Appendix: Estimation of Retrieval Errors for SMILES Major
Species
In this Appendix, the results of error estimations are shown in detail for all the 9 molecular
species to be observed by SMILES, for ozone isotopes, and for ozone, H35 Cl, and HO2 in the
mesosphere, using standard atmospheric profiles in the polar, mid-latitude, and equatorial
regions.
A.1 Radical Observation
Simulations are set up as follows. The spectroscopic line parameters, such as line position
and line strength, are taken from the JPL catalog, and pressure broadening parameters
are given by the HITRAN catalog. The height profiles of molecular volume mixing ratios,
temperature, and pressure used in the simulations are the standard profiles for the midlatitude, equatorial, and polar regions given by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.
For the instrumental parameters, representative values of the SMILES instrument
are used. The retrieval error in the volume mixing ratio, the error ratio defined as the
ratio of the retrieval error to the a priori error, and the averaging kernels are calculated
for each molecules in the three SMILES observation bands. The frequency grid for the
forward model is 0.8 MHz, and no frequency binning is applied for the retrieval. The
molecules considered in the forward model and retrieval are normal O3 , ozone isotopes,
vibrationally-excited O3 , HCl, ClO, HOCl, H2 O2 , HO2 , HNO3 , BrO, and CH3 CN, as well
as H2 O, N2 , and O2 . The a priori profiles are assumed to coincide with the true profiles
for all the molecular species except ozone isotopes. The a priori standard deviations
are assumed to be 100 percent of the a priori profiles for the research products and 50
percent for the standard products. The measurement
√ error covariance matrix S is given
from the measurement noise, σ = (Tsys + Tatm )/ Bτ , where Tsys is the receiver system
noise temperature assumed to be 500 K, and Tatm is the antenna temperature from the
spectrum, B is the equivalent noise bandwidth assumed to be 0.8 MHz, τ is the integration
time. The integration time τ is assumed to be 0.5 s for each tangent height for single-scan
data, and is assumed to be 15 s for data averaged over 30 scans, which corresponds to a
(day-time) half-daily zonal mean for mid-latitude regions. The limb scan step is 2 km for
tangent altitudes from 8 to 60 km. The retrieval height grid is set to be 2 km and 4 km
for the standard products and the research products, respectively, in the 8-60 km region.
The results are shown in the figures shown below. The single scan profiles are shown for
the standard products, and the 30-scan averaged profiles, which consist of the 5◦ -averaged
zonal mean profiles, are shown for the research products.
137
O3-normal-bandA-0n-1s
O3-normal-bandA-45n-1s
60
60
last
error
error
a priori=true
60
last
error
error
a priori=true
40
30
20
40
30
20
10
2
4
6
8
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppm]
10
2
0
10
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
30
-0.2
0.0
O3-normal-bandA-0n-1s
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
30
10
1.0
-0.2
0.0
O3-normal-bandA-45n-1s
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
20
40
30
20
10
1.0
0.0
40
30
20
10
0.8
1.0
single profile
50
30
0.8
O3-normal-bandA-80n-1s
single profile
40
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
60
single profile
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
40
20
60
50
8
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
50
Altitude[km]
40
10
1.0
4
6
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppm]
60
20
60
0.2
2
O3-normal-bandA-80n-1s
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
20
0.0
10
60
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
30
-0.2
4
6
8
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppm]
O3-normal-bandA-45n-1s
60
40
30
10
0
O3-normal-bandA-0n-1s
50
40
20
10
0
last
error
error
a priori=true
50
Altitude[km]
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
50
Altitude[km]
O3-normal-bandA-80n-1s
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
Figure A.1 Retrieval simulation results for single-scan data in BAND-A for standard
profiles of normal O3 at latitudes of 0◦ N (left), 45◦ N (center), and 80◦ N (right). Top:
Retrieved volume mixing ratios are shown with rms retrieval error bounds and a priori
profiles which are assumed to coincide with true profiles; Middle Averaging kernels; Bottom: Retrieval error ratios defined as the ratio of the retrieval errors to the a priori errors
which are assumed to be 50 % of the a priori volume mixing ratios.
138
H37Cl-bandA-0n-1s
H37Cl-bandA-45n-1s
60
60
last
error
error
a priori=true
60
last
error
error
a priori=true
40
30
20
40
30
20
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
10
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
30
-0.2
0.0
H37Cl-bandA-0n-1s
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
30
10
1.0
-0.2
0.0
H37Cl-bandA-45n-1s
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
20
40
30
20
10
1.0
0.0
40
30
20
10
0.8
1.0
single profile
50
30
0.8
H37Cl-bandA-80n-1s
single profile
40
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
60
single profile
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
40
20
60
50
1.2
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
50
Altitude[km]
40
10
1.0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
60
20
60
0.2
0.2
H37Cl-bandA-80n-1s
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
20
Altitude[km]
0.0
60
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
30
0.0
0.8
H37Cl-bandA-45n-1s
60
40
30
10
0.0
H37Cl-bandA-0n-1s
50
40
20
10
0.0
last
error
error
a priori=true
50
Altitude[km]
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
50
-0.2
H37Cl-bandA-80n-1s
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
Figure A.2 Retrieval simulation results for single-scan data in BAND-A for standard
profiles of H37 Cl at latitudes of 0◦ N (left), 45◦ N (center), and 80◦ N (right). Top: Retrieved
volume mixing ratios are shown with rms retrieval error bounds and a priori profiles which
are assumed to coincide with true profiles; Middle Averaging kernels; Bottom: Retrieval
error ratios defined as the ratio of the retrieval errors to the a priori errors which are
assumed to be 50 % of the a priori volume mixing ratios.
139
HNO3-bandA-0n-1d
HNO3-bandA-45n-1d
60
60
last
error
error
a priori=true
60
last
error
error
a priori=true
40
30
20
40
30
20
10
1
2
3
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
4
1
2
8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
HNO3-bandA-80n-1d
10
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
60
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
40
30
20
10
1.0
-0.2
0.0
HNO3-bandA-0n-1d
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
30
20
10
1.0
-0.2
0.0
daily zonal mean
20
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
30
40
30
20
10
1.0
0.0
40
30
20
10
0.8
1.0
daily zonal mean
50
40
0.8
60
daily zonal mean
50
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
HNO3-bandA-80n-1d
60
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
40
HNO3-bandA-45n-1d
60
0.2
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
50
Altitude[km]
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
20
0.0
7
60
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
30
-0.2
3 4 5 6
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
HNO3-bandA-45n-1d
60
40
30
10
0
HNO3-bandA-0n-1d
50
40
20
10
0
last
error
error
a priori=true
50
Altitude[km]
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
50
Altitude[km]
HNO3-bandA-80n-1d
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
Figure A.3 Retrieval simulation results for 30-scan averaged data in BAND-A for standard profiles of HNO3 at latitudes of 0◦ N (left), 45◦ N (center), and 80◦ N (right). Top:
Retrieved volume mixing ratios are shown with rms retrieval error bounds and a priori
profiles which are assumed to coincide with true profiles; Middle Averaging kernels; Bottom: Retrieval error ratios defined as the ratio of the retrieval errors to the a priori errors
which are assumed to be 50 % of the a priori volume mixing ratios.
140
HOCl-bandA-0n-1d
HOCl-bandA-45n-1d
60
60
last
error
error
a priori=true
60
last
error
error
a priori=true
40
30
20
40
30
20
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
10
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
30
-0.2
0.0
HOCl-bandA-0n-1d
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
40
30
20
10
1.0
-0.2
0.0
HOCl-bandA-45n-1d
daily zonal mean
20
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
30
40
30
20
10
1.0
0.0
40
30
20
10
0.8
1.0
daily zonal mean
50
40
0.8
60
daily zonal mean
50
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
HOCl-bandA-80n-1d
60
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
50
Altitude[km]
40
10
1.0
0.4
60
20
60
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
HOCl-bandA-80n-1d
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
20
Altitude[km]
0.0
60
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
30
0.0
0.4
HOCl-bandA-45n-1d
60
40
30
10
0.0
HOCl-bandA-0n-1d
50
40
20
10
0.0
last
error
error
a priori=true
50
Altitude[km]
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
50
-0.2
HOCl-bandA-80n-1d
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
Figure A.4 Retrieval simulation results for 30-scan averaged data in BAND-A for standard profiles of HOCl at latitudes of 0◦ N (left), 45◦ N (center), and 80◦ N (right). Top:
Retrieved volume mixing ratios are shown with rms retrieval error bounds and a priori
profiles which are assumed to coincide with true profiles; Middle Averaging kernels; Bottom: Retrieval error ratios defined as the ratio of the retrieval errors to the a priori errors
which are assumed to be 100 % of the a priori volume mixing ratios.
141
H2O2-bandA-0n-1d
H2O2-bandA-45n-1d
60
60
last
error
error
a priori=true
60
last
error
error
a priori=true
40
30
20
40
30
20
10
0.4
0.6
0.8
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
1.0
0.0
10
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
30
10
1.0
-0.2
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
30
10
1.0
-0.2
0.0
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
50
40
30
20
10
1.0
0.0
40
30
20
10
0.8
1.0
daily zonal mean
50
20
0.8
H2O2-bandA-80n-1d
daily zonal mean
30
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
60
daily zonal mean
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
40
H2O2-bandA-45n-1d
40
0.5
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
20
60
50
0.2
0.3
0.4
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
50
Altitude[km]
40
H2O2-bandA-0n-1d
0.2
0.1
60
20
60
Altitude[km]
0.0
H2O2-bandA-80n-1d
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
20
0.0
0.5
60
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
30
-0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
H2O2-bandA-45n-1d
60
40
30
10
0.1
H2O2-bandA-0n-1d
50
40
20
10
0.2
last
error
error
a priori=true
50
Altitude[km]
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
50
0.0
H2O2-bandA-80n-1d
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
Figure A.5 Retrieval simulation results for 30-scan averaged data in BAND-A for standard profiles of H2 O2 at latitudes of 0◦ N (left), 45◦ N (center), and 80◦ N (right). Top:
Retrieved volume mixing ratios are shown with rms retrieval error bounds and a priori
profiles which are assumed to coincide with true profiles; Middle Averaging kernels; Bottom: Retrieval error ratios defined as the ratio of the retrieval errors to the a priori errors
which are assumed to be 100 % of the a priori volume mixing ratios.
142
CH3CN-bandA-0n-1d
60
last
error
error
a priori=true
Altitude[km]
50
40
30
20
10
0.00
0.05
0.10
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
0.15
CH3CN-bandA-0n-1d
60
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
Altitude[km]
50
40
30
20
10
-0.2
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
1.0
CH3CN-bandA-0n-1d
60
daily zonal mean
Altitude[km]
50
40
30
20
10
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
Figure A.6 Retrieval simulation results for 30-scan averaged data in BAND-A for the
standard profile of CH3 CN at a latitude of 0◦ N. Top: Retrieved volume mixing ratios are
shown with rms retrieval error bounds and a priori profiles which are assumed to coincide
with true profiles; Middle Averaging kernels; Bottom: Retrieval error ratios defined as the
ratio of the retrieval errors to the a priori errors which are assumed to be 100 % of the a
priori volume mixing ratios.
143
H35Cl-bandB-0n-1s
H35Cl-bandB-45n-1s
60
60
last
error
error
a priori=true
60
last
error
error
a priori=true
40
30
20
40
30
20
10
1.0
1.5
2.0
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
2.5
0.0
10
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
60
30
10
1.0
-0.2
0.0
H35Cl-bandB-0n-1s
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
30
10
1.0
-0.2
0.0
H35Cl-bandB-45n-1s
20
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
30
40
30
20
10
1.0
0.0
40
30
20
10
0.8
1.0
single profile
50
40
0.8
H35Cl-bandB-80n-1s
single profile
50
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
60
single profile
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
40
20
60
0.2
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
50
Altitude[km]
40
20
60
Altitude[km]
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
H35Cl-bandB-80n-1s
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
20
0.0
2.5
60
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
30
-0.2
1.0
1.5
2.0
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
H35Cl-bandB-45n-1s
60
40
30
10
0.5
H35Cl-bandB-0n-1s
50
40
20
10
0.5
last
error
error
a priori=true
50
Altitude[km]
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
50
0.0
H35Cl-bandB-80n-1s
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
Figure A.7 Retrieval simulation results for single-scan data in BAND-B for standard
profiles of H35 Cl at latitudes of 0◦ N (left), 45◦ N (center), and 80◦ N (right). Top: Retrieved
volume mixing ratios are shown with rms retrieval error bounds and a priori profiles which
are assumed to coincide with true profiles; Middle Averaging kernels; Bottom: Retrieval
error ratios defined as the ratio of the retrieval errors to the a priori errors which are
assumed to be 50 % of the a priori volume mixing ratios.
144
ClO-bandC-0n-1s
ClO-bandC-45n-1s
60
60
last
error
error
a priori
30
20
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
0.4
40
30
10
10
10
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
60
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
40
30
20
10
1.0
-0.2
0.0
ClO-bandC-0n-1s
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
30
20
10
1.0
-0.2
0.0
single profile
20
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
30
40
30
20
10
1.0
0.0
40
30
20
10
0.8
1.0
single profile
50
40
0.8
60
single profile
50
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
ClO-bandC-80n-1s
60
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
40
ClO-bandC-45n-1s
60
0.2
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
50
Altitude[km]
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
20
Altitude[km]
ClO-bandC-80n-1s
60
30
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
ClO-bandC-45n-1s
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
40
30
20
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
60
50
40
20
ClO-bandC-0n-1s
last
error
error
a priori
50
Altitude[km]
40
0.0
60
last
error
error
a priori
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
50
-0.2
ClO-bandC-80n-1s
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
Figure A.8 Retrieval simulation results for single-scan data in BAND-C for standard
profiles of ClO at latitudes of 0◦ N (left), 45◦ N (center), and 80◦ N (right). Top: Retrieved
volume mixing ratios are shown with rms retrieval error bounds and a priori profiles which
are assumed to coincide with true profiles; Middle Averaging kernels; Bottom: Retrieval
error ratios defined as the ratio of the retrieval errors to the a priori errors which are
assumed to be 50 % of the a priori volume mixing ratios.
145
HO2-bandC-0n-1d
HO2-bandC-45n-1d
60
60
last
error
error
a priori
60
last
error
error
a priori
40
30
20
40
30
20
10
0.5
1.0
1.5
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
2.0
0.0
20
10
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
40
30
20
10
1.0
-0.2
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
30
20
10
1.0
-0.2
0.0
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
50
40
30
20
10
1.0
0.0
40
30
20
10
0.8
1.0
daily zonal mean
50
20
0.8
HO2-bandC-80n-1d
daily zonal mean
30
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
60
daily zonal mean
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
40
HO2-bandC-45n-1d
40
0.5
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
50
60
50
0.2
0.3
0.4
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
60
HO2-bandC-0n-1d
0.2
0.1
HO2-bandC-80n-1d
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
50
60
Altitude[km]
0.0
Altitude[km]
30
0.0
1.0
60
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
0.4
0.6
0.8
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
HO2-bandC-45n-1d
60
40
30
10
0.2
HO2-bandC-0n-1d
50
40
20
10
0.0
last
error
error
a priori
50
Altitude[km]
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
50
-0.2
HO2-bandC-80n-1d
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
Figure A.9 Retrieval simulation results for 30-scan averaged data in BAND-C for standard profiles of HO2 at latitudes of 0◦ N (left), 45◦ N (center), and 80◦ N (right). Top:
Retrieved volume mixing ratios are shown with rms retrieval error bounds and a priori
profiles which are assumed to coincide with true profiles; Middle Averaging kernels; Bottom: Retrieval error ratios defined as the ratio of the retrieval errors to the a priori errors
which are assumed to be 100 % of the a priori volume mixing ratios.
146
BrO-bandC-0n-1d
BrO-bandC-45n-1d
60
60
last
error
error
a priori
60
last
error
error
a priori
40
30
20
40
30
20
10
2
4
6
8
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppt]
10
12
2
4
BrO-bandC-80n-1d
10
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
60
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
40
30
20
10
1.0
-0.2
0.0
BrO-bandC-0n-1d
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
30
20
10
1.0
-0.2
0.0
daily zonal mean
20
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
30
40
30
20
10
1.0
0.0
40
30
20
10
0.8
1.0
daily zonal mean
50
40
0.8
60
daily zonal mean
50
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
BrO-bandC-80n-1d
60
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
40
BrO-bandC-45n-1d
60
0.2
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
50
Altitude[km]
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
20
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppt]
60
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
30
-0.2
6 8 10 12 14 16
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppt]
BrO-bandC-45n-1d
60
40
30
10
0
BrO-bandC-0n-1d
50
40
20
10
0
last
error
error
a priori
50
Altitude[km]
50
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
50
Altitude[km]
BrO-bandC-80n-1d
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
Figure A.10 Retrieval simulation results for 30-scan averaged data in BAND-C for standard profiles of H35 Cl at latitudes of 0◦ N (left), 45◦ N (center), and 80◦ N (right). Top:
Retrieved volume mixing ratios are shown with rms retrieval error bounds and a priori
profiles which are assumed to coincide with true profiles; Middle Averaging kernels; Bottom: Retrieval error ratios defined as the ratio of the retrieval errors to the a priori errors
which are assumed to be 100 % of the a priori volume mixing ratios.
147
A.2 Isotope Observations
Simulation setup is the same as that for the radical observations for forward model calculations.
The a priori profiles of ozone isotopes are assumed those derived for the standard midlatitude profile of ozone by applying the atomic-oxygen isotope abundances estimated
from the SMOW (Standard Mean Ocean Water) isotope ratio. The true profiles are
assumed to be enriched profiles in the simulation. The 11-percent enriched profiles are
given at 8-60 km. The a priori standard deviations are assumed to be 10 percent of
the corresponding a priori profiles. The measurement
√ error covariance matrix S is given
from the measurement noise, σ = (Tsys + Tatm )/ Bτ , where Tsys is the receiver system
noise temperature assumed to be 500 K, and Tatm is the antenna temperature, B is the
equivalent noise bandwidth assumed to be 0.8 MHz, τ is the integration time. The limb
scan step is 2 km for tangent altitudes from 8 to 60 km, and the retrieval height grid and
the weighting function step are 5 km. The averaging kernels are plotted every 5 km.
From initial retrieval simulations, it is found that for the here investigated 4 ozone
isotopes excluding normal ozone, single-scan spectra of nominal integration time 0.5 s per
tangent height have to be averaged over 30 spectra, which correspond to half-daily (day
time ) zonal means at mid-latitudes from the SMILES observation.
There are 73 transitions of the ozone isotopes in the SMILES observation frequency
bands. As relatively isolated spectra of asymmetric-17 O3 (17 OOO) and asymmetric-18 O3
(18 OOO), and symmetric-17 O3 (O17 OO) are found in the Band-C, this upper sideband
is therefore better to observe ozone isotopes. The spectral intensity at each transition
frequency of the asymmetric ozone isotopes is less than 20 K both substituted of 18 O and
17 O at the tangent height range 10- 60 km at Band-C. Symmetric-17 O , has transitions
3
in all three Bands. As symmetric-18 O3 (O18 OO) has three transitions with very weak
intensity in Band-A and B, it should be difficult to observe and to obtain the enrichment in
the daily zonal means. If the monthly mean profiles are obtained with stable instrumental
conditions, the discussion of the symmetric-18 O3 height profiles will be possible.
The retrievals were performed for the 30-scan averaged data, which correspond to halfdaily (12 hour day time) zonal means. The retrieval results and averaging kernels, absolute
error, and relative error are shown for 4 ozone isotopes including normal ozone.
148
O3-asym-17-bandC-0n-1d
O3-asym-17-bandC-45n-1d
60
last
error
error
a priori
true
45
50
40
35
30
45
40
35
30
40
35
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
15
10
10
1
2
3 4 5 6 7
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
8
9
10
0
1
2 3 4 5
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
6
7
0
45
40
35
30
25
50
45
40
35
30
25
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
20
15
15
15
10
-0.2
10
-0.2
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
1.0
0.0
O3-asym-17-bandC-0n-1d
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
10
-0.2
1.0
daily zonal mean
daily zonal mean
45
45
45
Altitude[km]
50
Altitude[km]
50
30
40
35
30
40
35
30
25
25
25
20
20
20
15
15
15
10
0.0
10
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
daily zonal mean
55
50
35
0.8
60
55
40
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
O3-asym-17-bandC-80n-1d
60
55
0.0
O3-asym-17-bandC-45n-1d
60
6
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
55
20
0.0
5
60
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
55
Altitude[km]
50
2
3
4
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
O3-asym-17-bandC-80n-1d
60
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
55
1
O3-asym-17-bandC-45n-1d
60
Altitude[km]
45
20
O3-asym-17-bandC-0n-1d
Altitude[km]
50
25
0
last
error
error
a priori
true
55
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
50
60
last
error
error
a priori
true
55
Altitude[km]
55
Altitude[km]
60
O3-asym-17-bandC-80n-1d
1.0
10
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
Figure A.11 Retrieval simulation results for 30-scan averaged data in BAND-C for
asymmetric-17 O3 at latitudes of 0◦ N (left), 45◦ N (center), and 80◦ N (right). Top: Retrieved volume mixing ratios are shown with rms retrieval error bounds and a priori
profiles which are here assumed to be 90% of true profiles; Middle Averaging kernels; Bottom: Retrieval error ratios defined as the ratio of the retrieval errors to the a priori errors
which are assumed to be 10 % of the a priori volume mixing ratios.
149
O3-asym-18-bandC-0n-1d
O3-asym-18-bandC-45n-1d
60
last
error
error
a priori
true
45
50
40
35
30
45
40
35
30
40
35
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
15
10
10
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
10
0
5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
0
45
40
35
30
25
50
45
40
35
30
25
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
20
15
15
15
10
-0.2
10
-0.2
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
1.0
0.0
O3-asym-18-bandC-0n-1d
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
10
-0.2
1.0
daily zonal mean
daily zonal mean
45
45
45
Altitude[km]
50
Altitude[km]
50
30
40
35
30
40
35
30
25
25
25
20
20
20
15
15
15
10
0.0
10
0.0
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
daily zonal mean
55
50
35
0.8
60
55
40
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
O3-asym-18-bandC-80n-1d
60
0.2
0.0
O3-asym-18-bandC-45n-1d
60
55
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
55
20
0.0
30
60
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
55
Altitude[km]
50
10 15 20 25
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
O3-asym-18-bandC-80n-1d
60
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
55
5
O3-asym-18-bandC-45n-1d
60
Altitude[km]
45
20
O3-asym-18-bandC-0n-1d
Altitude[km]
50
25
0
last
error
error
a priori
true
55
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
50
60
last
error
error
a priori
true
55
Altitude[km]
55
Altitude[km]
60
O3-asym-18-bandC-80n-1d
1.0
10
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
Figure A.12 Retrieval simulation results for 30-scan averaged data in BAND-C for
asymmetric-18 ozone at latitudes of 0◦ N (left), 45◦ N (center), and 80◦ N (right). Top:
Retrieved volume mixing ratios are shown with rms retrieval error bounds and a priori
profiles which are here assumed to be 90% of the true profile; Middle Averaging kernels;
Bottom: Retrieval error ratios defined as the ratio of the retrieval errors to the a priori
errors which are assumed to be 10 % of the a priori volume mixing ratios.
150
O3-sym-17-bandC-0n-1d
O3-sym-17-bandC-45n-1d
60
last
error
error
a priori
true
45
50
40
35
30
45
40
35
30
40
35
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
15
10
10
1
2
3
4
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
5
10
0
1
2
3
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
4
0
45
40
35
30
25
60
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
55
50
Altitude[km]
50
45
40
35
30
25
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
20
15
15
15
10
-0.2
10
-0.2
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
1.0
0.0
O3-sym-17-bandC-0n-1d
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
10
-0.2
1.0
daily zonal mean
daily zonal mean
45
45
45
Altitude[km]
50
Altitude[km]
50
30
40
35
30
40
35
30
25
25
25
20
20
20
15
15
15
10
0.0
10
0.0
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
daily zonal mean
55
50
35
0.8
60
55
40
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
O3-sym-17-bandC-80n-1d
60
0.2
0.0
O3-sym-17-bandC-45n-1d
60
55
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
55
20
0.0
3
O3-sym-17-bandC-80n-1d
60
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
55
1
2
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
O3-sym-17-bandC-45n-1d
60
Altitude[km]
45
20
O3-sym-17-bandC-0n-1d
Altitude[km]
50
25
0
last
error
error
a priori
true
55
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
50
60
last
error
error
a priori
true
55
Altitude[km]
55
Altitude[km]
60
O3-sym-17-bandC-80n-1d
1.0
10
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
Figure A.13 Retrieval simulation results for 30-scan averaged data in BAND-C for
symmetric-17 ozone at latitudes of 0◦ N (left), 45◦ N (center), and 80◦ N (right). Top:
Retrieved volume mixing ratios are shown with rms retrieval error bounds and a priori
profiles which are here assumed to be 90% of the true profiles; Middle Averaging kernels;
Bottom: Retrieval error ratios defined as the ratio of the retrieval errors to the a priori
errors which are assumed to be 10 % of the a priori volume mixing ratios.
151
A.3 Mesospheric Observation
We performed the error estimation for ozone, HCl, and HO2 in the mesosphere, using
the model atmosphere for the polar, mid-latitude, and equatorial regions, using the same
conditions as those used for the radical analysis except for weighting function height step
and observation height step. The errors for each 10 km partial column is obtained.
152
O3-normal-bandA-0n-1d-60-80km
O3-normal-bandA-45n-1d-60-80km
80
80
last
error
error
a priori=true
80
last
error
error
a priori=true
70
65
70
65
60
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppm]
0.5
1.0
1.5
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppm]
O3-normal-bandA-0n-1d-60-80km
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
0.8
70
60
-0.2
1.0
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
60
-0.2
1.0
75
70
65
1.0
60
0.0
1.0
daily zonal mean
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
65
0.8
O3-normal-bandA-80n-1d-60-80km
75
70
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
80
daily zonal mean
75
0.8
0.0
O3-normal-bandA-45n-1d-60-80km
daily zonal mean
Altitude[km]
0.8
80
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
70
65
O3-normal-bandA-0n-1d-60-80km
80
0.2
60
70
80
75
65
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
2.0
80
60
70
80
75
65
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppm]
O3-normal-bandA-80n-1d-60-80km
80
60
70
80
70
60
0.0
60
0.0
2.0
O3-normal-bandA-45n-1d-60-80km
80
75
70
65
60
0.0
2.0
last
error
error
a priori=true
75
Altitude[km]
75
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
75
60
-0.2
O3-normal-bandA-80n-1d-60-80km
70
65
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
60
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
Figure A.14 Retrieval simulation results for 30-scan averaged data in BAND-A for the
standard profiles of normal O3 in the mesosphere at latitudes of 0◦ N (left), 45◦ N (center),
and 80◦ N (right). Top: Retrieved volume mixing ratios are shown with rms retrieval
error bounds and a priori profiles which are assumed to coincide with true profiles; Middle
Averaging kernels; Bottom: Retrieval error ratios defined as the ratio of the retrieval errors
to the a priori errors which are assumed to be 50 % of the a priori volume mixing ratios.
153
H35Cl-bandB-0n-1d-60-80km
H35Cl-bandB-45n-1d-60-80km
80
80
last
error
error
a priori=true
80
last
error
error
a priori=true
70
65
70
65
60
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
0.5
1.0
1.5
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
H35Cl-bandB-0n-1d-60-80km
70
65
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
60
-0.2
1.0
0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.8
60
-0.2
1.0
75
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
65
70
65
1.0
60
0.0
1.0
daily zonal mean
75
70
0.8
H35Cl-bandB-80n-1d-60-80km
daily zonal mean
75
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
80
daily zonal mean
0.8
0.0
H35Cl-bandB-45n-1d-60-80km
80
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
70
65
H35Cl-bandB-0n-1d-60-80km
80
0.2
60
70
80
75
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
80
60
70
80
75
65
Altitude[km]
H35Cl-bandB-80n-1d-60-80km
80
60
70
80
70
60
0.0
60
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
2.0
H35Cl-bandB-45n-1d-60-80km
80
75
70
65
60
0.0
2.0
last
error
error
a priori=true
75
Altitude[km]
75
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
75
60
-0.2
H35Cl-bandB-80n-1d-60-80km
70
65
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
60
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
Figure A.15 Retrieval simulation results for 30-scan averaged data in BAND-B for the
standard profiles of H35 Cl in the mesosphere at latitudes of 0◦ N (left), 45◦ N (center),
and 80◦ N (right). Top: Retrieved volume mixing ratios are shown with rms retrieval
error bounds and a priori profiles which are assumed to coincide with true profiles; Middle
Averaging kernels; Bottom: Retrieval error ratios defined as the ratio of the retrieval errors
to the a priori errors which are assumed to be 50 % of the a priori volume mixing ratios.
154
HO2-bandC-0n-1d-60-80km
HO2-bandC-45n-1d-60-80km
80
80
last
error
error
a priori
80
last
error
error
a priori
70
65
70
65
0.5
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
0.5
1.0
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
HO2-bandC-0n-1d-60-80km
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
0.8
70
60
-0.2
1.0
0.0
0.8
60
-0.2
1.0
75
70
65
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
60
0.0
1.0
daily zonal mean
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
65
0.8
HO2-bandC-80n-1d-60-80km
daily zonal mean
70
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
80
75
0.2
0.0
HO2-bandC-45n-1d-60-80km
75
Altitude[km]
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
80
daily zonal mean
60
0.0
70
65
HO2-bandC-0n-1d-60-80km
80
1.0
60
70
80
75
65
0.2 0.4 0.6
Averaging Kernel
0.4
0.6
0.8
Volume Mixing Ratio [ppb]
80
60
70
80
75
65
0.0
0.2
HO2-bandC-80n-1d-60-80km
80
60
70
80
70
60
-0.2
60
0.0
1.5
HO2-bandC-45n-1d-60-80km
80
75
70
65
60
0.0
3.0
last
error
error
a priori
75
Altitude[km]
75
Altitude[km]
Altitude[km]
75
60
0.0
HO2-bandC-80n-1d-60-80km
70
65
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
60
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Error Ratio [ret./apr.]
0.8
1.0
Figure A.16 Retrieval simulation results for 30-scan averaged data in BAND-C for the
standard profiles of HO2 in the mesosphere at latitudes of 0◦ N (left), 45◦ N (center), and
80◦ N (right). Top: Retrieved volume mixing ratios are shown with rms retrieval error
bounds and a priori profiles which are assumed to coincide with true profiles; Middle
Averaging kernels; Bottom: Retrieval error ratios defined as the ratio of the retrieval
errors to the a priori errors which are assumed to be 100 % of the a priori volume mixing
ratios.
155