First Peoples
!
I.!!Precontact!Native!Americans!
A.!Complex!Societies!
1.!__________________!was!developed!in!the!___________________________!~!4000!BC!
2.!Planting!crops!provided!a!more!_______________________________________________!
3.!This!allowed!for!the!rise!of!_____________________________________________________!
4.!The!Aztec!
a.!In!Mexico’s!central!highlands!
b.!Dominated!_______________________________________________________________!
c.!!Population!of!_________________________!in!Mexico!
5.!!The!South!and!Northwest!
a.!Thousands!of!years!after!Aztec:!_________________________________________!
____________________________________________________________!
b.!Only!in!northwest!will!_______________________________!produce!complex!
societies!
c.!Still,!no!________________________!or!_______________________!north!of!Mexico!
B.!!Great!Plains!and!Eastern!Seaboard!
1.North!American!tribes!were!__________________________!
2.!____________________________________!!
3.!________________________________!along!the!Atlantic!seaboard!
C.!!The!Iroquois!!
1.Political!alliance!of!__________________________!
2.Hunters/gatherers/farmers!in!_____________________________________!
3.Role!of!______________________________!
II.!At!the!end!of!the!fifteenth!century…!
A.!Native!American!peoples!had!developed!hundreds!of!____________________________!
that!were!fineWtuned!to!the!_______________________________________________________________!
of!their!homelands!
1.Hunting,!fishing,!farming,!gathering,!etc.!
B.!_____________________________________!
1.!__________________________!gathering,!hunting,!childrearing,!etc.!
C.!No!__________________________!in!North!America!
!
!
Imperial Models
!
I.!!Europe in the 15th Century
A. The rise of ____________________________
B. Improvements in ______________________ and ______________________
1. ______________________
2. ______________________
3. ______________________
C. Increased use of ______________________________
II. Goals
A. ____________: competition between religious faiths
B. ____________: desire for new sources of wealth through trade or other means
C. ____________: increased national (and personal) status and power
III. Spanish Exploration
A. __________________________________
1. 1492: Columbus lands in the ______________________
2. Columbus’s mixed legacy: success or failure?
a. ________________________________
B. _______________________________
1. _______________________________________
2. Included:
a. Vasco Nunez de Balboa
b. Juan Ponce de Leon
c. Ferdinand Magellan
d. Hernan Cortes
e. Francisco Pizarro
f. Hernando de Soto
IV. Contact
A. Contact between the Old World and the New will bring about MAJOR
_________________________________ change on both sides
B. The world will never be the same
C. Spain and the Native Americans
1.Early contact will lead to
_________________________________________________________
2. Introduction of _________________________________________ will forever change
settlement patterns
3. Brutal __________________________________ will eventually be replaced by slavery
4. Rise of White Supremacy
a. Unused to different cultures, Spanish explorers quickly categorized Native
Americans as __________________________
b. Even so, there was much __________________________ and Spanish colonial
communities were organized by ______________________________
5. The Mission System
a. Europeans attempted to _____________ Native American society
i. ____________________
ii. ____________________
iii. ___________________________
b. This led to ______________ and ______________________
c. Example: ____________________________________
i. Forced assimilation led to bloody revolt in 1680
ii. NAs of present-day New Mexico ______________________ and
___________________________________________
iii. Revolts would lead to _____________________________________ to NA
culture by Spanish
D. French and Dutch and Native Americans
1.Focused more ___________________________________________
a. Notable exception – _________________________________
2.Used trade alliances and intermarriage to secure _____________________________
3. Effects on NA Populations
a. Trade alliances led to
_____________________________________________________
i. Example: ______________________________
b. Introduction of _____________________________ increased social problems and
political instability in Native populations
Summary?
•Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
•French & Dutch: ____________________________________________________________
•Difference between the English?
E. Enduring European Effects
1. ________________________…the end
2. Spanish ___________________________________________________ - fueled the growth
of capitalism
3. Start of ____________________________________________________________________
English Colonize America: The Chesapeake
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Puritan New England:
Fill in Notes
!
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Divine!Election!
A. The!Puritans!believed!in!___________________________!
B. Believed!in!limiting!___________________________to!those!who!could!prove!their!
__________________!status.!
C. Did!not!like!sharing!the!___________________________with!the!damned!
Pilgrims!(Separatists)!
A. Wanted!separation!from!hierarchical!and!impious!___________________________!
B. Briefly!sought!refuge!in!the!Netherlands.!!
1. Worried!about!the!___________________________of!their!children!
C. Formed!a!_____________________and!set!out!on!the!Mayflower!for!Virginia!Co.!
territory.!
D. Mayflower!Compact!
1. The!Pilgrims!decided!to!settle!in!____________________!without!a!royal!
charter!
2. The!MC!was!signed!by!41!____________________!as!a!social!contract.!
3. Not!a!constitution,!but!established!principle!of!!__________________________!
E. Success!
1. Positive!relationship!with!___________________________!
2. Bountiful!harvest!
3. Economic!legs!in!fur:!___________________________!
4. Good!leadership!
Exodus!
A. Charles!I!inspired!even!more!___________________________than!his!predecessor.!
B. About!1000!Puritans!fled!to!___________________________!
C. Led!by!___________________________they!established!the!Massachusetts!Bay!Colony.!
Covenant!Theology!
A. Believed!they!were!the!new!______________________,!God’s!_________________!nation!
B. _____________________,!not!solely!_____________________,!commitment!to!upholding!
covenant!with!God!
1. Required!mutual!_____________________!and!_____________________!
2. No!toleration!of!_____________________!or!disorder.!
3. No!_____________________!
C. Implications!
1. Social!!
a. Puritanism!was!___________________________!
b. “Blue!Laws”!outlined!proper!behavior!
c. ___________________________!was!stressed!
d. Tightly!bound!___________________________!
2. Economic!
a. “Puritan!___________________________”!
V.
3. Political!
a. Only!“visible!saints”!or!church!members!could!________________!
b. ____________________________________!
D. Unrest!and!Expansion!
a. ___________________________Minister!of!Salem,!favored!separation!of!
church!and!state.!
b. Questioned!the!seizure!of!___________________________!
c. Banished!and!resettled!in!Rhode!island!without!a!
___________________________!
2. Anne!Hutchinson!
a. Held!weekly!prayer!meetings!in!her!house.!
b. Challenged!Puritan!___________________________!
c. Perceived!as!a!threat!to!___________________________religious!society!
she!was!banished!to!RI.!
3. Thomas!Hooker!
a. Led!his!congregation!west!looking!for!___________________________!
b. Adopted!Fundamental!Orders!of!Connecticut!
i. Modern!___________________________!
ii. Democratically!controlled!by!most_____________________men!
Puritans!and!Natives!
A. View!death!of!Natives!as!“______________________________________”!
B. Wars/conflicts!arise!as!_________________________!are!created!
1. Pequot!War!(1621)!
C. Attempts!at!conversion,!_________________________!results!
1. ________________________________________!
D. Indians!salvation!in!_________________________!
1. ________________________!(King!Philip’s)!War!(1675)!
!
Founding English America
I) Southern Colonies
A) The ________________________ 1650s
1) Aristocrats hoped to grow food to supply ________________________ in The Carolinas
2) Could be considered a northern outpost of those “________________________” colonies of
the British West Indies (________________________ – sugarcane)
3) West Indies ________________________________brought with original settlers
4) ________________________ emerged as principal crop
5) Aristocrats hopes for ________________________ system were crushed
6) Hierarchical society prevailed in the extension of _____________________
B) __________________________________________Splits
1) Wild northern land occupied by outcasts and _________________ dissenters of other colonies
2) More comparable to _____________________
3) One of the most _____________________, independent minded, least aristocratic of all 13
C) Last Colony: _____________________
1) Founded by James _____________________ in 1730s as a refuge for _____________________.
2) British wanted a _____________________ between Carolinas and _____________________
3) Escalates European _____________________conflict in the Atlantic
Middle Colonies
I) Generalities of the MIDDLE COLONIES
A) _____________________ soil, expansive land: _____________________crops
B) Rivers and forests: _____________________ and lumber
C) _____________________ harbors: seaports such as NY and Philadelphia
D) _____________________mixed
E) “Midway” good rule
1) _____________________
2) Government
II) Penn and the _____________________
A) William Penn given _____________________ colony
1) Made it a haven for Quakers
(a) Open and _____________________ Christian faith
(b) Believed in _____________________ salvation, pacifism, egalitarianism
(c) Treated NA with _____________________
2) Also to make _____________________
B) Pennsylvania Society
1) _____________________, gave land, attracted religious misfits and diverse ethnic groups:
(a) Freedom of _____________________
(b) Elected assembly
(c) _____________________ plan
2) Immigrants will _____________________ anti slavery/pro NA Quaker policies
III) _____________________, NJ, Delaware
A) _____________________ granted his brother land between Conn. and Delaware Rivers
1) _____________________ claimed the area
2) Under threat of _____________________, they surrendered without firing a shot
B) ½ of population was _____________________ anyway
C) Dominated by class of powerful _____________________
British Imperial Policy: Mercantilism
I. Mercantilism
A. ___________________ are taken out of colonies.
B. They are then used to make a ___________________.
C. That product is sold to people in the home country and the colony.
II. The Navigation Acts (1650 and on)
A. Early
1. Colonial imports and exports operated by _______________________________
2. European goods went through ___________________
3. ___________________ goods could be exported to England only
B. Later Navigation Acts
1. ___________________
a. Placed a tariff on French molasses.
b. Colonists complained it would hurt rum production, ignored
2. On colonial manufacturing
a. Prohibited Americans from selling ___________________, iron products, and
hats
3. ____________________ restricts printing of money
C. Enforcement
1. Smuggling of ___________ and _____________ goods
2. ______________________ notoriously corrupt
3. Lax enforcement set a ___________________
4. Salutary Neglect: British turn a blind eye to ___________________ because they are
getting rich
D. Impacts
1. Positive
a. New England ___________________ prospered
b. Chesapeake tobacco ___________________ in England
c. English military forces protected colonies from potential attacks from
___________________
2. Negative
a. Colonial manufacturing was ___________________
b. Chesapeake farmers received low prices for their ________________
c. Colonists paid high prices for ___________________from England
III. Exception- Dominion of New England
A. After Restoration, ________________________________________________
B. _____________________ fed up with smugglers
C. Mass, Conn, RI, NY, NJ __________________________________ into Dominion of
New England in 1686
D. Authoritarian Measures
1. ___________________was made governor of the Dominion.
2. He banned ___________________
3. Strongly advocated ___________________.
4. Imposed new taxes.
E. End of Dominion
1. _________________ deposes James II
2. Puritans seized ___________________ and shipped him back to England.
3. ______________ restored, expanded voting rights to ________________________
IV. Salutary Neglect
A. Of trade
1. Despite colonial disobedience, England ___________________from trade system
2. Parliament focused on trade and defense
B. Of governance
1. Rise of ___________________
2. Followed the example of the ___________________
3. Colonial elite predominantly ruled
King Philip’s War
A Case Study in English-Native American Relations in Colonial New England
What Happened?
Document 1: Mary Rowlandson Is Captured by Indians (1675)
1. What image of Native Americans does Rowlandson create for the readers of her
“captivity narrative?”
2. What religious meaning did she find in the Indian attack and in her captivity? How
is this consistent with Puritan theology?
Document 2: Plymouth Officials Justify the War (1675)
1. How do the Plymouth officials justify war? What do they see as the principal
offense of the Native Americans?
2. What signs of bias are evident in the document? What weaknesses are evident in
their argument?
Document 3: A Rhode Island Quaker Sympathizes with the Indians (1675)
1. Summarize the Native American arguments against the English.
2. Why is it significant that the author is both a Quaker and a resident of Rhode
Island?
Critical Thinking Questions:
1. How do these documents demonstrate about the English colonial model? How is
the English model different from the Spanish model in terms of Native American
relations?
2. Which document do you think is the most reliable account of King Philip’s War
and why?
Name: _________________________________________________Date: ______________ Period: ________
Africans in America: The Terrible Transformation
!
1) When did the first Africans arrive in America? How many were there?
2) Under English law, _________________ could not be enslaved for life.
3) Like most Europeans arriving in the colony, these first Africans came as ________________________.
4) Plantation owners initially intended to rely on who as their principal labor force?
5) Most indentured servants were under the age of ______________.
6) In return for their passage to Virginia, indentured servants had traded __________________________.
7) What was an “indenture”?
8) Most servants had been promised “freedom dues” after their service: a bushel of corn, a new suit of
clothes, and __________________________________________________.
9) The headright system provided _________ acres of land for each servant brought into the colony.
10) By 1622, ____________________ new settlers had arrived in Virginia.
11) Who was Antonio (Anthony Johnson)? Why was his story unique?
12) When Antonio arrived, the laws did not yet define ____________________, only
_____________________________.
13) By 1650, there were _________________ black people in Virginia out of a population of almost
___________________________________.
14) What significant event happened in 1640 (in terms of the development of slaver)?
15) The English definition of who could be enslaved began to shift from ____________________ to
___________________________.
16) In 1641, ______________________ became the first British colony to recognize slavery. Virginia
legally recognized slavery in ________________.
17) An individual’s status as free or slave depended on the status of his/her
___________________________. In Virginia, slavery would be defined by ____________________
and perpetuated through ______________________.
18) As word of _____________________ in Virginia made its way back to Europe, the colony faced an
increasing shortage of servant labor.
19) Why were indentured servants becoming a problem?
20) What happened in the 1676 servant rebellion?
21) Racial slavery seemed more attractive to southern landowners because they were a permanent,
dependent _____________________________ who could be defined as a people
_______________________.
22) Slavery tends to work the best when the people being enslaved are described as
__________________, allowing them to be put in an inheritable permanent status of slavery.
23) Few ships sailing from Africa made it beyond the ___________________ to sell their cargo in
_______________________________.
24) In 1672, the king of England chartered the _______________________________, encouraging it to
expand the British slave trade.
25) In its first 16 years, the company transported nearly __________________ Africans to the Americas.
26) What racial law was passed in 1691?
27) The development of a slave society meant that the __________________ of some would depend on
the _____________________ of others. The British colonies were thus living a
_______________________ history.
28) What happened to Anthony Johnson’s land after he died?
29) What laws did the Virginia legislature pass in 1705? Why were they significant?
30) In the half century after 1698, the number of Africans transported to the British colonies increased
from _____________ per year to ________________ per year. England became the largest trafficker
in slaves in the Western world.
31) Most slaves taken from Africa were strong young men ages ________________, but women and
children were also taken.
32) In order to obtain slaves, Africans ______________________________. How did this affect
communities?
33) In West Africa, __________________ people were kidnapped into slavery but only _____________
would survive the journey to the coast.
34) Describe Equiano’s trip to the coast.
35) 50 years before Columbus sailed to the New World, ________________________ explorers had
sailed to West Africa. At first they were seeking __________________.
36) The Europeans built ___________________________________ along the West Coast of Africa. They
were called “___________________.”
37) The Europeans made more than ____________________ voyages to trade in human beings.
38) More than _____________ million Africans have been counted in records that remain- most headed
for South America and the ______________________, with ½ million to mainland North America.
39) Why were ship captains advised not to take all their slaves from the same place/region?
40) The trip from Africa to the New World was called the ________________________, the middle leg of
a triangular course that began and ended in Europe.
41) How long did the passage usually take?
42) Describe the conditions on the slave ships. Provide details.
43) ____________________ slaves in Barbados died within a year of arrival.
44) Equiano ended his middle passage on _______________________________________
45) The plantation system of Barbados was admired and imitated particularly by the
___________________________________________ coast
46) The Middletons owned ___________________________ acres and _______________________ slaves
47) What was the cash crop South Carolinians found to make them rich? __________________
48) Why was rice such a dangerous crop to harvest?
49) True or False: The Goosecreek pastor believed that Africans had no eternal soul
50) How were male and female slaves punished for escaping?
51) Africans in America increased in number day by day by both ________________________________
and __________________________________
52) What happened in 1710 with the population of South Carolina?
53) What did this lead to?
54) “The entire system of control is based on _____________________________________”
55) Africans and Indians were attacking southern Carolina, sent from
_________________________________________
56) September 9, 1739 ____________________ slaves start marching towards St. Augustine
57) What did the African slave rebels hope would happen at the end of their rebellion?
58) What happened to the slave rebels that were shot? Why?
59) Where was this rebellion? _________________________________________
60) What were two things that were outlawed to slaves after the Stono Rebellion?
61) What were these new laws called?
!
!
African American Discussion Questions
1. What was the difference between Spanish and French understandings of race, and British-American
understandings? What are some similarities? Why do you think the institution of slavery became so
strong and entrenched in British North America, more so than anywhere else in the world?
2. What were instrumental events on the road to American chattel slavery?
3. How did the development of slavery in British North America change African social patterns in the
New World – familial, cultural, religious, etc.?
4.
How did African slaves show agency in 17th Century America? (Definition of agency: the capacity of
individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices.)
American Colonial Culture
!
Part One: Use chapter 5 of The American Pageant to answer the following questions with your
group.
Population Shifts
How and why did the British-American colonies experience extreme population shifts in the 18th
century?
List the immigrant groups present in the British-American colonies by 1775. Where did each settle,
why did each come, and how did each contribute to an evolving American culture?
Religion
What were the main religious denominations in the colonies, where were they prevalent, and how did
they impact daily life?
What is the significance of the Anglican church and what factors promoted Anglicanization in the
colonies?
Define “established” church. What were the “established” churches in the American colonies?
Social Structure
In what ways was 18th century colonial society both egalitarian and stratified?
How did social structures differ between regions?
Professions
What were the most common professions in British colonial America? Give a brief description of each.
Education
How was the attitude towards education in the colonies developing differently than the traditional
British view of education?
Which region most valued education and why?
Describe the typical experience of a child in a colonial school- curriculum, discipline, etc.
What was the purpose of the first colleges established in colonial America?
Art and Writing
How did colonial art and writing show evidence of a continued link to Britain?
Describe colonial newspapers.
What is the significance of the Zenger trial?
Why was Benjamin Franklin a significant figure for an emerging American culture?
Politics
What was the American attitude towards taxation and why?
How did colonial legislatures gain power? Why might this power distribution be significant?
Were the American colonies a true democracy? Take a position (yes, no, partially…) and provide
supporting evidence.
Part Two: With your group post-it paper
1) Make a T-chart analyzing the following:
! Ways in which the American colonists remained linked to Britain
! Ways in which the American colonists developed their own unique identity
2) Pick a colonial region and draw an “average” colonist from that region. Your stick-figure colonist
must have at least five symbols that represent colonial cultural trends from that region and/or
colonial trends as a whole.
! For some random, fun details about colonial life to add to your colonist, read “Colonial
Folkways” on pages 94 to 95.
3) Choose one representative from the group to present your post-it paper to the class.
The French and Indian War
I. Territorial Disputes
A. Competing claims to ________________________________
1. _____________ from Canada
2. _____________ from colonies
3. ______________________
II. French Forts
A. Rumors of French forts prompt ________________________________________
B. Skirmish outside _____________________
C. Washington ____________________
III. __________________________ Take Sides
A. To maintain __________________________and __________________________, tribes shifted
_____________________ with European powers, playing them off of each other
1. British alliance with __________________________
2. __________________________ alliance with Huron
3. Colonists and Native Americans feared constant ___________________and bloodshed
IV. __________________________________
A. _______________ proposed a loose ________________________
B. Intended to deal with __________________________________________
C. Failed due to fears from all sides.
V. War Erupts
A. British expansionists in ______________________________________.
B. British ______________ early on.
VI. French Victories
A. Tide turns
B. Indians ally with _______________ (not __________________)
C. British General Braddock suffers humiliating defeat at ________________________
VII. Pitt the Elder
A. British ____________________________
B. Paid colonists for half their _________________________________
C. Global strategy successful after ___________________________
Colonists
British
Methods of Fighting
Military Organization
Military Discipline
Finances
Demeanor
VIII. The Treaty of Paris
A. _____________ --> lost her __________________, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands
east of the _____________________________
B. ___________ --> got all French lands _____________________, New Orleans, but lost
_________________ to England.
C. _________________ --> got all __________________ in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave
trade, and _________________________
in India.
Road to Revolution
I. The French and Indian War - Consequences
A. Changing _____________________
1. The relationship between __________________ and her colonies ___________________
changed after the F&I War
2. Why?
a. British fear of __________________________________________
b. __________________________________________exposed
c. _____________________ of war
3. How Did the Relationship Change?
a. For Britain
i. More _____________________, protective, like a mother hen.
__________________________________________ends, taxation initiated
b. For American Colonies
i. Feel more _____________________ and confident. Will feel mistreated by
mother country for the first time – Is this relationship
________________________________?
II. Events toward Revolution
A. __________________________________________
1. After war, colonists flooded across __________________________________________
2. Pressured by influx, _____________________ led bloody rebellion
3. Put down by British but:
a. __________________________________________established a boundary for western
expansion, angering colonists
B. British Crackdown
1. 10,000 British troops stationed in colonies during _____________________
2. Increased __________________________________________, bureaucracy
3. End of Salutary Neglect
a. Navigation Acts and future acts __________________________________________
C. Taxation
1. PM _____________________ hoped to _____________________war debt by levying taxes
on the colonies
2. Pre F&I War - Custom duties (Navigation Acts) were:
a. _____________________ (consumer doesn’t see it)
b. _____________________ (controlling trade)
c. Had _____________________ been used to raise $
3. The __________________________________________1764
a. Replaced Molasses Act of 1733 with a lower, yet _____________________, tax on
__________________________________________
b. First indirect, __________________________________________tax on colonists
c. __________________________________________were instated to punish smugglers
i. No ‘jury of your peers’
4. The __________________________________________1765
a. All printed material required to have a tax stamp
b. First _____________________, revenue raising tax
c. _____________________ had paid stamp tax for decades
5. __________________________________________1765
a. Quartering Act forces colonists to ________________________________British troops
D. Colonists Fight Back
1. Colonists cite English __________________________________________in protest
a. All taxes must originate from local _____________________
i. “No taxation without representation” vs. “_________________________________”
b. Vice Admiralty courts deny __________________________________________
c. Colonial petitions ignored
2. The __________________________________________
a. Suggested by __________________________________________of Massachusetts
b. Challenged the _____________________ of Stamp & Sugar acts
c. Ignored by Parliament
3. The __________________________________________
a. Secret organization of American “patriots.”
b. _____________________ resistance to Stamp act
c. __________________________________________
d. Political agitation via _____________________
4. Boycotts and __________________________________________
a. Americans refused to buy British goods
b. __________________________________________made _____________________
cloth and goods to help the cause
c. Social pressure and _____________________ if colonists didn’t comply
E. Repeal!
1. __________________________________________ most effective
a. Pressure from __________________________________________influences parliament
2. Repeal of Stamp Act passed with _____________________– Parliament has full power
over colonies
a. Grenville replaced by Rockingham
F. __________________________________________1767
1. Created _____________________, revenue raising taxes on a paper, glass, lead, paint,
and _____________
2. Funds strengthen power of the __________________________________________in the
colonies: Governors get _____________________
3. __________________________________________allow search of suspected smugglers
homes without warrant
G. __________________________________________1767
1. New York refused to comply with the Quartering Act
2. Restraining Act disbanded _________________________________________until it
complied
3. Realization of colonial fears
H. Heightened Conflict
1. Increased _____________________
2. __________________________________________repealed (1770) by PM North, save
only a small tax on tea but…
3. Commission on _____________________opened regarding colonial smuggling
a. Thousands of soldiers sent to _____________________, the smuggling hub
I. The __________________________________________1770
1. Confrontation in Boston between soldiers and mob
2. Troops fire into crowd __________________________________________
3. Event becomes the centerpiece of __________________________________________and
propaganda
J. 1770-1772 Years of peace, but...
1. __________________________________________
a. ________________________own form of patriotic propaganda
b. Secret network __________________________________________together to warn
each other of British actions and spread spirit of resistance
c. Starts in Mass., becomes _____________________
d. Boston Massacre, ___________________________(1772) referenced heavily
III. Verge of Revolution
A. _____________________1773
1. New PM North grants __________________________________________a monopoly on
Tea
2. Made British tea _____________________ for Americans, despite Townshend tax
3. Perceived as an effort to break the _____________________and divide colonists
B. __________________________________________1773
1. Gov. Hutchinson determined to land tea, using troops if necessary
2. __________________________________________sneak on board and destroy a fortune
in tea
C. Coercive/Intolerable Acts- 1774
1. _____________________: closed harbor until tea was paid for
2. _____________________rescinded Mass. Charter, bans meetings
3. New _____________________
4. Justice Act : trials to be moved to _____________________.
5. __________________________________________1774
a. Expanded Quebec into the __________________________________________
b. Limited Western Boundary of Virginia
c. Religious tolerance for _____________________
d. Annoyed landed elites and _____________________
D. First __________________________________________1774
1. Colonial Unity
a. Meeting of 12 colonies demanded repeal of the _____________________
b. Open defiance of British authority
c. Broad (not total) __________________________________________from a majority of
Americans
E. British Response
1. In effort to subdue Mass., British soldiers try to _________________________________
weapons stores
2. They were met by colonial forces at _____________________- “the shot heard round the
world”
3. They continued on to _____________________ and destroyed some supplies
F. Americans cause ____________ British casualties on their march back to Boston and begin to
gather on hills around the city…
Name: _________________
“Declaring Independence” -Pauline Maier
1) How was the Second Continental Congress different than the First Continental
Congress?
2) What does the following quote tell you about colonial attitudes at this time:
“If Congress decides to vote for the independence, then we…will most solemnly
define that decision with our lives and fortunes”
3) How was the timing of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense ideal? What about the
pamphlet made it approachable to a large population?
4) What was Jefferson’s strength and weakness?
5) The study of John Locke and the study of Jefferson’s Declaration go hand in hand.
However, according to Maier, why were many of Jefferson’s most famous lines of the
document not “particularly noteworthy in the eighteenth century?”
6) When was the document adopted and when was it signed? Why didn’t Congress
circulate a copy of the documents with signatures until January 1777?
7) Explain the following quote by John Adams. What does it say about civic
responsibility today?
“There weren’t very many talented people around in 1776…which made it very
easy to realize your ambition.”
The War for Independence
!
I.
The Two Sides: Forces and Strategy
A. The Colonial Forces
1. Only ___________of the colonists for war
2. State/colony divisions.
3. Congress couldn’t tax to raise ___________________
4. Essentially no navy
5. Poorly trained troops
Patriots
II.
Loyalists
B. Colonial Strategy
1. ___________________, wear the British down.
2. Guerilla tactics (outright victory unnecessary, just don’t lose decisively)
3. Make an alliance with one of Britain’s ___________________
C. British Forces
1. Professional soldiers, well equipped & trained.
2. ___________________insured control of ports and the coast.
3. Most powerful military of the day.
D. British Strategy
1. Break the colonies ___________________(North/South)
2. Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies
3. “___________________” (use Loyalist sympathies)
Before the Declaration of Independence
A.
Breed/Bunker’s Hill
1. Colonial forces had trapped the British in besieged ___________________.
2. June 17, 1775 British try to take fortified colonial positions.
3. ___________________ victory for the British
B. Second ___________________
1. Created Continental Army for Washington
2. ___________________
3. Failed attempt to invade Canada.
4. King George responds with full invasion.
C. Common Sense
1. Pamphlet published by ___________________.
2. Scathing attack on monarchical institutions
3. Argued for ___________________from British rule.
4. Swayed the undecided
III.
D. Declaration of Independence
1. Authorized by Second ___________________
2. Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson.
3. Includes the ideas of ______________________
4. Adopted _______________________
War after the ___________________
A. Early Losses
1. By 1777: British forces take ___________________________
2. Washington avoids a decisive loss by miraculously ____________________
B. The Battle of Saratoga (Oct 1777)
1. Burgoyne surrounded by Gates’ forces, forced to _______________________
2. Franklin ___________________________________
3. _____________ provide navy, troops, and supplies
*Marquis de Lafayette:
*Benedict Arnold:
IV.
C. Winter at ___________________
1. Washington’s camp for winter of 77-78.
2. _______________________________, loses thousands of troops.
3. Army saved by leadership of Washington and ___________________.
D. African Americans
1. 1775: British offer slaves freedom in return for ___________________
2. Continental Army: __________________________________________
Ending the War
A. British Domestic Troubles
1. The war was becoming very ___________________with the British people.
2. George III convinced defeat would mean the end of the ___________________
3. After Saratoga tries to compromise, but rejected by Americans.
B. ___________________
1. ___________________cornered by Washington & French under Rochambeau
2. Evacuation prevented by French fleet in the ___________________
3. Cornwallis surrenders ___________________________________
C. ___________________
1. Britain recognizes formal independence for America.
2. Rights to ___________________________, border of new nation
3. Fishing rights off of Canada
4. America promises to repay _______________ and return ________________
property
RELIGION
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL/CULTURAL
GEOGRAPHY
NEW ENGLAND
MIDDLE
SOUTH
THE THREE COLONIAL SECTIONS
Use the chart on the back to categorize the following characteristics of the three colonial sections-New England, the Middle colonies, and the
South. They are listed in no particular order:
Geography: Rocky soil
Social/cultural: Religious tolerance and democracy
Religion: Didn’t play as large of a role because people were more spread out
Geography: Short growing seasons
Geography: Many trees (good for lumber)
Social/cultural: Belief that the community prospers through doing God’s will
Economic: Reliance on a large labor force
Religion: Heavily Anglican
Social/cultural: Exclusive (elect vs. damned)
Social/cultural: Stable family life
Economic: Diverse (lumber, shipbuilding, rum distilling, fishing, trading, etc.)
Economic: Clergy, physicians, lawyers, merchants
Religion: Dominated all aspects of life
Geography: Fertile soil
Social/cultural: Population included the reformed and the outcast
Economic: Many small farms but limited by soil and climate
Economic: Some industry and commerce (shipbuilding and grain production)
Religion: Quakers
Geography: Good soil AND humid
Geography: Easy to catch diseases, short life span
Economic: The “bread colonies” and “beaver colonies”
Social/cultural: People isolated in rural areas
Geography: Location of some of the biggest cities and sea ports
Social/cultural: Strict class system
Social/cultural: Focus on economy rather than education
Social/cultural: Best relations with Native Americans
Religion: Mixed religions due to a general sense of religious toleration
Social/cultural: Quality education provided for the betterment of religion
Economic: Medium sized farms/plantations
Social/cultural: Fear of slave rebellion
Social/cultural: Great ethnic diversity
Social/cultural: Unstable family life
Economic: Large plantations dominant over small farms
Economic: Cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo)
Religion: Congregationalists, Puritans, Presbyterians
The Thirteen English Colonies
Colony
Date
Early history of the colony:
Why was it founded?
Any significant names?
New England
Plymouth and Plymouth
Massachusetts – 1620
(combined in
1691)
Mass. Bay
– 1630
Connecticut
1636
Rhode Island
1636
New
Hampshire
1679
Middle Colonies
New York
1625
New Jersey
1664
Pennsylvania
1681
Delaware
1702
Significant Characteristics:
religion, laws, economic trends,
etc.
Southern Colonies
Jamestown
and Virginia
1607
Maryland
1632
North
Carolina
Carolinas
– 1663
NC – 1729
South
Carolina
Carolinas
– 1663
SC – 1729
Georgia
1732
OVERALL ORDER (colony and date):
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)