Functions of Bones
________________ – form the internal framework that support and anchor our organs and let us stand upright
________________– Keeps organs from being damaged (like the skull protects the brain)
________________– Act as leverage points for muscles
________________– fat and other minerals are stored in bones
Blood Cell ________________– occurs in bone marrow
There are ______ bones in the adult skeleton.
As a result, we need to classify them into smaller categories.
Broad Classification of Bones
________________Bone – dense, looks smooth and homogenous
________________Bone – composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open spaces
More Classification Terms
________________Bones – typically longer than
they are wide. Usually have a shaft with two
heads on each side and are mostly compact bone.
________________Bones – Generally cubed shape
and contain mostly spongy bone
________________Bones – thin, flattened, and
usually curved. Two layers of compact bone
sandwich a layer of spongy
________________Bones – odd shaped that don’t fit into the other categories.
Other Helpful Terms to Understanding Bones – Projections for muscle and ligament attachment
________________– any bony prominence (projection)
________________– large rounded projection
________________– narrow ridge of bone
________________– narrow ridge of bone that is less prominent than a crest
________________– Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
________________– Small, rounded projection or process
________________– A raised area on or above a condyle
________________– Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Other Helpful Terms to Understanding Bones – Projections that help form joints
________________– Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
________________– smooth, nearly flat articular surface
o
________________- of or relating to a joint
________________– rounded articular projection
________________– armlike bar of bone
Other Helpful Terms to Understanding Bones – Depression or Openings for blood vessels and nerves
________________– Canal-like passageway
________________– cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
________________– Shallow, basin-like depression in a bone
________________– Furrow
________________– Narrow, slit-like opening
________________– Round or oval opening through a bone
Hint – projections start with T, depressions start with F (except for facet)
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
________________– the shaft. Makes up length of bone and is made up of compact bone.
________________– bone cover. A fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers and protect the
bone.
________________– covering found in the middle of the bone around the medullary cavity.
________________or ________________Fibers – connect periosteum to the underlying bone.
________________– ends of bones. Compact bone on the outside, spongy inside.
________________Cartilage – covers ends of bone. It is hyaline cartilage, which makes a smooth, slippery
surface
________________Line – remnants of the epiphyseal plate
________________plate – site of cartilage where new bone growth occurs in young bones. After
maturation, it turns to bone.
________________or ________________Marrow Cavity – located in the center of the shaft, it is a site of
adipose storage
________________Marrow – during infancy, blood cells are made in the center of the shaft. Later in life,
this is namely preformed in spongy bone of flat bones.
Microscopic Anatomy
________________– mature bone cells
________________– the matrix the bone cells are
in
________________– a concentric circle pattern
that the lacunae make
________________or ________________canal –
center of circle
________________or ________________system –
this is a complex consisting of the central canal and matrix rings around it
________________– tiny canals that radiate outward from the central canal (transport system)
________________or ________________canal – pathway from the outside of the bone to its interior
How do bones form?
________________– bone formation
Most bones start as ________________________________
The cartilage model gets covered in bone forming cells call ________________
Enclosed cartilage is digested away, leaving the ________________cavity.
How do bones grow?
To grow ________________, the answer is the ________________plate.
o
New cartilage is formed on the side of the plate ________________from the medullary cavity.
o
At the same time, old cartilage ________________the medullary cavity is broken down and
replaced by a bony matrix
To grow wider, ________________in the ________________add bone tissue as ________________in the
________________remove bone from the inner wall
Bone Remodeling
Bone is remodeled (________________) all the time in response to:
________________levels
o
When calcium in the blood drops, ________________glands are stimulated releasing parathyroid
hormone. This activates ________________ (bone destroying cells). These break down cells and
release calcium back into the blood stream
o
If calcium is too ________________, calcium is deposited in the bone matrix as hard calcium salts
Pull of ________________and ________________
o
The body will thicken or thin areas depending on the stresses from different pulls. More
________________= more ________________to strengthen area