5/28/2015 Ulric Neisser (1928-2012) Part VII Short-Term/Working Memory Reaction On pre-1970s memory research: “If X is an important or interesting feature of human behavior, then X has rarely been studied by psychologists” (Neisser, 1976) against the time Iconic Behaviorism Memory (~.25 sec) Sperling’s (1960) | | William James: Primary vs. Secondary Echoic | Secondary Memory Memory (~4 sec) Neisser (1967) | Primary Memory Whole Report Partial Report Immediate Report Delayed Report Not controllable! Tachistoscope Multi-Store Approach Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) model Components of Model Distinction between STM and LTM 1 5/28/2015 Single Store Approach Embedded Process Model (e.g., Cowan, 1995) Do we have evidence for this distinction? Activity Why is one more active than the other? Access Questions about 30 years war Availability of info in STM vs. LTM Phone-number Capacity STM vs. LTM Maintenance Code Clinical example Evidence H.M. N.A. Different abilities? Conclusion 2 5/28/2015 Leaky Bucket Metaphor of STM Memory Memory Span Miller’s (1956) Magic Number 7 ± 2 Capacity Memory & Chunking 3.5 Nonsense Syl. 5.5 Words 7.8 Digits What Why is it? of skill? Does the skill aid in other tasks? STM does it occur? Training? Can we do it? Transfer vs. LTM Speed Brown Experts? Other enhancements? Serial What about Steve Faloon? and Peterson Task Position Effects Time? “Please learn the following” HWJ TRK QPT BHS MXG Count Backwards by 3s 397 394 391 298 295 … “Please recall the consonant trigram.” Very Rapid Forgetting Mutter (1980) Sebrechts, Marsh, & Seamon (1989) 3 5/28/2015 2 Probe Rust and Time metaphor Back to Brown-Peterson task Keppel & Underwood (1962) New twist? Rehearsal and Coding Acoustic, Visual, Semantic? Digit (Waugh & Norman;1965) Presentation Rate: 1 vs. 4 per second) Probe Position: Beginning or End of List Similarity competing theories (Reitman, 1973; 1974) White noise Syllable detection Capacity? Intuition? Nature of Rehearsal/Coding? Rehearsal Rate (Landauer, 1962) Back to perceptual confusions (Conrad, 1964) Word Length Effect (Baddeley et al., 1975) | Welsh Digits > English Digits (Ellis & Hennelly, 1980) 4 5/28/2015 Alternate Hierarchical Organization Back to ideas of chunking | Role of Working Memory STM and its relationship with LTM Working Type of Coding? (Seamon & Chumbley, 1977) Ericcson, Chase, & Falloon (1980): 80 digits! New conceptualization of STM? Memory and STM 5 5/28/2015 Nine Digits, visually Conditions Three Spoken Words Nonsense Syllables Silence Phonological New Loop? Experiment… Vallar & Baddeley (1984) Instructions: Repeat the following word over and over and… “THE” Role What Why is it? does it occur? of Phonological Loop Recode Subvocal Rehearsal Evidence for existence 2 different strategies Recall for different strategies Selective interference 6 5/28/2015 More Selective Interference Baddeley et al. (1975) & Brooks (1967) Role Why is it hard to pin down? Back to Reason’s slips of action Attention Memory Basics Two types of models STM vs. LTM Working Memory 7
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