THE PHOTOCATALYTIC PAPER WITH COATING
FORMULATIONS OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE
AND NATURAL ZEOLITE
Qi Li, Kelsey Lynne Dykstra, Paul D. Fleming III, Margaret K. Joyce, Dewei Qi and Pnina Ari-Gur
Paper Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Imaging
College of Engineering and Applied School
Western Michigan University
Overview
Introduction
The purpose of this research
Methodology
Results and discussion
Summary and Conclusions
Questions
Introduction
•
•
Titanium Dioxide
White Pigments
-
It provides whiteness and opacity due to a very high
refractive index and bright white color.
It has been used in the applications that require high
opacity and brightness as coating.
-
•
Photocatalysis
-
It can be used as a photocatalyst, as it is chemically
activated when exposed to light and can decompose
organic gases.
There are 3 crystal structures, anatase, brookite and
rutile.
-
• Anatase,
brookite and
rutile
• Anatase has a higher surface area.
• It can be transformed to rutile by
increasing the temperature.
Mechanism for Photocatalytic Activity
• Photocatalytic activity (PCA) results from the
ability of a material to create an electron hole
pair as a result of exposure to ultraviolet or
visible radiation.
• The reactions that occur during photocatalytic
activity are shown below.
Natural Zeolite
• Zeolites are highly crystalline, hydrated
aluminosilicates, having a uniform pore
structures.
Purpose of this study
• The purpose of this study is to determine
the optical properties as a function of the
ratio of TiO2 (Anatase/Rutile), Zeolite and
coat weight.
• To compare the efficiency of
decomposition of toluene for the different
coatings.
METHODOLOGY:
Experimental Design:
Sample
Anatase %
Total TiO2 %
Binder
Coat weight gsm
Base
1
80
75
S/B latex
6
Wood Free
2
80
75
S/B latex
8
Wood Free
3
83.3
75
S/B latex
6
Wood Free
4
83.3
75
S/B latex
8
Wood Free
5
80
80
S/B latex
6
Wood Free
6
80
80
S/B latex
8
Wood Free
7
83.3
80
S/B latex
6
Wood Free
8
83.3
80
S/B latex
8
Wood Free
9
100%
75
S/B latex
6
Wood Free
10
100%
75
S/B latex
8
Wood Free
11
100%
80
S/B latex
6
Wood Free
12
100%
80
S/B latex
8
Wood Free
13
69.7
83.3
Polyco
6
Nippon
14
69.7
83.3
Polyco
8
Nippon
15
69.7
83.3
Acronal
6
Nippon
16
69.7
83.3
Acronal
8
Nippon
Coating formulation:
Example
Dry Parts
Anatase
60
Rutile
15
Zeolite
25
Latex (s/b)
10
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
80% A
83.3% A
80% A
83.3%
100% A
100% A
75% Ti
75% Ti
80% Ti
80% Ti
75% Ti
80% Ti
(6gsm,8gsm)
(6gsm,8gsm)
(6gsm,8gsm)
(6gsm,8gsm)
(6gsm,8gsm)
(6gsm,8gsm)
• All the samples were coated using hand
draw-downs.
• Optical properties were measured
(Brightness, Gloss and opacity).
• All the data was analyzed using ANOVA,
using MiniTab 15.
• The efficiency of UV light decomposition of
toluene was measured.
RESULTS AND DISSCUSIONS
• Optical properties of the samples
Gas Chromatography:
Time (min) initial
Residual
73.1
(ppm)
SD
0
deviation
UV on
60
70
80
100
120
150
180
210
240
71.3
70.1
67.40
63.3
60.7
54.5
53.9
53.1
50.7
2.3
2.8
0.37
5.1
6.2
4.3
6.5
4.0
2.4
Trend Analysis Plot for ave4151
Linear Trend Model
Yt = 76.85 - 2.73448*t
75
Variable
A ctual
Fits
ave4151
70
A ccuracy
MA PE
MA D
MSD
65
60
55
50
a
iti
in
v
l( u
)
on
uv
on
60
70
80
10
0
12
0
15
0
18
0
21
0
24
0
time
The percentage of the removal toluene is:
100 %-{[Initial toluene-Ave residual toluene (240 mins)]/Initial toluene}%= 100%- 69.4%=30.6%
Measures
1.80542
1.06366
1.87876
residual
(ppm)
SD
deviation
initial
UV on
60
70
80
100
120
150
180
210
240
73.096
74.8
67.4
71.0
65.6
44.7
42.1
44.3
44.2
42.3
0.006
3.4
4.3
8.6
7.3
5.2
7.3
10.7
7.1
8.7
Trend Analysis Plot for 4141
Linear Trend Model
Yt = 80.77 - 4.33137*t
80
Variable
A ctual
Fits
70
4141
Time
A ccuracy Measures
MA PE
9.2640
MA D
4.7926
MSD
32.1868
60
50
40
iti
in
v
(u
al
)
on
uv
on
60
70
80
0
10
0
12
0
15
0
18
0
21
0
24
time
The percentage of the removal toluene is:
100 %-{[Initial toluene-Ave residual toluene (240 mins)]/Initial toluene}%= 100%-57.84%=42.16%
residual
(ppm)
SD
deviation
initial
UV on
60
70
80
100
120
150
180
210
240
73.1
72.7
63.7
63.8
56.8
40.2
37.0
37.5
33.8
31.5
0.4
5.0
9.0
5.7
13.7
11.5
11.3
6.1
3.9
3.7
Trend Analysis Plot for 3141
Linear Trend Model
Yt = 80.16 - 5.30044*t
80
Variable
A ctual
Fits
70
A ccuracy Measures
MA PE
7.5843
MA D
3.3567
MSD
17.1512
60
3141
Time
50
40
30
a
iti
in
v
l( u
)
on
uv
on
60
70
80
0
10
0
12
0
15
0
18
0
21
0
24
time
The percentage of the removal toluene is:
100 %-{[Initial toluene-Ave residual toluene (240 mins)]/Initial toluene}%= 100%-43.14%=56.86%
residual
(ppm)
SD
deviation
initial
UV on
60
70
80
100
120
150
180
210
240
72.6
70.5
66.5
64.4
56.4
54.1
50.5
45.4
46.5
41.6
0.7
3.7
1.4
3.4
4.3
6.5
9.3
16.7
8.5
8.0
Trend Analysis Plot for 10031
Linear Trend Model
Yt = 76.75 - 3.62001* t
75
Variable
A ctu al
70
F its
65
A ccuracy
MA PE
MA D
MSD
60
10031
Time
55
50
45
40
in
v
(u
al
iti
on
)
uv
on
60
70
80
10
0
12
0
15
0
18
0
21
0
24
0
time
The percentage of the removal toluene is:
100 %-{[Initial toluene-Ave residual toluene (240 mins)]/Initial toluene}%= 100%-57.25%=42.75%
Measures
2.67126
1.41212
2.55991
Residual
(ppm)
SD
deviation
initial
UV on
60
70
80
100
120
150
180
210
240
73.0
67.2
62.8
54.7
47.9
50.0
46.6
32.3
19.0
11.7
0.1
3.7
1.6
11.3
8.9
2.6
2.8
3.9
1.7
1.3
Trend Analysis Plot for 10041
Linear Trend Model
Yt = 82.01 - 6.44992* t
80
Variable
A ctu al
F its
70
60
A ccuracy Measures
MA PE
12.8541
MA D
3.6905
MSD
21.6581
50
10041
Time
40
30
20
10
in
(u
al
iti
v
on
)
uv
on
60
70
80
10
0
12
0
15
0
18
0
21
0
24
0
time
The percentage of the removal toluene is:
100 %-{[Initial toluene-Ave residual toluene (240 mins)]/Initial toluene}%= 100%-16.07%=83.93%
Residual
(ppm)
SD
deviation
initial
UV on
60
70
80
100
120
150
180
210
240
73.1
71.18
68.1
66.5
65.2
61.9
57.0
55.9
55.1
52.8
0
0.79
1.2
3.8
3.6
5.2
3.9
4.3
5.0
6.5
Trend Analysis Plot for 3151
Linear Trend Model
Yt = 75.607 - 2.35175* t
75
Variable
A ctu al
F its
70
A ccuracy
MA PE
MA D
MSD
65
3151
Time
60
55
50
in
(u
al
iti
v
on
)
uv
on
60
70
80
10
0
12
0
15
0
18
0
21
0
24
0
time
The percentage of the removal toluene is:
100 %-{[Initial toluene-Ave residual toluene (240 mins)]/Initial toluene}%= 100%-73.36%=26.64%
Measures
1.23625
0.73492
0.88114
7
5
1
9
11
3
Wood Free
Base
Polyco Base
13
Acronal Base
15
Nippon
Sample 11 was the most efficient in
decomposing toluene.
Samples 7 and 11 decomposed toluene faster.
The three samples of Nippon paper tended to
give similar values.
Conclusions
• For the optical properties, opacity was tested and
samples 11 & 12 (100% Anatase, 80% TiO2) has
higher opacity than that achieved by the others.
• Brightness was tested and samples 7 & 8 (83.3 %
Anatase, 80% TiO2) was significantly better than
that achieved by the others.
• Samples 5 & 6 (80% Anatase, 80% TiO2) had
significantly higher gloss than the other samples.
• Sample 11 (100% Anatase with 80% TiO2) had the
highest efficiency.
QUESTIONS?