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THE CARDIOVASCULAR
SYTEM
CHAPTER 15:
THE CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM


BIO 139
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II
MARY CATHERINE FLATH, Ph.D.
ORGANS
 HEART
 BLOOD VESSELS
FUNCTION
 TRANSPORT OF BLOOD
 CARRY OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS
TO CELLS
 CARRY CARBON DIOXIDE AND
WASTES AWAY FROM CELLS
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
THE CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
THE HEART
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Fig. 15.2
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
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1
2
3 4 52015
cm Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright
© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photo and dissection by Christine Eckel
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Location of Heart
Heart Anatomy
Location
 Coverings
 Layers
 Chambers
 Valves
 Blood Vessels

• within mediastinum,
posterior to sternum
• medial to lungs
• anterior to vertebral
column
• lies upon diaphragm
• weighs about 300
grams in adult
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Heart Anatomy

Location

Coverings
15-3
COVERINGS OF HEART

SEROUS PERICARDIUM

VISCERAL PERICARDIUM/EPICARDIUM

Layers
 Chambers
 Valves
 Blood Vessels


PARIETAL PERICARDIUM


SIMPLE SQUAMOUS ET OVER LOOSE AREOLAR
CT
INNER LINING OF FIBROUS PERICARDIUM
FIBROUS PERICARDIUM


DENSE REGULAR CT LAYER THAT
SURROUNDS HEART
PREVENTS OVERSTRETCHING OF HEART
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Coverings of Heart
Heart Anatomy
Location
 Coverings

Layers
 Chambers

Valves
 Blood Vessels

Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
15-4
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
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Wall of Heart
Three layers
• endocardium
• forms protective inner lining
of chambers and valves
• membrane of simple
squamous ET and loose areolar
CT
• myocardium
• cardiac muscle
• contracts to pump blood
• epicardium
• serous membrane
• protective covering
• contains capillaries and nerve
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
fibers
15-5
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
CARDIAC MUSCLE
CHARACTERISTICS

INTERCALATED DISCS

GAP JUNCTIONS BETWEEN MUSCLE
FIBERS

STRIATIONS
ONE NUCLEUS PER CELL
FORMS A NETWORK OF CELLS

INVOLUNTARY



SYNCYTIUM
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
CARDIAC MUSCLE ~LOW~
Light Micrographs of
Cardiac Muscle
Slide is labeled “Intercalated Discs”
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CARDIAC MUSCLE ~OIL~
CARDIAC MUSCLE ~HIGH~
NUCLEUS
INTERCALATED DISC
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Heart Anatomy
Location
 Coverings
 Layers


Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
HEART CHAMBERS


RIGHT AND LEFT SEPARATED BY
INTERATRIAL SEPTUM


Chambers
Valves
 Blood Vessels
UPPER ATRIA




FETAL FORAMEN OVALE
ADULT FOSSA OVALIS
THIN WALLED CHAMBERS WITH
PASSIVE FUNCTION
PROTECTED BY EAR-LIKE AURICLES
LOWER VENTRICLES
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
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HEART CHAMBERS
HEART CHAMBERS


UPPER ATRIA
LOWER VENTRICLES




SEPARATED BY THICK
INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM
THICK WALLED CHAMBERS WITH
DYNAMIC FUNCTION
PUMP BLOOD INTO ARTERIES
TRABECULAE CARNEAE ARE RIDGES
ON INNER SURFACE
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Heart Chambers
Fetal Foramen Ovale
Connects atria in fetal life
 Closes as fossa ovalis
Right Atrium
• receives blood from

• inferior vena cava
• superior vena cava
• coronary sinus
Right Ventricle
• receives blood from
Left Atrium
• receives blood from
pulmonary veins
Left Ventricle
• receives blood from
right atrium
left atrium
• pumps blood into
pulmonary trunk
• pumps blood into
aorta
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Heart Anatomy
HEART VALVES
Location
 Coverings
 Layers
 Chambers



PREVENT BACKFLOW OF BLOOD
TWO SETS

Valves

Blood Vessels
ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES (AV Valves)


CUSPS ARE ANCHORED BY CHORDAE TENDINEAE
SEMILUNAR VALVES (SL Valves)

Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
TRICUSPID ON RIGHT
BICUSPID/MITRAL VALVE ON LEFT



15-6
WITHIN MAJOR ARTERIES


PULMONARY SL VALVE WITHIN PULMONARY TRUNK
AORTIC SL VALVE WITHIN AORTA
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Heart valves prevent backflow of blood
Heart valves prevent backflow of blood
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Heart Valves
Tricuspid Valve
Heart Anatomy
Location
 Coverings
 Layers
 Chambers
 Valves

Pulmonary and Aortic Valve

Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
15-9
BLOOD VESSELS
ASSOCIATED WITH HEART

Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Blood vessels associated with the heart
ARTERIES CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM
HEART



Blood Vessels
AORTA
 CORONARY ARTERIES
PULMONARY TRUNK
 PULMONARY ARTERIES
VEINS CARRY BLOOD TOWARD HEART



VENA CAVAE
CORONARY SINUS
PULMONARY VEINS
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
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BLOOD VESSELS
ASSOCIATED WITH HEART

ARTERIES CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM
HEART



Blood vessels associated with the heart
AORTA
 CORONARY ARTERIES
PULMONARY TRUNK
 PULMONARY ARTERIES
VEINS CARRY BLOOD TOWARD HEART



VENA CAVAE
CORONARY SINUS
PULMONARY VEINS
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Blood vessels associated with the heart
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
LIGAMENTUM
ARTERIOSUM

Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
REMNANT OF FETAL DUCTUS
ARTERIOSUS WHICH CONNECTED
THE PULMONARY TRUNK AND
AORTA IN FETAL LIFE
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Pulmonary Circulation
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PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
15-12
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
RIGHT ATRIUM
TRICUSPID VALVE
RIGHT VENTRICLE
PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE
PULMONARY TRUNK
PULMONARY ARTERY
LUNG CAPILLARIES
PULMONARY VEINS
LEFT ATRIUM
BICUSPID/MITRAL VALVE
LEFT VENTRICLE
AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE
AORTA
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Blood Supply to Heart
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
15-13
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CORONARY CIRCULATION


FIRST TWO BRANCHES OFF AORTA ARE RIGHT
AND LEFT CORONARY ARTERIES
 BRANCH INTO SMALLER ARTERIES AND
ARTERIOLES THAT DELIVER THE OXYGEN
RICH BLOOD TO MYOCARDIAL CAPILLARIES
 FORM ANASTOMOSES
MYOCARDIAL CAPILLARIES ARE DRAINED BY
CARDIAC VEINS THAT EMPTY BLOOD THAT IS
HIGH IN CARBON DIOXIDE INTO THE
CORONARY SINUS
 CORONARY SINUS EMPTIES INTO RIGHT
ATRIUM
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Angiogram of Coronary
Arteries
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
15-15
Circulation Summary:
Pulmonary, Coronary and Systemic
Circulation
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
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Summary of Circulation
CORONARY
17
Summary of Circulation
PULMONARY
23
1
2
3
17. Coronary
Sinus
5
21
16.Cardiac
Veins
7
20
8
15.Myocardial
Capillaries
19
10
11
18
12
Most heart problems are caused by




7. Lung Capillaries
8. Pulmonary Veins
20. Tissue
Capillaries
19. Arterioles
11. Left Ventricle
12. Aortic Semilunar Valve
18. Arteries
Angina Pectoris and
Myocardial Infarction

Angina Pectoris (“strangled chest”)

Blood clots
Fatty atherosclerotic plaques
Smooth muscle spasms
Important Definitions

21. Venules
13. Aorta
Angina Pectoris and
Myocardial Infarction

5. Pulmonary Trunk
10. Bicuspid (Mitral Valve)
14. Coronary
Arteries
13

22. Veins
4. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
9. Left Atrium
9
14
2. Tricuspid Valve
SYSTEMIC
23. Vena
Cavae
6. Pulmonary Arteries
6
15
PULMONARY
1. Right Atrium
3. Right Ventricle
22
4
16
CORONARY
SYSTEMIC





Myocardial Infarction (MI; ‘heart attack”)

Ischemia is reduction in blood flow
Hypoxia is reduction in oxygen



Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Caused by partial occlusion of coronary artery
Crushing chest pain radiating down left arm
Labored breathing, weakness, dizziness, perspiration
Occurs on exertion, fades with rest
Relieved by nitroglycerin
Caused by complete occlusion of coronary artery (by
thrombus or embolus)
Death to portion of myocardium
May cause sudden death if conduction system is disrupted
Treatments include clot-dissolving agents
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
Fig. 15A
Post-MI
Reperfusion Damage


Occurs when blood supply is reestablished to
damaged hypoxic tissue
Due to formation of oxygen free radicals
 Damage to enzymes, neurotransmitters,
DNA, RNA, cell membranes
 Implicated in many diseases including
heart disease and implicated in aging
 Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, cataracts,
Rheumatoid arthritis
 Anti-oxidants defend the body against this
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
damage
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© F. Schussler/PhotoLink/Getty Images
Copyright 2015 Dr. Mary Cat Flath
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Let’s review objectives 118
11