civil rights
pressures/actions
Enforce existing laws
End discrimination in
public housing
Enforced deseg~egation of
universities
"
Made civil rights a moral
issue in June 1965
Ended public housing
discrimination
Proposed Civil Rights Act
Feared southern Democrats
in Congress
Came late to supporting
civil rights
Clashed with King,
wiretapped him
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Wage war on poverty
Economic Opportunity Act
Overcome racism
Appointed Thurgood
Marshall to Supreme Court
Inlprove cities and urban
schools
Bring nation together
Nixon
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Include African-Americans
in Great Society
Restore law and order
Called for exU'a help for
urban blacks
60 education laws, including
Head Start
Threads of History
Urban riots 1964-1968
undelmined program
Great Society damaged by
Vietnam VVar
In the past. he had a moderate recOl'd on civil rights
Desegregated many schools
Lacked commitment to true
racial equality
Extended Voting Rights Act
Appointed conservative
federal judges
*
Great Society very strong on
civil rights
Supported affirmative action
briefly
Condemned busing
62
Greatest presidential
supporter of civil rights
Used race to divide
Democrats
Gradually followed a
southern racial strategy
Used economic and military
aid
Communist threat in Greece
and Turkey required U.S. aid
Send troops where
necessary
Sent aid to Europe
Program:
NATO fIrst entangling
alliance for U.S.
1948-1953
Thuman Doctrine
Korean conflict-lIrst
limited war
Marshall Plan
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
Sent troops to Korea
"New Look'~ to contain
communism
Massive l'etaliation
Rollback of communism
Brinkmanship
Used CIA to spy on, and
topple communist regimes
Eisenhower Doctrine in
Middle East
"Flexible response" to contain communist aggression
Combated wars of national
liberation in the Third'lVorld
Stand fIrm in Europe
Used counterinsurgency
forces
i
Strong stand in Berlin
I /'
"
I
I
I
Blocked communism" in
Cuba, Vietnam
I
1
"
'..
Relied on air pOWel\ nuclear
weapons
:Made empty pleas for freeing
communist-controlled areas
in Europe
Take USSR to brink of
nuclear war if necessary
Used CIA to keep Iran,
Guatemala friendly to U.S.;
U-2 spy planes
Berlin wall erected
Used guerrilla as well as
conventional forces
Tt'ied to topple Castro, but
resulted in Bay of Pigs
Cuban Missile CIisis
brought world to blink of
nuclear WID'
Sent 16,000 troops to
Vietnam
Containment in Asia
Stand fIrm in Europe by
maintaining NATO
'I
!i
Sent 500,000+ troops to
Vietnamj tried for political
settlement l\rith military
forces
Widened Vietnam War
Thied to negotiate with
Soviets in Europe
Bombed North Vietnam
II
Vietnamization
1
!
I
: I,'
Opened China
,I!
Reduced U.S. troops in
Vietnam
Withdrew U.S. troops from
Vietnam
Maintained NATO
Negotiated with USSR
Kept commitments in other
parts of world
Diplomatic agreements with
China
Used China to contain the
Soviet Union
Peace settlement in Vietnam
64
*
Threads of HistoIY
1949-1953 U.S. began
massive aid to France; by
1955 was paying 80% of
French bills in Indochina
Fall of China, Korean 'IVaI'
put pressure on Truman to
hold line on communisIn
in Asia
Sent O.S.S.lC.I.A. to work
with French to combat
Cmnmunists
Supported French
colonialism in order to
stop communism
1954 Dien Bien Phu falls;
French defeated
Selected Ngo Dinh Diem
as U.S. ally
Geneva Conference
divided Indochina
Supported Diem's decision
not to hold elections in 1956
Domino theory made
Vietnam critical to Asian
containment
Proposed unification
elections be held in 1956
Gave economic aid
recolonize Indochina
Cmnmunists resisted
U.S. opposed French
recolonization, but feared
communism
Worried by Diem's
repression of Buddhists;
refused to reform political
corruption in South
Viet Cong grew in strength
Sent 1,000 advisers to
Vietnam
JFK resisted call to send
combat troops
Postponed either escalation
or ,vithdrawal
Increased advisers to
16,000
No cleal' future direction
on "Tar
Supported domino theory
Diem's death left South in
political and military chaos
Tacitly supported Diem)s
ouster in 1965
Faced political chaos in
Vietnam
Believed in domino theory
Feared conservative
political attacks on Great
Society
Realized fighting war could
destroy his presidency
Richard,
, Ntmn
;:
Pledged to ''Vietnamize''
war
(Ford) "
Claimed he had a secret
plan to end the war
'''.
"
,',
~ <.'"'
."
..~.
.
:,~< .>~'.:::.>
:;;:i:
66
~.
,., ,
*
Threads of HistoIy
Support of Diem laid
foundation for future
commitments
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
1964 gave LBJ authority to
fight \var
Began bOlllbing North
Vietnam
Sent combat troops to
Vietnam; by 1968,540,000
troops in South Vietnam
Saw war as test of U.S. \'\'ill
as superpower
Escalated the ,var and
gradually divided nation
Tet offensive set stage for
U.S. desire to withdraw
from Vietnam
'i\Tal' destroyed Johnson's
Opposition to war grew
presidency and tarnished
his legacy
Reduced U.S. role in war
Ended draft; withdrmv U.S.
troops
Invaded Cambodia
Bombed North Vietnam
Peace accords in 1975 left
Communists in South
Vietnam
V\'atergate removed Nixon
and reduced public support
for South Vietnanl
Communists took over
South Viet~Jn in 1975