AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGY JOURNAL OF NORTH AMERICA
ISSN Print: 2151-7517, ISSN Online: 2151-7525, doi:10.5251/abjna.2014.5.3.109.117
© 2014, ScienceHuβ, http://www.scihub.org/ABJNA
Proximate and elemental composition of the fillets of some fish species in
Osinmo Reservoir, Nigeria
1
Adewumi, A.A, 2Adewole, H.A and 2Olaleye V.F
1
Department of Zoology, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti
2
Department of Zoology, Obafemi Awolowo University
Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Comparative analysis of the proximate and elemental compositions of four species of fish; C.
gariepinus, P. obscura, T. zilli, and T. galilaeus, collected from Osinmo reservoir, Nigeria, was
carried out, from July-November. Biochemical assay of the moisture, ash, crude protein, fibre,
lipid and the elements, Fe, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, of the fillets were done in the laboratory.
There were no significant differences (P<0.05) in the mean monthly proximate and elemental
compositions of any of the fish species, within the sampling period. All the fish species examined
are rich sources of protein, moisture, lipid, ash and minerals. They belong to the high-protein (1823%), high moisture and low-oil (<5%, except P. obscura) category. There was no consistency in
the monthly pattern of concentrations of the elements in the fillets. The pattern of elemental
concentration in the fillets of each of the species, is in the order; Na>K>Ca>Mg>Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn.
All the fish species are rich in crude protein, lipid, moisture and ash and meet the requirement for
human nutritional needs. Based on their concentration in the fillets, K, Na, Mg and Ca could be
regarded as major elements for all the fish species, while Fe and Mn is classified as minor
elements and Zn and Cu could be regarded as trace elements. Variations in the concentration of
minerals in their muscles could be due to their concentration in the water body, the fish
physiological state and/or the ability of the fish to absorb the elements from their diets and the
water bodies.
Keywords: lipid, crude protein, minerals, ash, moisture, fish
INTRODUCTION
Consumption of fish provides an important nutrient to
a large number of people worldwide and thus makes
a very significant contribution to nutrition. Fish is a
highly proteinous food, consumed by a large
percentage of the populace because of its availability
and palatability (Foran et al., 2005). Fish has an edge
over meat, in Nigeria, because it is cheaper and
relatively more abundant in Nigeria (Adewumi, 2011)
Proximate composition determination involves
analysis of moisture, crude protein (CP), lipid and ash
contents, while elemental composition analysis
involves the determination of mineral contents such
as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca),
magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper
(Cu) and zinc (Zn).
Fish is known to be one of the cheapest sources of
animal protein and other essential nutrients required
in human diets (Sadiku and Oladimeji, 1991).The
body of fish usually contain small amount of minerals,
some of which are essential nutrients, being
components of many enzymes system, metabolic
mechanisms, and as such, contribute to the growth of
the fish. The most important mineral salts are
calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, iron and
chlorine, while many others are needed in trace
amounts. All living organism requires mineral
elements for biochemical activities at moderate
levels. The deficiency of the principal mineral
elements induces a lot of malfunctioning, as it
reduces productivity, and causes diseases, such as
inability of blood to clot, osteoporosis, anemia
(Shul’man, 1974; Mills, 1980).However, when
minerals exceed metabolic demand on requirement,
they tend to become accumulated in tissues of
organisms. Fish can only metabolize heavy metals to
a lesser extent, because most of the heavy metals
are
non-biodegradable
(http:/www.Lenntech.com/feedback2.htm, 2006). The
nature and quality of nutrients in most animals is
dependent upon their food type and feeding habits.
Various studies have been carried out on the
proximate compositions of fish species. Watermann
(2000) worked on the proximate composition of fish
species and concluded that the measurement of
Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 2014, 5(3): 109-117
proximate profiles such as protein, carbohydrates,
lipids, moisture and ash contents is often necessary
to ensure that they meet the requirements of food
regulations and commercial specifications. Some
workers (Abdullahi and Balogun, 2006; Achionye-Nze
and Omoridion; 2002) have earlier, investigated the
proximate/mineral content of some fishes in rivers
and reservoir in Nigeria and reported that freshwater
fishes are good sources of minerals and protein.
Laboratory of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile
Ife, using the methods of A.O.A.C, (2006).
The moisture content was done by oven drying a
0
third of each sample in a Gallenkamp oven at 80 C
for 18 hours, protein determination determined by the
Kjedahl method, lipid determination by the modified
Bligh and dyer procedure, ash content by incineration
0
in a carbolite Sheffield LMF3 muffle furnace at 550 C.
For the mineral analysis, the ashed products were
digested by dissolving in nitric and perchloric acid
mixture (4ml 60% perchloric acid + 25ml
concentrated nitric acid). After digestion, Na and K
were measured with Corning U.K. model 405 flame
photometer, Fe, Mg, Ca, Mn, Cu and Zn were
determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry,
using a Perkins Elmer spectrophotometer, U.S.A
model 205 series.
Considering the nutritional benefits associated with
fish consumption and the attendant risk associated
with eating fish, it has therefore become important
that the proximate and mineral composition of some
of the fish species in Osinmo Reservoir be assessed
in order to ensure they meet the requirements of food
regularities
and
commercial
specifications
(Watermann, 2000) and also establish the safety
level of the fish species. The fish species sampled
and
analyzed
include,
Clarias
gariepinus,
Parachanna obscrura, Sarotherodon galilaeus and
Tilapia zilli.
Data Analysis: SPSS (version 10) PC software was
used for statistical analyses. Proximate composition
and elemental content data generated were
subjected to a non-parametric t-test (Mann-Whitney
U-Wilcoxon Rank Sum W-test) and the Tukey-HSD
one-way ANOVA for comparison at the 5% level of
significance (Duncan, 1955).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The morphormetric characteristics (TL and Wt), of the
fish species collected from Osinmo reservoir, Ado
Ekiti are shown in Tables 1: T. zilli (TL =23.4-31.8cm;
Wt=290.0-388.0g), T. galileus (TL =15.0-24.0cm;
Wt=40.01-300.0g), P. obscura
(TL=32.3-47.1cm;
Wt=342-992g) and C. gariepinus (TL =34.4051.50cm; Wt=475-975g). These are mixtures of
juveniles, young adults and adult fish.
The results of the proximate compositions of the fish
species, over the months, are displayed in Table 1,
while the comparative mean values are displayed in
Fig. 1-4. There were no significant differences
(P<0.05) in the mean monthly proximate composition
of any of the fish species, within the sampling period.
All the fish species are rich in crude protein, lipid,
moisture and ash respectively, but the mean monthly
protein content of P. obscura (21.60%) is significantly
higher (p>0.05) than those of C. gariepinus (17.37%);
T. zilli (18.89%) and T. galilaeus (18.56%). The mean
monthly lipid and ash contents of P. obscura (5.95%;
1.67%) are also significantly higher (p>0.05) than
those of the other three fish species (1.37-2.56%;
0.39-0.46%), while the moisture content of P.
obscura (65.95%) is significantly lower (p>0.05) than
those of the other three species (78.11-79.68%).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Area of Study: Osinmo reservoir is in Ejigbo Local
Government area of Osun state, Nigeria. The
reservoir was newly created in 2005 by the
impoundment of Ataro River, which took its source
from Iware in Oyo state. Many streams unite to form
3
the river. The catchment area is about 102km . The
0
reservoir is located in the longitude 004 21.2’ to
0
0
0
004 21.7’E and latitude 07 52.8’N to 07 53.2’N. The
3
surface area of the reservoir is about 0.78 km , while
the mean maximum depth is 3.2m. The area
occupies an undulating terrain with the highest
altitude of about 365.76m above sea level (Komolafe
and Arawomo, 2008).
Collection of specimens: The fish specimens were
purchased from local fishermen, once a month, for a
period of 5 months (July-November). Immediately the
fish were landed/purchased, they were transported,
in ice chest, to the laboratory of Zoology Department
of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife. The fish were
washed with tap water, identified using the fish
identification
key.
Necessary
morphometric
parameters [weight (Wt) in g, total length (TL) in cm]
were taken. Fish were then de-scaled, beheaded,
gutted and filleted. The fillets were packed in labeled
0
foil bowls, kept in deep thermocool freezer at -4 C
until needed for further determination.
Biochemical Analysis: Proximate and elemental
analyses of the samples were done at the Animal
Science laboratory and the Central Science
110
Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 2014, 5(3): 109-117
Table 1: Monthly mean morphometric parameters and proximate composition (%) of the fillets of P. obscura, C.
gariepinus, T. zilli and S. galileus in Osinmo reservoir.
C gariepinus
Month
TL (cm)
Wt (g)
C.Protein
Lipid
Moisture
Ash
July
-
-
-
-
-
-
Aug.
51.50 ±1
750 ±50
17.09
2.20
80.32
0.39
Sept.
43.65 ±1
975 ±125
18.02
2.19
79.38
0.40
Oct.
35.40 ±6
475 ±175
18.31
1.79
79.51
0.39
Nov.
34.40 ±4
540 ±240
18.32
1.80
79.50
0.38
P. obscrura
July
32.31 ±5
342±34
21.30
6.50
66.50
1.60
Aug.
40.70 ±12
650±120
22.44
5.90
65.90
2.12
Sept.
47.10 ±6
992±200
20.91
6.10
66.10
1.60
Oct.
37.30 ±4
482±54
22.12
4.96
64.96
1.40
Nov.
38.80 ±17
780 ±58
21.32
6.30
66.30
1.64
T. zilli
July
25.23 ±7
330 ±32
19.32
2.54
77.71
0.43
Aug.
23.40±3
310 ±44
19.31
2.55
77.70
0.44
Sept.
27.10±2
290 ±24
19.48
2.56
77.51
0.45
Oct.
30.77 ±3
388 ±33
17.01
2.52
79.99
0.48
Nov.
28.11 ±6
323 ±45
19.33
2.51
77.68
0.48
S. galileus
July
17.6 ±2
125 ±34
17.75
1.39
80.43
0.43
Aug.
20.8 ±7
200 ±22
19.13
1.41
79.04
0.42
Sept.
16.5 ±4
96 ±15
19.12
1.40
79.08
0.40
Oct.
19.0 ± 5
175 ±41
19.16
1.38
79.07
0.39
Nov.
16.6 ±1
140 ±27
17.69
1.37
80.54
0.40
111
Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 2014, 5(3): 109-117
C. gariepinus
2.00%
17.39%
P. obscrura
1.67%
0.39%
5.95%
Moisture
Moisture
C.Protein
21.60%
C.Protein
Lipid
55.95%
Lipid
Ash
Ash
79.68%
1.39%
18.56%
S. galilaeus
2.54%
0.41%
T. zilli
0.46%
18.89%
Moisture
Moisture
C.Protein
C.Protein
Lipid
Lipid
Ash
Ash
78.11%
79.63%
Fig.1-4: Comparative mean monthly proximate compositions (% dry matter) of the fish species
in Osinmo reservoir.
P.obscrura (0.91µg), while C. gariepinus recorded the
lowest concentration (0.84 µg). There was however,
no significant difference (p>0.05) between them. The
concentration of Zn was consistently the lowest, and
almost, uniformly the same throughout the months,
for most of the species.
From the monthly analysis of the elemental
composition for all the fish species (Table 2), there is
no consistency in the monthly pattern of
concentrations of the elements in the fillets. For all
the months of sampling, Na and K concentrations
were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the other
elements, for all the fish species. The pattern of
elemental concentration in the fillets of each of the
species
is
in
the
order;
Na>K>Ca>Mg>Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn.
In the comparative analysis (Fig. 2), K, Na, Mg and
Ca could be regarded as major elements for all the
fish species, while Fe and Mn could be classified as
minor elements and Zn and Cu could be regarded as
trace elements, based on their concentration in the
fillets.
The highest concentration of Na was recorded for S.
galileus (0.92µg). This was closely followed by
112
Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 2014, 5(3): 109-117
Table 2: Monthly mean elemental composition (µg/g dry weight) of the fillet of P. obscura, C. gariepinus, T. zilli and
S. galileus in Osinmo reservoir
P. obscura
Month
Ca
Mg
K
Na
Fe
Mn
Zn
Cu
July
0.51
0.33
0.60
0.60
0.11
0.08
0.01
0.03
Aug.
0.49
0.29
0.57
0.67
0.10
0.07
0.02
0.02
Sept.
0.52
0.32
0.59
0.50
0.12
0.08
0.02
0.03
Oct.
0.73
0.43
0.91
0.91
0.10
0.12
0.03
0.04
Nov.
0.69
0.40
0.90
0.90
0.11
0.12
0.03
0.04
C.gariepinus
July
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Aug.
0.60
0.31
0.79
0.84
0.18
0.10
0.02
0.03
Sept.
0.62
0.30
0.86
0.82
0.19
0.10
0.02
0.03
Oct.
0.61
0.31
0.82
0.83
0.18
0.10
0.02
0.03
Nov.
0.62
0.30
0.84
0.83
0.19
0.10
0.02
0.03
T. zilli
Month
Ca
Mg
K
Na
Fe
Mn
Zn
Cu
July
0.59
0.32
0.89
0.84
0.20
0.10
0.02
0.03
Aug.
0.57
0.34
0.78
0.78
0.18
0.10
0.02
0.03
Sept.
0.70
0.41
0.77
0.89
0.18
0.11
0.02
0.02
Oct.
0.64
0.37
0.78
0.86
0.18
0.11
0.02
0.02
Nov.
0.61
0.35
0.84
0.88
0.19
0.10
0.02
0.02
S. galileus
July
0.65
0.36
0.92
0.80
0.23
0.11
0.02
0.02
Aug.
0.81
0.43
0.87
0.73
0.21
0.10
0.02
0.03
Sept.
0.68
0.40
0.80
0.92
0.20
0.10
0.02
0.03
Oct.
0.47
0.31
0.60
0.82
0.11
0.08
0.02
0.02
Nov.
0.64
0.37
0.73
0.77
0.16
0.09
0.02
0.03
113
Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 2014, 5(3): 109-117
3.5
Concentration (µg dry wt)
3
2.5
2
S. galilaeus
1.5
T. zilli
P. obscrura
1
C. gariepinus
0.5
0
Na
K
Ca
Mg
Fe
Elements
Mn
Zn
Cu
Fig. 5: Comparative mean monthly elemental compositions (µg/g dry matter) of the fish species in Osinmo reservoir.
The fishes had moisture ranging from 62.52 –
79.63% indicating that the percentage moisture in
fish muscles was within the acceptable level (60-80
%) in all the samples which could be due to the
stable water levels in the location where the fish were
collected. The high moisture content in all the species
is within the previously reported range in other fishes
(Gallagher et al., 1991) The results showed that the
moisture and lipid contents in fish fillets are inversely
related, as recorded for other fish species (FAO,
1999). High moisture content could be a
disadvantage in that it increases fish susceptibility to
microbial spoilage, oxidative degradation of
polyunsaturated fatty acids and consequently
decreases in the quality of the fishes for longer
preservation time. As the moisture content of
Parachanna is lower than that of the other fishes, it
will take shorter time to smoke-dry the fish hence
encouraging its preservation and added value for the
marketability of the species.
All the fish species examined belonged to highprotein (18-23%) low-oil (<5%) category. The
relatively high crude protein in freshwater fishes
could be attributed to the fact that fishes are good
source of pure protein (Burgess, 1975). Indeed the
protein content of the species is higher than that of
the egg yolk (15%) reported by CFCD (2002). Alli et
al. (2001) reported that protein content which is a
vital constituent of living cells tends to vary relatively
little in healthy fish unless drawn upon during
particular demands of reproduction or during food
deprivation periods. As the protein content only
shows slight variation in all the species, it can be
concluded they are all under the same health
condition (Amar-Abasi and Ogar, 2013). The protein
content of P. obscura found to be higher than the
other fish species is in agreement with the findings of
previous workers and is within the range found for
other members of the family Channidae (Table 3).
114
Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 2014, 5(3): 109-117
Table 3:
A comparison of the proximate composition of Parachanna obscura in this work with that of
other fishes of the same family/location.
Species
Protein
Lipid
Ash
Moisture
Authors
Channa striatus
23.00
11.90
1.80
n.a
Baliu et al., (2007)
Snakehead murrel
18.6
0.40
1.30
80.4
Narhasan (2008)
P. obscrura
21.5
17.30
7.76
51.1
Ama-Abasi and Ogar (2013)
P. obscrura
18.23
2.68
3.55
68.61
Fapohunda and Ogunkoya (2006)
what some authors (Fapounda and Ogunkoya, 2006;
Olagunju et al., 2012) have recorded.
The high protein content of P. obscura could be
traced to the fact that this fish is a carnivore. The high
protein makes it a highly valued food fish and its
aquaculture should be extensively explored in the
face of rising cost of other sources of protein like
meat and chicken.
The pattern of elemental concentration in the fillets of
each
of
the
species,
in
the
order;
Na>K>Ca>Mg>Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn, is contrary to reports
of some workers in some other environmental setting.
For example, Sadiku and Oladimeji (1991) reported a
decreasing order of K> Na> Mg>Ca in the fillet of S.
galilaeus, while Ako and Salihu (2004) reported lack
of well-defined decreasing order of magnitude in
major element evaluated on the same fish from
another environment. Zinc is an essential element for
mammal, fish and other organisms (Eisler, 1993).
There is no FDA Action Level for zinc in fish tissue.
Diets containing Zn between 80-90ppm however
caused digestive problems and decreased serum
cholesterol levels in human (Eisler, 1993). Although it
is an uncommon occurrence in aquatic systems, fish
with diets deficient in Zn can experience reduced
growth and increased mortality.
The mean oil content (1.39-2.54%) recorded for C.
gariepinus, T. zilli and T. galilaeus is on the low
range, while the lipid value of 5.95% for P. obscura is
medium fat according to Ackman (1989), who
reported that fish can be grouped into four categories
according to their fat content: lean fish (< 2 %), low
fat (2 to 4 %), medium fat (4 to 8%), and high fat (>
8%). C. gariepinus and T. zilli can thus be classified
as lean fish. The relatively high fat content observed
for P. obscura, compared with that of other fishes,
seems to be a feature of the genus Channa. Zuraini
et al. (2006) reported a high fat content of up to
11.9% for Channa striatus and Ama-Abasi and Ogar
(2013) reported a value of 17.30% for P. obscura. It
is the high content of lipids that makes Channa
striatus very good healing agent for post-operation
patients (MatJais et al., 1998). It follows therefore,
that Parachanna obscura could also prove a better
healing agent. Therefore, a diet of P. obscura is
strongly
recommended
for
post-natal
and
recuperating patients.
Variations in the concentration of minerals in fish
muscles could be due to their concentration in the
water bodies where they live (Window et al., 1987;
Alli et al., 2001), the fish physiological state (Ako and
Salihu, 2004) and or the ability of the fish to absorb
the elements from their diets and the water bodies.
Microbiological activities in the aquatic environment,
feeding habits and age of fish have also been found
to determine elemental concentrations in fish. Even
within a species of fish, mineral retention depends
mainly on the feed and the feeding rate, interaction
with the water environment. Window et al., (1987)
concluded that although anthropogenic activities
might elevate the concentration of metals in the
environment, the accumulation in the muscle tissue
of fish might be regulated biochemically, to exclude
toxic concentration.
Ash is a measure of the mineral content of food item.
It is the inorganic residue that remains after the
organic matter has been burnt off. The observed
range of ash content in C. gariepinus and P. obscura
(1.67-2.00 %) indicates that the species are a good
source of minerals such as sodium, calcium,
potassium, zinc, iron and magnesium, manganese
and copper. The ash value for the tilapia species
(0.41%) is relatively low. These values are lower than
115
Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 2014, 5(3): 109-117
Burgess, G.H.O. (1975).Increasing the direct consumption
of fish. In: W.W. Pirie (ed.). Food Protein Sources. Int.
Biological Programme 4. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, pp 187-200.
CONCLUSION
All the fish species in Osinmo river, C. gariepinus and
P. obscura, S. galilaeus and T. zilli are all rich
sources of protein, moisture, lipid, ash and minerals.
All the fish species examined belonged to the highprotein (18-23%) and low-oil (<5%, except P.
obscura) category. The pattern of elemental
concentration in the fillets of each of the species, in
the order; Na>K>Ca>Mg>Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn. Variations
in the concentration of minerals in their muscles
could be due to their concentration in the water body,
the fish physiological state and/or the ability of the
fish to absorb the elements from their diets and the
water bodies.
CFCD, 2002. China food composition data base (CDROM). Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety China
CDC, Beijing.
Duncan, D.B. (1955): Multiple range and multiple F-test.
Biometrics 11:1-42.
Eisler, R. (1993): Zinc Hazards to Fish, Wild Life, and
Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review. U.S. Fish Wildlife
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Fapohunda, O. O. and M. Ogunkoya (2006). Effect of
smoke-drying on the proximate composition of Tilapia
zilli, Parachanna obscrura and Clarias gariepinus
obtained from Akure, Ondo-state, Nigeria. Animal
Research International 3(2): 478 – 480.
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