11/19/2014
Things get nasty…
Ch. 10.1
Jefferson Takes Office
• The 1800 election between John
Adams and Thomas Jefferson
was full of nasty personal
attacks.
• Candidates:
– Federalist: John Adams
– Democratic- Republican:
Thomas Jefferson
• Each party believed that the other was
endangering the Constitution & the American
Republic.
What each party believed…
• Democratic-Republicans
– They were saving the
nation from
monarchy &
oppression.
– That the Alien and
Sedition Acts violated
the Bill of Rights.
• Federalist
– That the nation was
about to be ruined by
radicals.
– They remembered
the violence of the
French Revolution, in
which radicals
executed thousands
in the name of liberty.
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Election of 1800
The Democratic-Republicans Win!!!
Electoral Votes
Jefferson
• Total Votes
• Thomas Jefferson – 73
• John Adams – 65
73
Democratic-Republicans
Adams
65
• But wait….
• Votes for Aaron Burr – 73
Federalists
Note: The green area is
mostly farmland; Jefferson
was the “Common Man”
president.
• Ladies and Gentlemen, we have a tie!!!
Adams carried the area with
more manufacturing and
shipping.
http://www.iridis.com/glivar/U.S._presidential_election,_1800
Democratic Republicans
Federalists
Wanted Jefferson as President
Wanted Adams as President
Wanted Burr as Vice President
Wanted Pinckney as Vice President
What happens now?
Remember: The man with the most votes is president,
and the one with the second most votes is vice president.
Election results
Presidential
Candidate
Party
State
Thomas Jefferson
DemocraticRepublican
Virginia
Unknown
73
Aaron Burr
DemocraticRepublican
New York
Unknown
73
John Adams
Federalist
Massachusetts
Unknown
65
Charles Pinckney
Federalist
South Carolina
Unknown
64
John Jay
None
New York
Unknown
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Popular Vote:
Electoral
Vote:
• The House of Representative votes to break the tie.
• The Democratic-Republicans clearly wanted
Jefferson as President, however, the Federalists still
controlled the House.
• The Federalists were divided on their decision and
each time they voted (35 times), it would be
another tie!
http://www.iridis.com/glivar/U.S._presidential_election,_1800
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Hamilton’s influence
• Hamilton convinced a friend to persuade several
Federalists to not vote for Burr.
• He hated Jefferson (remember Fred the Fed and
the issue of the National Bank)
• But Hamilton felt that regardless of his personal
dislike of Jefferson, he was a much better choice
than Aaron Burr.
• He felt Burr was unreliable and untrustworthy.
Some of Jefferson’s
personal accomplishments
Jefferson’s
Violin
His home,
Monticello,
reflects his
interest in
architecture
The Graff House where
Jefferson wrote the
Declaration of
Independence
Horseman
Five Sided Book Stand Made at Monticello
and Probably Designed by Jefferson
(amateur scientist)
• See page 298 “Hamilton-Burr Duel
His book collection 6,500 books
became the core of the Library of
Congress. (devoted reader)
Jefferson’s Philosophy
• Remember that Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican.
• Which meant he was a Federalist or Anti-Federalist? What
policies would he support?
•
Anti-Federalist (use chart from 9.3)
• Where was he from?
•
Virginia
• What kind of colony is Virginia? New England, Middle, or
Southern?
•
Southern
• What did people do there to make a living?
•
Agricultural
Jefferson’s Presidency…
• Jefferson was a simple man. Commonly referred to as
more of a “gentlemen farmer” than a privileged
politician.
• He walked to his inauguration instead of taking a fancy
carriage.
• His chef served elegant meals, but Jefferson’s guests ate
at round tables so that no one could sit at the head of the
table.
• He believed the federal government should have less
power than it had under the Federalists, so he worked to
end many Federalists Programs.
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John Adam’s Little Surprise
Jefferson’s Presidency
Urged Congress to end the Alien
and Sedition Acts
Released prisoners convicted
under the Alien and Sedition
Acts
Judiciary Act of 1801
Basic principle
of government :
Make it smaller ;
Less is better
Reduced the number of Supreme
Court Justices (from 6 to 5)
Created 6 Judicial Circuits with
new judges
Midnight Appointments
Many taxes ended including the
Whiskey Tax
Reduced the number of
government employees
Federalist Justices and Judges
Appointed
“I am not a friend to a very energetic
government. It is always oppressive.”
John Marshall – Appointed as
Supreme Court Chief Justice
“Most bad government has grown out
of too much government.”
All appointments were
Federalists
Reduced the size of the military
Jefferson’s Surprise
Madison (Secretary of
State) refused to install
a justice of peace for the
District of Columbia
http://www.cnn.com/interactive/law/0310/scotus.timeline/content.5.html
http://www.fightthebias.com/Quotes/thomas_jefferson.htm
http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/9.htm
http://www.ngb.army.mil/gallery/presidential/jefferson.asp
Marbury Vs. Madison
The Case That Establishes Judicial Review
Judicial Review – gave the Supreme Court
the power to declare laws unconstitutional
Madison
Marshall says that
Madison should
install Marbury, but
he also says that
the law that
allowed the
Supreme Court to
force the
installation was
unconstitutional.
Marbury
http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/D/1801-1825/marshallcases/mar06.htm
“Marshall's decision in this case has
been hailed as a judicial tour de force.
In essence, he declared that Madison
should have delivered the commission
to Marbury, but then held that the
section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that
gave the Supreme Court the power to
issue writs of mandamus exceeded the
authority allotted the Court under Article
III of the Constitution, and was therefore
null and void. Thus he was able to
chastise the Jeffersonians and yet not
create a situation in which a court order
would be flouted.”
Judicial Review (Marbury v. Madison)
Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshal declared the
Supreme Court’s (Judicial Branch) duty is to interpret the
law (according to the U.S. Constitution).
If the Supreme Court decides a law violates the U.S.
Constitution, it cannot go into effect and/or if it is
already in effect, it is no longer legal. It allowed for a
balance between the 3 branches of government & allows
the Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of
laws made by Congress.
http://www.homeofheroes.com/presidents/inaugural/4_madison_2.html
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Judicial Review (Marbury v. Madison)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55hAMdnCwMU
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